Opportunities and challenges experienced by smallholder farmers in using climate smart agriculture to adapt to climate variability and change in Kilosa District, Tanzania

Abstract

This study assesses opportunities and challenges experienced by smallholder farmers in using climate smart agriculture (CSA) to adapt to climate change and variability in Kilosa District, Tanzania. The objective of this study was to establish the opportunities and challenges that arise due to the adoption of CSA practises in enhancing crop production and adaptive capacity in improving food security among smallholder farmers. Data were collected from 100 purposively selected crop farmers’ households using a questionnaire, focus group discussions, and observation; as well as conducting transect walks. Obtained quantitative data were analysed using frequency counts, percentages and inferential statistics, in particular chi-square cross-tabulation to determine relationships between variables. The analysis of qualitative data involved the identification, examination and interpretation of patterns and themes that arose from the textual data. Findings revealed that the opportunities brought about by climatic smart agriculture included high demand for minimum water usage technologies, and the adoption of drought-resistant crop varieties. Shortened rains, conflicts between farmers and livestock keepers, and the lack of CSA knowledge were found to be the major challenges. The study concluded that CSA practises are of potential benefits in the adaptation to climate change and/or variability. The study recommends supporting services such as agricultural subsidies, technologies, trainings in CSA practises and funding to smallholder farmers to enhance their adaptive capacity and long-term resilience to adverse impacts of climate change and variability.