Exploring socio-demographic factors associated with poor school attendance among secondary school learners in South Africa

Abstract

The Department of Basic Education in South Africa acknowledges that 99% of primary school-aged children attend school, but attendance  at secondary school level is not yet universal. Low levels of secondary school attendance contribute to poverty and  unemployment. We investigated the socio-demographic elements associated with school attendance among secondary school-aged  learners in South Africa. We adopted a quantitative research approach and a cross-sectional design. The positivist research paradigm was  applied, and the 2019 General Household Survey data (nationally representative survey) were used. The family socialisation theory  and household production framework were embraced as the theoretical framework in this study. Descriptive analysis and cross- tabulations were conducted, and a Chi-square test was performed to measure the association between school attendance and learners’  characteristics. Furthermore, logistic regression was conducted to explore the factors associated with school attendance. Study findings  agree with the assertions of the family socialisation theory and household production framework. We found that the overall school  attendance level was 93.5% and older learners had significantly lower levels of school attendance. High levels of educational qualification  of household heads inspired higher school attendance as the odds of school attendance for learners quadrupled when household heads attained secondary education relative to those with unschooled heads (OR = 4.1; p < 0.001). Being a Coloured learner, being part of a  large household, being an orphan, and living in a low-income household were associated with reduced levels of school attendance. We  recommend targeting and supporting learners who are over-aged for their grades, Coloured, and with poor or educationally low family  backgrounds via conditional cash transfers to improve school attendance in the South African population.