Comparative analysis of fibroblast growth factor‑23 as a correlate of cardiovascular disease among individuals with chronic kidney disease, hypertensives, and healthy controls

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global growing public health epidemic with attending morbidity and huge financial cost. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a major complication of CKD, contributes to its excessive mortality rate. The aetio‑pathogenesis of the excess burden of CVD in CKD is a feature yet to be unravelled. Fibroblast growth factor‑23 (FGF‑23) has been implicated as a risk factor for CVD among patients with CKD. However, most of these studies were predominantly among the Caucasian population. Aim: This study aims to determine the correlation between FGF‑23 and CVD among Nigerians with CKD. Patients and Methods: A cross‑sectional comparative study composed of three groups: participants with CKD, hypertensives without CKD, and healthy individuals, represented as group 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Information obtained included demographic data and occurrence of risk factors for CVD. Cardiovascular risks were assessed by echocardiography and all the participants had kidney function tests done with plasma FGF‑23. Results: The study sample size consisted of 135 participants. The mean (SD) age for participants with CKD and controls were 50.2 (12.7), 54.3 (15.5), and 40.2 (14.1) years, respectively. The median [interquartile range (IQR)] of plasma FGF‑23 for participants with CKD 210 (139–304) RU/ ml, and controls 124 (86–170) RU/ml, and 71 (38 – 89) RU/ml P < 0.001. Most participants with CKD had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (80.0%), compared to the controls; 28.9% and 6.7% P < 0.001. Similarly, majority of participants with CKD had elevated plasma FGF‑23 with LVH (85.7%) compared to controls 55.6% and 11.5%, whereas for aortic valve calcification with elevated plasma FGF‑23 among CKD and controls were 53.6% (P = 0.29), 37.0% (P = 0.03), and 19.2% (P = 0.06), respectively. Conclusion: Individuals with CKD had frequencies of elevated plasma FGF‑23, LVH, and cardiac valve calcification, which are surrogates of cardiovascular events.