Food choice, energy and nutrient intake of pregnant women in Afijio and Oyo East Local Government areas of Oyo State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Adequate nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for the health of both the mother and fetus. However, sociocultural factors can significantly influence dietary choices and nutrient intake among pregnant women. Despite the importance of this issue, particularly in regions like South-west Nigeria, research exploring the underlying factors remains limited. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the sociocultural factors influencing food choices and nutrient intake among pregnant women in South-west Nigeria. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed combining quantitative and qualitative methods. A total of 200 pregnant women were randomly selected and administered a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data on socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics. A 24-hour dietary recall and food choice questionnaire were also administered. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with a random sample of 30 pregnant women to gain deeper insights. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 27.2 ± 5.7 years, with most women (53.5%) in their second trimester. The average daily intake of fat, protein, and carbohydrates was 30.71 ± 14.20 g, 70.38 ± 31.61 g, and 314.21 ± 102.02 g respectively. These values deviate from recommended macronutrient distribution ranges, and micronutrient intakes were below recommended levels. Sociocultural factors, including socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, and food availability, significantly influenced food choices. Factors such as husband’s decision-making, cultural acceptability, sensory appeal, perceived naturalness, food restrictions, and food taboos, were identified as key determinants of dietary patterns. Additionally, the high cost of nutritious foods limited access to a balanced diet. Conclusion: Inadequate nutrient intake among pregnant women resulted from suboptimal food choices influenced by various factors. To address this issue, intervention programs should be implemented to enhance nutrient intake and promote healthy food choices among pregnant women. Additionally, these programs should aim to reduce social and cultural barriers to healthy eating, thus improving maternal nutrition during pregnancy.