Journal of Geographical Association of Tanzania
Journal / Journal of Geographical Association of Tanzania / Submissions

 

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

1. General Guidelines

The Journal of Geographical Association of Tanzania (JGAT) is an international journal of Geography. Its main emphasis is on theoretic and methodological debates in balance with recent empirical geographical research. Particular value is set on high-quality research work that applies theories or scientific models in explaining contextual realities. To ensure that JGAT remains credible and reputable, we encourage proper citation, acknowledgement of other’s works, referencing as well as following ethical considerations of academic publications. Authors wishing to submit their paper manuscripts to JGAT MUST adhere to the following instructions:

 

Title of the manuscript: This should be concise.

Abstract: This should contain a maximum of 300 words (reflecting new knowledge, research context and methods, key results and the main argument of the paper).

Keywords: A maximum of 5 words that are separated by a comma.

Length of manuscript: Should be between 4000-8000 words (tables, figures, and references inclusive).

Format: Typed manuscripts on A4 paper in word format, using Times New Roman typeface, font 12 and double spaced.

Citations: The JGAT adopts the ‘Harvard Referencing Style’ (see sections 2.1 and 3.1 below).The use of up-to-date or new references are highly encouraged.

Presentation style: Title, Abstract, Introduction (what the paper is about, its main argument(s) and how it is organised), conceptualization of the research gap/theoretical literature, Context and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements (optional),  References in Harvard style, and Appendices (optional).

References: JGAT adopts the ‘Harvard Referencing Style’ and all citations must appear in the list of references.

 

• GUIDELINES FOR CITATION AND REFERENCING USING THE HARVAD STYLE

2.1 how do I write citations using the Harvard style?

• Citing one author: Use the Surname followed by the year of publication (e.g. Rock, 2020) or Rock (2020) argues that…
• Citing two authors:(e.g. Ndomba and Abihudi, 2017)or Ndomba and Abihudi (2017)uncover…..
• Citing three or more authors: the abbreviation ‘et al.,’ should be used after the first author’s name. (e.g. Manchuria et al., 2012).
• Citing works by the same author written in the same year

If you cite a new work which has the same author(s) and was written in the same year as an earlier citation, you must use a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between the works e.g. (Ganzel, 2009a; Ganzel, 2009b).

• Citing from chapters written by different authors:

Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such a book, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.

 

• Secondary referencing

Secondary references are used when an author refers to another author’s work and the primary source is not available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author of the work it was cited in should be used.

Example:  According to Musa and Barak (2005) as cited by Noel et al. (2018), most drug addicts given ginger become less aggressive after three months of dosage.

However, citing a cited work is not encouraged. Authors should strive to read the original work

• Citing a direct quotation

If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., authors must ensure the use of single quotation marks (double quotation marks are usually used for quoting direct speech). Also, a page number must be provided for direct quotations.

• Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/photograph/figure/picture.

Authors should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, diagrams, tables or figures that are reproduced in the work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work. They should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers shown; both in your text where the diagram is discussed or introduced, and in the caption you write for it.

For example: Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources (Pendo & Gadi, 2016:p.20) or Geological map of Tanzania’ (Songo et al., 2015:p.530).

• Citing from works with no obvious author

If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have an obvious author, you should use what is called a ‘corporate’ author. For example, many online publications will not have individually named authors, and in such cases the author will be an organisation or company. A national strategy is creating a framework to drive improvements in dementia services (Department of Welfare, 2009).If you are unable to find either a named or corporate author, you should use ‘Anon’ as the author name. This should, however, be a rare practice.

2.2.12 Citing from multimedia works

If you need to cite a multimedia work, you would usually use the title of the TV programme (including online broadcasts) or video recording, or title of the film (whether on DVD or video) as the author. If a video is posted on YouTube or other video-streaming service then you should reference the person that uploaded the video (note this might be a username).Therefore, citations should use the title that is identified as the author.

3. HOW TO WRITE REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY USING THE HARVARD STYLE

• Book: print

• Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• Year of publication
• Title (should be in italics)
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher

Example:  Briton, N. E., Songorwa, B. and Giddens, M. (2014) A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering. London, Thomas Telford Publishing.

 

• Book: online/electronic
• Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• (Year of publication)
• Title (should be in italics)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher
• Available from: URL
• [Date of access]

Example: Briton, N. E., Songorwa, B. andGiddens, M. (2014) A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering. London, Thomas Telford Publishing. Available from: http://www.myilibrary. Com, ID=97925 [Accessed 17th July 2019].

 

• Book: chapter (in an edited book)
• Author of the chapter
• (Year of publication)
• Title of chapter followed by In:
• Editor (always put (ed.) after the name)
• Title (in italics)
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher
• Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ where there are

multiple pages)

 

Example:   Patrick, N. and Elton, G. (2009) Evidence-based practice and information literacy. In: Lema, S., William, C. and Nelson, A. (eds.) Exploring methods in information literacy research. Johannesburg, Centre for Information Studies, pp. 148–160.

 

 

• Journal article: print

• Author
• (Year of publication)
• Title of journal article
• Title of journal (this should be in italics)
• Volume number
• Issue number (in brackets)
• Page numbers of the article (do not use ‘p.’ before the page numbers)

Example: Clinton, P. K. And Majura, S. K. (2010) Foreign ownership and profitability: Property rights, control, and the performance of firms in African industry. Journal of Law and Legal Affairs, 42 (1), 209–238.

3.6 Journal article: online/electronic

• Author
• (Year of publication)
• Title of journal article
• Title of journal (this should be in italics)
• Volume number
• (Issue number)
• Page numbers of the article
• Available from: URL (Include [Date of access]) or DOI (if available)

Example: Emis, M. and Garner, W. (2017) A tale of two citations. Nature. 451 (7177), 397–399.Available from: http://www.nature.com/nature/v324/n7177/full/451397a.html [Accessed 20th April,2016].

• Pre-print journal articles (articles that are still under peer review)

• Author/s
• (Year of writing)
• Title of journal article
• Submitted to/To be published in (if this information is with the article)
• Title of journal (in italics)
• Name of repository (in italics)
• [Preprint]
• Available from: URL (if available)
• [Date of access]

Juma, P., Mashaka, J.R. and Wilfred, P.D. (2007) The contribution of social responsibility practices to local development in Tanzania. To be published in Physical Review B. Arxiv. [Preprint] Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.1692. [Accessed: 23^rd July 2010].

• Conference proceeding: individual paper

• Author
• (Year of publication)
• Title of conference paper followed by, In:
• Editor/Organisation (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• Title of conference proceeding (this should be in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ where there are multiple pages.

Example: Walter, S. (2006) Design, construction, supervision and long-term behaviour of tunnels in swelling rock. In: Richards, A., Twang, R., Davis, J.F. and Mbeki, J.-P.(eds.) Eurock 2006: Metaphysics coupling and long term behaviour in rock mechanics: Proceedings of the International Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, EUROCK 2006, 9–12 May 2006, London, Taylor and Francis. pp. 211–216.

• Report

• Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• (Year of publication)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Organisation
• Report number: followed by the number of the report (if part of a report series)

Davis, S. (2002) Whales, dolphins, and amphibians of the Indian Ocean. KICAMP. Report number: 50.

• Map

• Author (usually the organisation responsible for publishing the map)
• (Year of publication)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Scale
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

Example: Tanzania Geological Survey. (2000)  270, 1:50 000. Dar es salaam, DUP.

• Web page/website

• Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named)
• (Year of publication) (if available; if there is no date, use the abbreviation n.d.)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Available from: URL
• [Date of access]

Example: Africa Space Agency. (2014) Rosetta: rendezvous. Available from:http://rosetta.esa.int [Accessed 02 July 2024.]