Fruit growth and water use of two pear cultivars grown in South Africa: implications for precision irrigation scheduling

Abstract

In South Africa, as in other semi-arid countries, sustainable production of high-value crops requires precise management of limited water  resources. We investigated daily and seasonal changes in stem and fruit growth as indicators of water stress in pear (Pyrus  communis L.) trees, in the Western Cape Province. Stem and fruit growth data were collected hourly throughout the 2022–2023 growing  season on 2 cultivars commonly planted in South Africa – Packham’s Triumph and Forelle. Soil water content, tree sap flow, and orchard  microclimate were also monitored. Fruit maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) was highly sensitive to soil water deficit and more sensitive  than stem size changes. However, the patterns of fruit MDS for both cultivars changed as the season progressed. Early in the season  (October–December), there was a strong correlation between fruit MDS and soil water deficit (R2 ~ 0.72). The fruit shrunk with increasing  soil water deficit as water loss through transpiration exceeded gains through xylem and phloem inflows. In contrast, daytime fruit size  swelled from late December until harvest (February/March), likely because of the dominance of phloem inflows and decreased peel  transpiration as the fruit matured. Correlation between fruit expansion and soil water deficit was weaker (R2 ~ 0.32) during the later  stage even though fruit growth continued until harvest. Stem MDS consistently showed midday shrinkage throughout the season in  response to soil water deficit, but with more scatter (R2 ~ 0.37). Seasonal total transpiration was greater for Forelle (733 mm) than Packham’s Triumph (539 mm) because of the higher leaf area index of the Forelle and the longer growing season. This study suggests  that pear fruit growth data can provide accurate estimates of tree water status, but only during the early stages of growth. Towards  maturity, fruit size changes respond indirectly to water deficit, possibly through reductions in photosynthesis.