UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of local and foreign seeds of Azanza garckeana (Goron Tula) extracts

A.I. Hassan — 2024-10-22

Drug resistance challenges antimicrobial treatment options, necessitating the continuous search for plant extracts with therapeutic potential. The study determines the antimicrobial activities and toxicity effects of local and foreign seeds of Azanza garckeana. Constituents of the seeds of A. garckeana were extracted an identified using standard phytochemical procedures. Clinical isolates from patients diagnosed with Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) were confirmed using standard microbiological procedures. Disk diffusion techniques were used to assess the antimicrobial properties of the plant extract, and Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography were used to identify the bioactive components. The toxicity of plant extract was assessed using acute toxicity tests and histopathological and hematological studies. The findings indicated the existence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids in both local and foreign seeds of A. garckeana. Five (5) organisms were identified from patients with UTIs. Antimicrobial activities showed that the Petroleum ether extract of foreign A. garckeana exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (15mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13mm) than Petroleum ether extract of local A. garckeana at a concentration of 200µg/ml respectively. Similarly, A. garckeana foreign aqueous extracts showed higher activity against S. aureus (13mm) and P. aeruginosa (12mm) than local Aqueous A. garckeana at 200µg/ml concentrations, respectively. The GCMS analysis showed the existence of Dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Octadecenoic acid, Undecanoic acid, and methyl ether. The local and foreign seeds of A. garckeana were non-toxic at ≤ 600 mg/kg. Histopathological and hematological studies showed a heart with normal features, a kidney with slight hyperplasia of inflammatory cells, and a liver with slight hepatic necrosis at 1000mg/kg. The study demonstrated that the local and foreign seeds of Azanza garckeana had antimicrobial therapeutic potential, but its usage should be dose-dependent, not exceeding ≤600 mg/kg.

Concurrent extended spectrum beta-lactamase production and multidrug resistance among Proteus species isolated from clinical samples of patients attending selected hospitals in Northeastern Nigeria

Isyaka M. Tom — 2024-10-22

Proteus species are rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that cause opportunistic infections in the urinary tract and occasionally in the gastrointestinal tract. They are implicated in infections like cystitis and pyelonephritis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, and are frequently present in cases of asymptomatic bacteriuria. Herein, we aimed to investigate the co-occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzyme production and multidrug resistance (MDR) among Proteus spp. Isolated from patients attending selected hospitals in Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 1,500 clinical samples from consenting patients across six states in the Northeastern region of Nigeria were collected. The samples were cultured on Blood agar, and growth resembling that of Proteus species were again subcultured onto MacConkey agar to obtain discrete colonies, further confirmed using biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility test was carried out for all isolates using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, coupled with a screening of the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase using the Combined Disc Diffusion Method. Of the 1500 samples collected, 144 yielded positive growth for Proteus spp., resulting in a prevalence rate of 9.60%. Among these Proteus isolates, three species were identified, with Proteus mirabilis (90.97%) being the most abundant, followed by Proteus vulgaris (8.33%) and Proteus penneri (0.70%). The Proteus isolates displayed significant resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, with a Mean ± SD of 96.64 ± 22.73. A substantial portion of the Proteus spp. Isolated exhibited multidrug resistance (87.89%), with Proteus mirabilis (82.27%) being the most prevalent MDR species. Moreover, about 71.0% of the Proteus spp were ESBL producers, with Proteus mirabilis (64.54%) being the most predominant. Furthermore, 67.38% of all isolates exhibited MDR and ESBL production, and Proteus mirabilis (62.41%) was the most significant among the three Proteus species. These findings highlight the occurrence of multidrug resistance and ESBL production among Proteus spp. in Northeastern Nigeria, with Proteus mirabilis particularly noteworthy. This information is crucial for guiding clinical decision making, especially in managing infections caused by multidrugresistant and ESBL-producing Proteus strains.

Assessment of surface water quality using phytoplankton as base-line indicator organisms in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria

W.T. Aborisade — 2024-10-22

Timely and accurate water quality monitoring is crucial to ensure their sustainable use and safeguard public health. Therefore, this study assessed surface water quality in Mubo River (SP1) and Sobi Dam (SP2) in Ilorin, using phytoplankton as base-line indicator organisms. Water samples were collected on July 20th (rain season) and December 20th (dry season), 2023, at 0.3 meters from the mid-water column. The physicochemical parameters of the water samples were determined using standard methods. The standard microscopic techniques were used to enumerate and identify phytoplankton genera. The findings showed that the pH and DO (mg/l) levels were within the permissible limit stipulated by the National Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency for Surface Water in Nigeria (NESREA). The BOD (mg/l) and COD (mg/l) levels were above the permissible limit for SP1 for both seasons. The 8 genera of pollution-tolerant phytoplankton recorded were Cyclotella, Chlorella, Closterium, Chlamydomonas, Micractinium, Microcystis, Euglena, and Phacus, with Chlorella having the highest abundance percentage in all the sampling sites. The Shannon diversity indices values indicate lower phytoplankton species diversity (H ≤ 1.99) in all the water samples. The Palmer’s pollution index (PPI) scores ranged from 14 to 18 in the sampling sites. Palmer's index suggests likely high organic pollution in Mubo Rivers' in both sampling periods. A notable high level of organic pollution was recorded in Sobi Dam only during the rainy season. The relatively high turbidity, BOD (mg/l), and COD (mg/l) values support the index pollution scores and confirm the suitability of phytoplankton as baseline indicators for organic pollution assessment in surface water.

Phytochemical screening, GCMS analysis and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts against some clinical isolates

Umaru Abdulmalik — 2024-10-22

In response to the escalating concerns surrounding antibiotic resistance and associated side effects, interest in plant extracts and bioactive compounds derived from medicinal herbs has been resurgent. This study investigates the Phytochemical Screening, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) Analysis, and Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts against clinical isolates. Utilizing aqueous and ethanolic extractions, the study determined the yield percentages as 16.25% and 7.14%, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins in both extracts, with the absence of phenol. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, showing inhibitory effects against the tested isolates. The ethanolic extract exhibited superior antibacterial activity, with a maximum zone of inhibition (17mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 800mg/ml. The aqueous extract demonstrated a maximum zone of inhibition (12mm) against the same bacterium at the same concentration. Comparative analysis with standard antibiotics revealed competitive inhibitory effects, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, GCMS analysis identified sixteen phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract and eleven in the aqueous extract. The findings underscore the significant antibacterial potential of Moringa oleifera extracts, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The GC-MS results provide crucial insights into the bioactive chemical profile, supporting the potential therapeutic applications of Moringa oleifera in combating various infections. This study contributes valuable knowledge to exploring alternative treatments amid growing antibiotic resistance concerns.

Physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater in Rumuigbo, Obiokpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria

N.K. Amadi — 2024-10-22

Water is one of the most important and abundant compounds on earth, and it is vital to the survival of all life forms. Groundwater is the most utilized in the southern part of Nigeria. Many groundwater extraction boreholes exist in Rumuigbo, Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater in the communities within Rumuigbo. Water samples were collected from groundwater extraction boreholes in the four communities within Rumuigbo: Omoi/Orosi, Nkpolu, Mgbuadu, and Mgbu-Esilaru. The samples were analyzed for Electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, pH, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, iron, lead, zinc, total heterotrophic bacterial population (THBP), Vibrio, Shigella, and Salmonella populations using standard physicochemical and bacteriological methods. The results showed that EC of the groundwater in the four communities was 3.74±0.38 to 17.08±1.03 μS/cm; salinity was 1.02±0.01 to 1.66±0.54 mg/L; pH was 5.94±0.01 to 6.95±0.23; turbidity was 0.04±0.01 to 0.05±0.02 NTU; nitrate was 0.46±0.06 to 0.71±0.02 mg/L; phosphate was 2.85±0.03 to 3.34±0.15 mg/L; iron was 2.34±0.55 to 6.74±0.08 mg/L; lead was 0.18±0.04 to 0.40±0.14 mg/L; and zinc was 0.40±0.06 to 3.91±0.13 mg/L; THBP was 1.8±2.6 to 3.4±3.2 ×102 CFU/ml. There were no Vibrio and Shigella in the groundwater samples, except in one sampling point in the Mgbu-Esilaru and Mgbu-adu communities, respectively. The bacteria identified include Proteus, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Erythrobacter, and Klebsiella species. It is revealed that groundwater from the communities fulfills some of the requirements for portable drinking water but does not meet the standards for iron, lead, zinc, and Salmonella. Some form of groundwater treatment from the communities is required to meet all the requirements for potable drinking water.

Effects of Azanza garckeana fruit pulp on metabolic syndrome in Wistar rats fed on high fructose diet

G.C. Iloabuchi — 2024-10-22

The excessive consumption of high-energy dietary sweeteners is largely to blame for the widespread metabolic syndrome around the world. This study is aimed at in vivo evaluations of the ameliorative effects of A. garckeana fruit pulp on metabolic syndrome in Wistar rats. Twenty-four (24) adult male Wistar rats were divided into six (6) groups (n=4). Groups A, B, and C received standard, high-fructose, and 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented standard diets, respectively. Groups D, E, and F were fed 5% A. garckeana fruit pulpsupplemented standard, 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high-fructose, and 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diets. In addition to weekly monitoring of weight changes, activities of serum antioxidant enzymes, lipid profile, and blood glucose level were determined. There were no significant changes in weight gain among the groups throughout the experimental period. Compared with the initial value of blood glucose level, only the group fed high fructose diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher blood glucose levels at the end of the experiment. The group fed 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher serum concentration of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in comparison with the control. The groups fed A. garckeana fruit pulp supplemented diets had significantly (P<0.05) higher albumin concentrations than the group fed high fructose diet. The serum urea concentration was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the group fed 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diet when compared with the control. The group fed 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher activities of SOD and GSH activities compared with the group fed high fructose diet. Also, the group fed 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher activities of CAT when compared with the group fed high fructose diet. It can be concluded that A. garckeana fruit pulp has anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, and antioxidant effects, which could be responsible for its ameliorative effects on metabolic syndrome.

Entomocidal effect of some essential oils: An alternative for synthetic pesticides in the control of Dermestes maculatus degeer 1774 (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

A. Nasiru — 2024-10-22

Realizing the detrimental effect of synthetic pesticides on the environment, non-target organisms, and human health. The scientific community's interest in searching for and providing safe, natural, and effective pesticides is highly attractive. Using the residual contact approach, the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. and Syzygium aromaticum L. (TEO and EOSA) were assessed against Dermestes maculatus in a laboratory setting. Steam distillation was used to extract the oils. Four concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) were prepared using acetone as a solvent and applied individually to 15 g of smoke-dried C. gariepinus. For five days, newly emerged adults, third-instar larvae, and newly laid pest eggs were exposed to the treated fish samples. The results showed that both oils had varying larvicidal and adulticidal activities against D. maculatus. Similarly, the EOs significantly decreased the pest's ability to lay eggs and hatch. EOSA was the most effective treatment in all cases; it had the lowest LC₅₀ and LT₅₀ and the most effects at all dosages. Consequently, EOSA and TEO could manage D. maculatus infesting smoke-dried C. gariepinus.

The potential of Serratia marcescens in bioremediation of crude-oil polluted soil

Lekiah Pedro Peekate — 2024-10-22

Bioremediation, which involves the use of microorganisms, is an environmentally friendly approach in restoring crude-oil polluted environments. The use of Serratia marcescens (SM) in bioremediation of crude-oil polluted soil was investigated in this study. Soil from a farm was inoculated in nutrient broth for bacterial enrichment. The broth culture was inoculated on nutrient agar and incubated at ambient temperatures (27 – 32 °C). Bacterial isolates with red colonies were selected and identified. Identified SM was used in preparing bacterial mineral-salts suspension. The bioremediation experiment consisted of two setups: Control (CT) and setup treated with SM (TSM). Both setups contained crude-oil polluted soil. Mineral salt solution and the bacterial-mineral-salt suspension were added to setup CT and TSM, respectively. Total hydrocarbon concentration (THC), total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB), total fungi (TF), and hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (HUF) in the setups were determined at various times. About 38.3 % and 46.5 % THC reduction were achieved in setup CT and TSM, respectively. The percentage of THB that are HUB was higher in setup TSM on day 7 (8.8 %) and day 28 (4.4 %) but higher in setup CT on day 14 (1.7 %) and day 21 (6.6 %). The percentage of TF that are HUF was higher in setup TSM on day 14 (98.0 %) and on day 28 (41.6 %) but higher in setup CT on day 21 (85.3 %). It is concluded that SM has a potential for use in bioremediation of crude-oil polluted soil.

Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium in roadside roasted corn from selected areas of Bwari Local Government Area, FCT, Nigeria

Abraham Gana Yisa — 2024-10-22

This research examined the presence of lead and cadmium in roasted corn sold by roadside vendors. Five locations (Market Square, Ade Femi Street, Abiola Road, SCC Road, and Primary School) were selected for the research according to the availability of vendors and vehicular activities. Roasted corns were oven-dried at 80℃ and digested according to standard methods. The concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were determined with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The data generated was analyzed with the R statistical program version 4.3.0. Lead and cadmium concentrations in the roasted corn varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the study locations. The Pb content of the roasted corn varied from 0.08±0.00 mg Kg^-1 – to 0.29±0.00 mg kg^-1 , While Cd was found to be within the range of 0.006±0.00 mg kg^-1 – 0.09±0.00 mg kg^-1 . Lead levels in roasted corn at Market Square were above WHO limits of 0.2 mg kg^-1 . However, the Cd levels were within the acceptable limit of 0.1 mg kg^-1. The strong positive correlation observed between Pb-Cd pairs in the roasted corn was a strong indication of similarity in the origin of the contamination. The potential risk associated with Pb and Cd exposure in roasted corn was determined by the Average Daily Intake of metals (ADI, Health Risk Index (HRI), and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR). The risk assessment indices revealed that HRI was < 1, indicating a non-potential health risk for adults and children. Also, the estimated ILCR for Pb and Cd was within the acceptable limit of 1 x 10^-4 – 1x 10^-6 . This study shows that consumers of roasted corn sold at Market Square may be at risk of lead toxicity with continuous exposure.

Assessing the toxicity of heavy metals and potential tolerance of common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) while monitoring the population dynamics of the associated Rhizobia

Y. Nasir — 2024-10-22

Microbially-assisted phytoremediation (MAP) is increasingly recognized as the feasible alternative for removing hazardous heavy metals (HMs) from contaminated environments. However, the dynamics of rhizobial-plant interactions during phytoremediation remain unclear. This study investigated the toxicity of some selected heavy metals (Cobalt, Nickel, and Manganese), the potential tolerance of Phaseolus vulgaris grown in the HMs-rich effluents, and the population dynamics of the associated Rhizobia within the Katsina metropolis. After 80 samples of P. vulgaris collected from Lambun Sarki garden were exposed to 10 mL of 0.5- 2g/L of Ni and Co and 5-20 g/L Mn, respectively, in mesocosms, and the plants treated with 10 mL HMs solutions daily. After three weeks treatment and then Indices of HMs toxicity on seeds and plants (4 and 3, respectively) were monitored in all the treatments. Weekly rhizobial counts on Congo Red Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar (CRYEMA) were taken to monitor rhizobial population dynamics. Pure isolates obtained after three iterations were identified biochemically. One-way ANOVA was employed for statistical analyses using AnalyStat (version 1.6.50). Generally, Ni exerts the highest toxicity, with Mn having less toxicity. Average rhizobial counts increased weekly, with high counts obtained in Ni and Mn treatments. However, they did not differ significantly between weeks (p = 0.061). Thus, longer time intervals (>2 weeks) are required to observe significant shifts in population dynamics. Moreover, HMs concentration did not affect the colony counts (p = 1.00). Metabolism profile of the preliminarily identified Rhizobium sp. and Sinorrhizobium melliloti evidenced HMs removal and plant growth promotion ability. The research demonstrated the phytoremediation ability of P. vulgaris and how rhizospheric population dynamics change during phytoremediation and contributed towards understanding HMs impact as environmental stressors on rhizospheric plant-microbe interactions. Future research targeting the hyperaccumulation capacity of the plants and heavy metals tolerance of the identified rhizobia are recommended, as this may help in knowing the BCF, TF, and BAC of the plants as well as the tolerable amount of the heavy metals to the bacteria.

Determination of bacterial species associated with contamination of poultry feeds produced by three different companies in Abuja, Nigeria

G.G. Ezeagu — 2024-10-22

Poultry farming is an efficient source of income and nutrition. Feeds used for poultry are vulnerable to contamination by microorganisms. This study aimed to assess bacterial contaminants of the poultry produced from three different companies in Abuja, Nigeria. Samples of poultry feeds produced by three different companies were collected from three different batches and were processed and inoculated in nutrient agar, Eosin methylene blue agar (EMB), and Mannitol salt agar (MSA), incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Colonies were counted, characterized, and subcultured to obtain pure cultures. Pure isolates were identified using Gram reaction, cellular morphology, and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolated bacterial species were determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion. The total bacterial counts of samples analyzed showed that poultry feed from sample C had the highest mean bacterial counts of 2.49 x 10⁵CFU/g. The lowest was poultry feed sample A, with a mean count of 1.06 x 10⁵CFU/g. Sample B had a mean bacterial count of 2.14 x 10⁵CFU/g. The bacterial species isolated in the present study are Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Proteus mirabilis. Staphylococcus aureus was the most occurring isolate with a 47% occurrence rate and was present in all poultry feed samples. Escherichia coli is the second most occurring with a 35% occurrence rate, then Salmonella with a 10% occurrence rate. The least occurring was Proteus mirabilis, with an 8% occurrence rate. S. aureus showed 100% susceptibility to all the antibiotics used, while P. mirabilis recorded the highest resistance of 40%, showing resistance to four of the ten antibiotics used. This study reveals the presence and high microbial count in the different poultry feeds investigated. This usually reflects the degree of hygienic procedures and biosecurity used in the feeds' handling, production, and storage.

The study of Candida albicans among diabetic patients attending some selected hospitals in Sokoto metropolis

M.U. Iduh — 2024-10-22

Candidiasis is an infection caused by the yeast genus Candida that lives in or on certain parts of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the vagina, and even the skin. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Candida albicans among diabetic patients attending some selected hospitals in Sokoto metropolis. A total of 245 early-morning midstream urine samples were inoculated on SDA Saboraud dextrose agar. The isolates were identified using Gram staining, germ tube test, and KOH test. The prevalence of Candidiasis was 9.4%. Females had a higher prevalence of 5.7% compared to males (3.7%) regarding gender (P = 0.247). Patients aged 30-34 years, 35-49 years, 40-44 years, 45-49 years and 50- 54 years had prevalence of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.4%, 0.4% and 8.0% respectively. Patients aged 55 years and above were the most infected in this study (7.3%) (P = 0.796). Due to high blood glucose levels and old age, regular clinic check-ups are highly recommended to prevent avoidable complications. These findings suggest that women are the most vulnerable compared to men. Therefore, it is necessary to continue evaluating the Candida albicans infection rate in diabetic patients in hospitals and the community.

In-vitro antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Annona senegalensis against selected bacteria associated with urinary tract infections

B.M. Yilave — 2024-10-22

The treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) has become challenging due to antimicrobial resistance exhibited by the causative organisms. Medicinal plants are alternatives to conventional drugs and complement treatment for diverse infections owing to the growing antimicrobial resistance to synthetic drugs. The study assessed the antibacterial activity of aqueous, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of leaves, bark, and roots of A. senegalensis against selected bacteria associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The extracts of A. senegalensis were obtained by the soxhlet extraction method. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out using standard procedures. The bacteria tested were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urine samples of UTI patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the agar well diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth dilution method using two-fold serial dilutions. The qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phenols, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and cardiac glycosides. Zones of inhibition of extracts at 400 mg/mL ranged between 16.33±0.58 – 24.67±0.58 mm (leaf extracts), 14.00±1.00 – 21.33 ±0.58 mm (bark extracts) and 14.67±0.58 – 21.00±1.00 mm (root extracts). The highest zone of inhibition (24.67±0.58 mm) observed was against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with aqueous leaf extract, while the least inhibition (14.00±1.00 mm) was with ethyl acetate bark extract, also against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MIC values ranged from 25 to 100 mg/mL, while MBC values ranged from 50 to 200 mg/mL against the test isolates. A. senegalensis demonstrated great antibacterial potential and can be recommended for treating UTIs.

Biofertilizer production using phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas specie isolated from rhizosphere soil: Towards indigenous biofertilizer for enhanced crop productivity in Katsina, Nigeria

Baha'uddeen Salisu — 2024-10-22

The utilization of biofertilizers holds promise as a sustainable approach to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers. Beyond nitrogen, phosphorus is integral to various aspects of plant metabolism, including cell division, growth, development, sugar breakdown, and nuclear transport. The present study focused on isolating Pseudomonas spp. as phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from the rhizosphere soil to produce biofertilizer. Ten rhizosphere soil samples were collected from agricultural fields in Wagini ward, Batsari Local Government area, Katsina state. The isolation and identification of Pseudomonas species from the soil samples were conducted using standard microbiological techniques, followed by screening for plant growth-promoting traits (phosphate solubilization). Subsequently, selected Pseudomonas species exhibiting robust phosphate solubilization were assessed for their efficacy in biofertilizer production, after which the produced biofertilizer was tested on maize, beans, and millet cultivation. The findings highlighted the potential of indigenous Pseudomonas species from agricultural soil as effective biofertilizer agents. The formulated biofertilizers demonstrated remarkable positive effects on the tested crops’ growth compared to those not treated with the Pseudomonas-based biofertilizer after seven days of cultivation under controlled conditions. This study underscores the importance of tacking native microbial resources to develop ecofriendly and cost-effective biofertilizers tailored to local agroecosystems, thereby contributing to Nigeria's sustainable agricultural intensification and food security.

Evaluation of co-production of colistin resistance and ESBL genes among Gram-negative clinical isolates from Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria

T. Nuhu — 2024-10-22

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Its effects include high mortality and morbidity rates, treatment failure, and increased treatment costs. This study aimed to evaluate the co-production of colistin-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes among Gram-negative clinical isolates from Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital in Sokoto. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from clinical specimens, including urine, feces, and wound aspirates. The Double-Disk Synergy Test and the Colistin Agar Test, respectively, were used to phenotypically validate the existence of colistin resistance and ESBL. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for molecular characterization. Primers were used to target genes linked to colistin resistance (mcr-1 and mcr-2) and ESBL genes (blaCTX-M, CTX-M 1, CTX-M 2, and CTX-M 8). The findings indicated that 13.9% of the isolates displayed co-production of Colistin and ESBL, and of these isolates, 60% had blaCTX-M genes, and 20% had CTX-M 8 linked to ESBL production. However, the presence of colistin resistance genes was not detected by PCR. Therefore, molecular analysis did not confirm the existence of the colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) in these isolates. Consequently, the findings showed no molecular co-production of the ESBL and colistin resistance genes. This work emphasizes how crucial it is to look into molecular and phenotypic traits to completely comprehend how colistin resistance and ESBL genes coexist in Gram-negative isolates. More research is required to investigate other mechanisms behind the resistance phenotypes identified.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection and its association with the risk of cervical cancer among HIV-positive women in Plateau State, North-Central Nigeria

A.Y. Ajang — 2024-10-22

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STI) associated with cervical, uterine, and anogenital cancers. Persistent infection with HPV is associated with abnormal cervical cells, which can develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. Human papillomaviruses are the first viruses to have been acknowledged to prompt carcinogenesis, and they are linked with cancers of the uterine cervix, anogenital tumours, and head and neck malignancies. A hospital-based study of HIV-infected women across the three senatorial zones of Plateau State, Nigeria, was conducted between November 2018 to November 2020. Ethical approval for the study was first obtained from the ethical committee of Plateau State Specialist Hospital Jos, and informed consent to participate in the research was also obtained from each participant. HIV status confirmation was first done through standard rapid test procedures, followed by cytology testing via the Pap smear procedure to detect any precancerous or malignant changes in the cervix. Subsequent detection of HPV utilized the ELISA procedure, while CD4⁺ cell count and viral load estimations were done using flow cytometry and nucleic acid amplification techniques, respectively. Questionnaires were administered to obtain information on cervical cancer risk factors and clinical presentations. The overall prevalence of HPV was 28% among HIV-infected women. More HPV infection (31.9%) occurred in women with low CD4+ count (0-200 cells/mm3 ), and also highest (50.0%) among women with the highest HIV viral load (>100 copies/mL). The possible risk factors identified in this study include multiple sexual partnering, low condom usage, and coinfection with other STIs, among others. In conclusion, this study identified a high HPV prevalence, low CD4⁺ counts, and coinfection with other STIs among high-risk populations (HIV-infected women). We, therefore, recommend improved sexual behaviours and further research on the impact of low immunity on the rate of progression of cervical abnormality to cervical cancer, not just in HIV-positive women but in the general population.

Occurrence and diversity of intestinal parasites on raw vegetables sold in Samaru, Zaria

O. Yahaya — 2024-10-22

Vegetables are part of everyday diet. There has been more emphasis on their palatability and nutritional values, but they potentially contribute to transmitting intestinal parasites, among other pathogens, to man. This study examined 10 samples of five commonly consumed vegetables from Samaru in Zaria, Nigeria. Twenty-five (25g) fresh vegetable samples were washed in 225 mL of sterile normal saline and gently shaken for 60 seconds. The wash water was allowed to stay for 3 hr in the dark. The supernatant was carefully discarded until only about 15mL was left. The sediment was further concentrated by centrifuging at 3000 revolutions per minute for 5 minutes and examined for intestinal parasites on wet mounts using the compound light microscope. The overall occurrence of intestinal parasites on the vegetables was 22.0%. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most occurring parasite (18.0%), followed by equal 2.0% of hookworms, Trichuris trichiura and Fasciola species. Vegetable samples obtained from Mangorori Market had the highest contamination with Ascaris lumbricoides than other markets, but overall parasitic contamination was highest on vegetables obtained from ABU Community Market. Cabbage was the most contaminated (50.0%), followed by 20% each of lettuce and carrots. Samples displayed on mats during the sale had the highest contamination with Ascaris lumbricoides (23.5%), followed by those displayed on the ground (22.2%). There was higher intestinal parasitic contamination of vegetables sold in dirty surroundings (23.3%) than in relatively clean surroundings (10.0%). Sufficient orientation on the role of fresh raw vegetables in transmitting intestinal parasites should be aimed at farmers, sellers, distributors and final consumers to curb potential health risks.

Ultrasonography analysis and incidence of urinary schistosomiasis among some selected junior secondary school students in Rigachikun, Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Jamila Jibril — 2024-10-22

This study evaluated urinary schistosomiasis and ultrasonography incidence among schoolaged children in Rigachikun, Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Three hundred urine samples were collected from students within 5-16 years from 3 selected schools. The samples were tested for urinary schistosomiasis, and information was gathered using a standardized questionnaire. The weight and height of the samples were measured using an electronic scale (9201 SV3R) and a portable stadiometer (ADE MZ10042). 5.29% of males and 3.70% of females tested positive for urinary schistosomiasis. Ultrasound examination was performed on ten positive and one negative subjects for confirmation. The mean age was 11.00±5.72 years. Seven out of ten (70%) subjects showed urinary tract abnormalities. The ultrasound findings revealed two out of ten (20%) had bladder wall thickening, four out of ten (40%) had an irregular shape of the bladder wall, and ureteric dilatation was observed in one out of ten (10%) among the subjects. Ultrasound is a useful tool for identifying the morbidity of S. haematobium. Schistosomiasis infection amongst schools in Rigachikun was established at 5.00%. This has confirmed that schistosomiasis is still a disease burden amongst schoolaged students in Rigachikun and, by extension, all the study area's inhabitants. It can be recommended that further studies need to be carried out on adults and snail intermediate hosts.

Evaluation of vaccination status, awareness, and seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among female sex workers in Jos

H. Zakari — 2024-10-22

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the cause of hepatitis B infection, which can lead to malignancy and chronic liver cirrhosis. There is a dearth of research on the incidence of HBV among Nigerian women who work as sex workers despite the country being characterized as an endemic zone with prevalence among different occupational groups. The study evaluates the immunization status, awareness of the virus, and seroprevalence and predictors of hepatitis B virus infection among female sex workers. A descriptive cross-sectional study including 86 female sex workers in Jos brothels was conducted. Blood samples were collected using the Recombi LISA HbsAg ELISA kit (CTK Biotech Inc., San Diego, USA) to qualitatively detect HBsAg. Twenty (21) out of the 86 subjects tested positive, yielding a 24.4% prevalence rate. The highest prevalence was found among women in the 36–40 age range (40%), while the lowest (0.0%) was found among those in the age group <20 years. Married sex workers recorded the highest prevalence of 50%, while separated/divorced recorded the lowest prevalence of 10.0%. Also, female sex workers without a formal education had the highest prevalence of 66.7%. In comparison, the lowest prevalence of 0.0% was found among those with tertiary education. Those who engaged in sex work for less than five years had the highest prevalence of 30.8%, while the lowest was recorded among those who had five years and above in the sex trade, with a prevalence rate of 0.0%. There was no statistically significant correlation seen between these high percentages and HBV infection. Out of the 86 female sex workers, only 9 had received all three doses of the immunization. This high frequency of vaccine-preventable illness is intolerable; therefore, immunizing this high-risk HBV reservoir population should be justified.

Assessing the antibacterial properties of Aloe vera (Linn) and Aloe schweinfurthii (Baker) against some plant pathogenic bacteria

A.O. Alejo — 2024-10-22

The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Aloe vera and Aloe schweinfurthii leaf extracts against plant pathogenic bacteria. Aqueous (cold and hot) and ethanolic extracts from both plants were tested on Xanthomonas axonopodis, Pseudomonas syringae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results showed antibacterial properties in both extracts, with varying inhibition zones ranging from 0.01 to 14.06mm. The most effective was the ethanolic extract from powdered A. schweinfurthii at 0.05g/ml, while hot water extracts from both species were the least effective. Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phytates, and oxalates in both extracts. The study concluded that A. schweinfurthii outperformed A. vera in managing the plant pathogenic bacteria, suggesting potential new antibacterial agents.

Characterization of fungi inducing post-harvest deterioration and the factors predisposing tomato fruits to fungal induced spoilage in Zaria, Nigeria.

O. DayoK — 2024-10-22

This study was carried out to characterize fungi-inducing post-harvest deterioration of tomato fruits and the factors predisposing the tomato fruits to fungal-induced spoilage in Zaria, Nigeria. A total of two hundred and twenty-five spoilt tomatoes of three different cultivars were collected using guided random selection (45 each) from five markets (Dakachi, Danmangaji, Sabon-gari, Samaru, and Basawa) in Zaria, Nigeria. The fungal isolates were isolated using the standard mycological method. The cultural and microscopic characterization of fungi isolated revealed eleven genera belonging to Fusarium, Phomopsis, Phoma, Cladosporium, Al ternaria, Helminthosporium, Colletotrichum, Monilia, Curvularia, Rhizotonia, and Aspergillus. The total frequency and percentage occurrence ranged from 16(10.3%) to 42(26.%). The fungal isolate with the highest % frequency of occurrence was F. oxysporum with 23(14.7%), while the fungal isolate with the lowest frequency of occurrence was Curvularia eragrostidis with 3(1.9%). There were statistically significant differences in the mean number of occurrences among the fungal isolates (P = 0.003 < 0.05) and the markets (P = 0.0335 < 0.05). The total frequency and % occurrence of fungal isolates in tomato cultivars U T C, Ronita, and Roma VF ranged from 42(26.9) to 63(40.4%). There were statistically significant differences in the mean number of occurrences among the fungal isolates (p = 0.0000 < 0.05) and the tomato varieties (p = 0.0260 < 0.05). Tomato varieties, sorting, storage condition, packaging material, means of transportation, and nature of damage significantly affected tomato fungal-induced spoilage. Maintaining good sanitation practices in the field and during post-harvest handling of tomato fruits is crucial in minimizing the introduction and spread of fungi.

Production of amylase enzyme by Aspergillus and Fusarium species using sugar cane bagasse

M.A. Ahmad — 2024-10-22

Amylases are hydrolytic enzymes produced by some microorganisms and utilized in the hydrolysis of starch. This study aimed to determine the ability of certain fungal isolates isolated from wastes to synthesize the amylase enzyme utilizing synthetic soluble starch and sugar cane bagasse as substrates. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium spp., previously identified to have amylolytic activity, were used for the research. The submerged fermentation process was used to produce amylase, with basal medium and sugar cane bagasse as substrates. The incubation time, substrate and inoculum concentrations, pH, and temperature were all optimized. The dinitrosalicylic acid reagent (DNS) technique was used to determine the activity of the amylase generated. Initial production of amylase using soluble starch (20 g (w/v)) as substrate at room temperature and pH 7.0 shows that all the isolates produce amylase better when their concentration (3%) is high but have different incubation periods of 96 hr for Aspergillus niger (8.65±0.21 U/mL/minutes) and Fusarium spp (7.15±0.07 U/mL/minutes), while Aspergillus flavus (7.30±0.14 U/mL/minutes) requires an extended incubation period of 144 hr to produce the product. Further production using sugar cane bagasse and optimization of production parameters of the isolates reveals that Aspergillus niger (4.35±0.07 U/mL/minutes) has an optimum incubation period of 120 hours, an inoculum concentration and substrate concentration of 2% each, and a pH of 6, Aspergillus flavus (6.40±0.28 U/mL/minutes) has an optimum incubation period of 144 hours, with inoculum and substrate concentration of 3% each at neutral pH, Fusarium spp (6.80±0.28 U/mL/minutes) has an optimum incubation period of 168hr., inoculum concentration of 3%, substrate concentration of 2% and a neutral pH-7 and all the isolates have their best yield at temperature of 30℃. In conclusion, using cheap and readily available sugar cane bagasse can be a more cost-effective option for expensive synthetic starch substrates used in amylase synthesis. The study suggests further investigation into the isolates' identities and the extracted enzyme's industrial application.

Co-prevalence of quinolone resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates from a tertiary hospital in Katsina, Nigeria

H. Mujahid, — 2024-10-22

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major hazard to global public health. It reduces the effectiveness of many antibiotics, making infections harder to cure and raising the likelihood of disease transmission and death. Globally, beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics are among the commonly prescribed medications. Yet, a multitude of bacteria have evolved distinct multidrug resistance (MDR) characteristics, rendering many of these important drugs worthless. This study aimed to investigate the magnitude of the simultaneous occurrence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) and Quinoloneresistance (co-existence) among clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates. A total of 95 Enterobacteriaceae pathogens isolated from different human samples were obtained from a Tertiary Hospital in Katsina. Then, the VITEK-2 Compact automated identification system was employed for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and the ESBL screening of isolates. This study showed that out of the total 95 isolates, 67 (70.5%) were quinolone-resistant, while 53 (55.8%) were ESBL-positive. Most of the quinoloneresistant (QRE) Enterobacteriaceae were ESBL-positive, 50 (74.6%), and conversely, most of the ESBL-positive Enterobacteriaceae were quinolone-resistant (50, 94.3%). Co-resistance (quinolone-resistance and ESBL-positive) was recorded in 50 (52.63%) of the isolates, all belonging to the Escherichia coli (42, 84.0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8, 16.0%). Almost all the co-resistant isolates were resistant to the tested quinolones [Ciprofloxacin (49, 98.0%) and Levofloxacin (50, 100.0%). The lowest resistance was recorded to Ertapenem (6.0%), Meropenem (6.0%), and Amikacin (2.0%) and the highest to Ampicillin, Piperacillin and Levofloxacin (100.0% each). Almost all the co-resistant isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 49 (98.0%), while 33 (66.0%) were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). According to the collected samples’ demographic data, the highest prevalences were recorded among males (60.0%, based on gender), adults (50.0%, based on age), and urine (48.0%, based on sample). Continuous surveillance and stewardship are essential to achieve good health and well-being (Sustainable Development Goal 3).

Assessing the biodetoxification potential of Enterococcus faecium on aflatoxin M1 in fresh raw cow milk

F. Mukhtar — 2024-10-22

The adverse effects of aflatoxins on the economy and public health have prompted research into strategies to prevent their contamination in food and feed. Biological methods have become popular because they are environmentally friendly and beneficial for health. This research aims to determine the bio-detoxification potential of E. faecium, on Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw cow milk. Biochemical and molecular methods were used to identify the E. faecium isolates obtained from locally fermented cow milk (Nono). Three (3) distinct sampling locations in the Zaria metropolis, Dan-Magaji, Kufena, and Gabari, were used to gather nine (9) fresh milk samples. A quick test kit was used to screen the samples for AFM1 contamination. To determine the level of contamination, AFM1-contaminated samples were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The isolates were injected into the tainted milk samples at a cell density of 1.5 x 10⁸cfu/mL and 3.0x10⁸cfu/mL for 30 and 60 minutes at 4 and 37 degrees Celsius. The amount of unbound AFM1 in the samples was measured using HPLC analysis and surface binding assay. "ANOVA" single factor and two ways were used to analyze the data. All collected raw milk samples were contaminated with aflatoxin M1 at concentrations exceeding the EU/NAFDAC limit of ≤0.05 µg/L. The isolates bound AFM1 at 35-45% rates at a cell concentration of 3.0x10⁸ cfu/mL at 37°C for 60 minutes. This research suggests that E. faecium could be an effective option for reducing AFM1 contamination in milk samples due to its harmless nature and recognition as generally safe. Additionally, regulatory agencies should implement thorough monitoring to ensure AFM1 levels in milk and milk products remain below acceptable limits.

Phenotypic characterization of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci isolated from wounds and nasal swabs in selected hospitals across some Northwestern States, Nigeria

J.M. Ajagbe — 2024-10-22

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS) remain important opportunistic pathogens most frequently identified worldwide. The study aimed to determine the phenotypic characteristics of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci, their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and the sociodemographic characteristics of the isolates from wounds and nasal swabs in selected hospitals across some states in Northwestern Nigeria. A total of 806 wounds and nasal swabs were collected from patients admitted at nine facilities in 4 states of Northwestern Nigeria. All samples underwent analysis using standard bacteriological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer technique. Out of 806 samples, 652 (80.3%) were culture positive, while 154 (19.1%) were culture negative. A total of 704 (87.3%) isolates were obtained, out of which 418 (59.4%) were identified as Staphylococci isolates, comprising 144 (17.7%) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 124 (15.4%) Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), 89 (11%) Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS), and 61 (7.6%) Methicillin susceptible coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MSCoNS). The Staphylococci isolates showed the highest susceptibility to Vancomycin 408 (97.6%), while the lowest was penicillin 24 (5.7%). The isolation rate of MRS was highest among patients aged 11-30, while the 71-90 age group had the lowest rate. The occurrence was higher (37%) in male patients than in female patients (18.6%). Moreover, there was no statistically significant association found between the distribution of MRS among different age groups, gender, and occupational affiliations, but it exists in the educational levels, and economic statuses of the research participants. The occurrence of MRS was lower among patients with a high level of formal education but higher among those without or with a low level of education. These findings will aid healthcare workers in establishing policies for antibiotic usage, surveillance, and infection prevention and control measures.

Assessment of bacteriological quality and determination of antibiogram of bacteria isolated from water used in selected hospitals within Port Harcourt City and Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State

V. K. Robinson — 2024-10-22

Water is vital for life, and water void of bacterial contamination is vital for hospital consumption and use. This study aimed to determine the bacteriological quality and antibiogram of different water samples in some hospitals within Port Harcourt Metropolis. Water samples were collected in different hospitals in Port Harcourt and Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Based on water dispensers, outdoor taps, washing hand faucets, and faucets in the toilet and theatre. The bacteriological quality of the water samples, coagulase, haemolysis, biofilm, starch, and antibiogram were determined using standard microbiological procedures. The mean range of the total heterotrophic bacterial, staphylococcal, faecal coliform, and total coliform counts of the water samples were 8.5±0.7×10⁵ to 3.8±2.1×10⁷ , 1.2±0.2 to 2.8±0.3×10⁵ , 0.0±0.0 to 8.0±4.2×10³ and 0.0±0.0 to 1.1±0.1×10⁵ CFU/mL, respectively. The prevalence of the isolated bacteria is Staphylococcus sp (17.5%), Bacillus sp (12.5%), Enterobacter sp. (12.5%), Klebsiella sp. (10%), Citrobacter sp. (5%), Escherichia coli (2.5%) and Siccibacter sp. (2.5%). Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Escherichia coli, and Siccibacter sp. were positive for haemolysis and α-amylase production, 80% of Staphylococcus sp were coagulase positive while 46, 40, 57 and 25% of Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella sp produced biofilm. The antibiogram showed multi-drug resistance (0.2-1.0). Levofloxacin was 60% effective against Staphylococcus sp, while susceptibility of Klebsiella and Citrobacter sp to ofloxacin, gentamycin, nalidixic acid, and levofloxacin 66.7%. The water samples from these hospitals might not be good for drinking. Thus, treatment of water before use is recommended. The high antibiotic resistance could imply the emergence of resistant isolates in hospital water.

Prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae from clinical isolates in Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe, Nigeria

Z.M. Saleh — 2024-10-22

Enterobacteriaceae is a family of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, and catalase-positive bacteria mostly found in Humans and animals' intestines. Some of these organisms are enteric opportunistic pathogens associated with urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and wound infections, whereas others are regularly pathogenic for humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in clinical samples from Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe between August 2022 and November 2022. A total of 420 non-duplicate isolates from various clinical samples were analyzed in the study. The isolates were identified based on cultural characteristics, Gram staining, and standard biochemical tests. Out of the 420 isolates identified, Escherichia coli was the most prevalent with 163(38.8%) isolates, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with 69(16.4%), Klebsiella oxytoca with 61(14.5%), Proteus spp. 28(6.7%), Citrobacter spp. 27(6.4%), Enterobacter spp. 22(5.2%), Serratia marcescens 13(3.1%), Providencia spp. 12(2.9%), Yersinia enterocolitica 11(2.6%), Morganella morganii 3(0.7%) and Salmonella spp. with 2(0.5%). Based on clinical specimens, urine had the highest percentage of isolates with 53.4%, followed by wound swab (19.1%), stool (10.1%), High vaginal swab (6.8%), Endocervical swab (3.6%), sputum (3.1%), blood (1.4%), Cerebrospinal fluid (1.0%) and semen (1.0%) and then pleural fluid (0.5%). In conclusion, Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates were highly prevalent in Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe. Further research to assess the antimicrobial resistance profile of these clinical bacterial organisms in the study area is recommended for effective treatment options for bacterial infections.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among children attending Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital, Sokoto State, Nigeria

N.M. Bunza — 2024-10-22

Cryptosporidium infection is ranked as the second most common cause of diarrheal disease and fatalities among children in developing nations. Nonetheless, due to the fact that many healthcare providers do not consistently request Cryptosporidium diagnostic tests, the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis is probably underestimated. The current study is therefore aimed at investigating the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among children attending Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital (MAWCH), Sokoto. During the timeframe of April to June 2021, stool samples were collected from 114 diarrheic and non-diarrheic children and analyzed using Formol ether concentration and Modified Ziehl Neelsen staining methods. Out of 114 samples analyzed, 81(71.1%) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. A higher prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis was observed in males 45(39.5%) compared to females 36(31.6%) participants and higher 41(36.0%) in younger children aged 0-1 years than the older children. Similarly, a greater prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis was observed in diarrheic children (42.1%) than in non-diarrheic children (28.9%). A statistically significant relationship was observed between the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and diarrhea (P = 0.002) and the source of drinking water (P = 0.001). Routine diagnosis of Cryptosporidiosis among children is vital and can enhance effective diagnosis, treatment, and consequently, improvement in the patients' well-being.

Diagnosis of malaria among children in Sokoto: A comparison of microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Tests

M.U. Kalgo — 2024-10-22

Malaria is a life-threatening disease primarily found in tropical countries, and it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Diagnosis of malaria depends largely on clinical presentations and laboratory diagnosis. Microscopy is the gold standard for laboratory malaria diagnosis but requires adequate training and time compared to Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). The study compared the utility, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values between microscopy and RDTs in diagnosing malaria among children accessing care in Specialist Hospital Sokoto. A total of 367 blood samples of consented children who met the study inclusion criteria were examined. All samples were screened for malaria using RDT thin and thick blood films. Of the 367 samples assessed, RDT was positive for 202 (55.0%) and negative for 165 (45.0%), while microscopy was positive for 235 (64.1%) and negative for 132 (35.9%), a non-statistically significant (χ 2 = 0.090, P = 0.922) difference was observed when both positive tests were compared. The Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) showed a sensitivity of 85.95% and a specificity of 83.33%. This study confirms the higher positivity rate of microscopy to RDTs in diagnosing malaria. As such, RDTs are useful for rapid malaria diagnosis, especially in resource-limited settings; microscopy should be encouraged as much as possible for children to avoid missing any positive cases.

Risk factors and occurrence of Salmonella enterica in ready-to-eat vegetable salad sold in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria

A.T. Umar — 2024-10-22

The worldwide twelve-monthly typhoid fever manifestations range amid 16–20 million ailments, ensuing in roughly 600,000 human mortalities, particularly amongst low-income and middle-income nations. Numerous typhoid outbreaks had previously been linked to contaminated vegetables. In the Gombe metropolis of Gombe state, Nigeria, ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables are hawked around and handled using unhygienic methods. Hence, this study aimed to investigate and bridge the knowledge gap regarding the bacteriological safety of these ready-to-eat vegetables and the risk factors for their contamination with Salmonella enterica. A total of 100 samples were sourced from various locations in the Gombe metropolis, homogenized and inoculated on nutrient agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar, and MacConkey agar. Identification was executed by utilizing standard procedures of Gram’s staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity assessment was executed per CLSI guidelines, a questionnaire was utilized to acquire data for ascertaining the association amongst handling and contamination of the RTE vegetable salad, and this data was analyzed using a chi-square test. Findings revealed 36% of the samples were contaminated with Salmonella enterica, which were grey-white on nutrient agar, colorless colonies with black centers on Salmonella-Shigella agar, non-lactose fermenters on MacConkey agar, Gramnegative rod-shaped, motility and catalase positive, indole negative, urease negative, citrate negative, and KIA positive. Sensitivity showed the isolates were 100% sensitive to ofloxacin and chloramphenicol, 100% resistant to ceftazidime, cotrimoxazole, and ceftriaxone, but 95.4% were sensitive and 4.6% resistant to ampicillin. Data analysis revealed a significant association between contamination and some handling practices. The findings in this study have shown that the RTE vegetable salad is a source of public health hazard to the community, and also the information generated by this study can be used to create targeted health interventions against the RTE vegetable salad-transmitted typhoid in Gombe, Nigeria.