Prevalence and Risk factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Secondary School Students in Dutsinma Local Government Area of Katsina State

Abstract

Urinary Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) is a neglected water-borne disease of major public health concern that can lead to chronic ill-health conditions, particularly in rural environments. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis among students in three selected secondary schools in Dutsinma Local Government Area, Katsina State. A school-based questionnaire was administered to collect data on students’ population, reports of hematuria, age, sex, attitudes, and practices. A total of 442 urine samples were collected and examined using a Visual Test Procedure (VTP) with Combi–10 Uri screen® (German Technology). Microscopic examination was performed using an x10 objective lens to detect Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) eggs. Eggs were detected in 140 urine samples, representing a prevalence of 31.7%. Among these, 134 (30.3%) were from males, and only 6 (1.4%) were from females (P < 0.05). The prevalence of hematuria was significantly higher in males than in females (P < 0.05). The highest prevalence was observed in the 15–17 years age group (16.74%), while the least prevalence occurred in the 9–11 years age group (0.23%). Identified risk factors included proximity to water bodies (OR = 2.9, P = 0.002) and swimming (OR = 7.5, P < 0.0001). This study confirmed a high prevalence of S. haematobium in the study area and identified key risk factors contributing to its spread. It suggests that water control measures, improved sanitation, and public awareness campaigns are urgently needed to reduce the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the region.