Electronic voting perceptions in Ghana: In search of a critical mass

Abstract

As the world continues to embrace technology in various sectors, electoral processes have also witnessed significant advancements. E-voting offers the potential for enhanced efficiency, transparency, and accessibility in elections. However, its successful implementation requires careful consideration of socio-technical factors, encompassing both technological and human elements. This study aims to assess Ghana's preparedness for implementing electronic voting at the national level and determine the socio-technical feasibility of conducting future elections using electronic means. A self-administered questionnaire was employed, utilizing an online survey method to collect data from 197 respondents in Ghana. Quantitative responses were coded and analysed using SPSS v25, while qualitative responses underwent thematic analysis. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) served as the analytical framework. The findings indicate a strong positive perception among Ghanaians regarding the potential benefits of electronic voting systems, including increased acceptability and accuracy of election results. The respondents exhibited confidence in their personal abilities to use future e-voting systems. The study suggests that critical mass acceptance could be achieved by the 2024 elections through stakeholder efforts, such as education and campaigning. Consequently, the implementation of electronic voting in Ghana appears opportune. Additionally, this study provides insights into the acceptance mindset towards electronic systems, surpassing previous studies which focused solely on trust in electoral institutions. This research sheds light on Ghana's readiness and the feasibility of adopting e-voting at the national level. The positive perceptions and confidence expressed by respondents indicate a favourable environment for the implementation of e-voting. The study further emphasizes the importance of quantifying and predicting the critical mass point for acceptance, supporting informed decision-making and strategic planning for the introduction of electronic voting in Ghana.