Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Cytotoxic effect of Eudragit L-100 nanoparticle-based cisplatin on lung cancer

2024-11-18T20:10:31+00:00

Purpose: To develop Eudragit L-100 nanoparticle-based cisplatin (Cis) and determine its cytotoxicity effect against lung cancer. Methods: Eudragit L-100 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. Morphology, size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) were investigated. Results: Cis-loaded NPs' cytotoxicity was higher than free drugs against lung cancer cells (p < 0.05). Moreover, cis-loaded nanocarriers inhibited NCI-H60 lung carcinoma cells using the MTT assay in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Eudragit L-100 NPs-based cisplatin exhibits a promising carrier system for effectively delivering chemotherapeutic agents targeting lung cancer. Further studies should focus on optimizing formulation parameters, conducting comprehensive pharmacokinetic and mechanistic studies, and evaluating therapeutic efficacy and safety in preclinical models.

TAG-72 expression has no clinical significance in colorectal cancer

2024-11-18T20:24:21+00:00

Purpose: To determine the expression patterns of TAG-72 and its association with factors as an index of its clinical significance and function in the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: This retrospective study involved histopathological reports, archival blocks, and slides of patients with CRC at King Abdulaziz University Hospital. Immunohistochemistry procedures were carried out utilizing TAG-72 monoclonal antibody and tissue microarray (TMA) slides of 155 CRC cases and 33 specimens of normal colon tissue. Results: TAG-72 was found in 55 (35.5 %) of CRC cases, out of which 13 (8.1 %) cases showed weak immunostaining, while 8 (24.2 %) of the 33 normal colon mucosal specimens showed diffuse-to-moderate TAG-72 levels. Cytoplasmic staining was seen in each positive case in CRC and healthy colon mucosa. However, no correlation was noted between TAG-72 and any of the parameters. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards model did not show differences in survival behavior. Conclusion: TAG-72 has no association with clinicopathological parameters of CRC, and has no diagnostic and prognostic values in CRC.

Integrative analysis of inhibitor of DNA-binding expression and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer

2024-11-18T20:29:23+00:00

Purpose: To investigate the expression and prognosis of inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID) protein family in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: The mRNA expression and prognostic relevance of ID family using Oncomine, UALCAN, Kaplan-Meier plot, and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were compiled and analyzed. Also, associations between individual IDs' mRNA expression and clinicopathological features in NSCLC patients were identified using unpaired t-test. Results: There was significantly higher expression of each ID in normal cells compared to NSCLC tissues, including adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; p < 0.05). High ID1 mRNA expression correlated significantly with worse overall survival in NSCLC, AC, and SCC cases (p < 0.05). Also, increased ID4 mRNA expression predicted significantly better overall survival in NSCLC and AC cases, but not in SCC (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Inhibitor of DNA-binding 1 mRNA predicts poorer survival, whereas ID4 mRNA suggests better survival, particularly in AC. ID2 and ID3 mRNA levels lack significant associations with overall survival, suggesting targeting IDs might represent potential therapeutics for NSCLC. There is the need for validation of these outcomes and mechanistic investigations.

Red sticky rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran extract attenuates cellular oxidative stress in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line via Nrf-2 and HO-1 pathway

2024-11-18T20:40:05+00:00

Purpose: To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the antioxidant effect of red sticky rice bran extract (RRBE; a pigmented strain of Oryza sativa L.) in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Methods: Human hepatocellular carcinoma HuH-7 cells were treated with the ethanol extract of RRBE in the presence or absence of EX-537 (Sirtuin 1 inhibitor), dexamethasone (NF-κB inhibitor), brusatol (Nrf-2 inhibitor), or HO-1 inh (HO-1 inhibitor) before exposure to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Intracellular ROS and glutathione levels were assessed using CellROX™ green reagent and GSH-Glo™ glutathione assay, respectively. Levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were determined using immunofluorescent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Results: None of the tested inhibitors affected the ability of RRBE to reduce the level of ROS. Treatment with RRBE significantly decreased intracellular ROS and glutathione levels in HuH-7 cells undergoing oxidative stress (in the presence of BST and HO-1 inh; p < 0.05). Furthermore, Nrf-2 expression and HO-1 gene were significantly enhanced and upregulated respectively in HuH-7 cells pre-treated with RRBE (p < 0.05). Conversely, these effects were attenuated in the presence of brusatol. Conclusion: Antioxidant property of RRBE is mediated through the activation of Nrf-2 and HO-1 pathways. These insights pave way for the development of functional foods or supplementary medicines aimed at preventing and treating NCDs in the future.

Curcumin alleviates asthma in rat by targeting Foxp3

2024-11-18T20:48:14+00:00

Purpose: To examine the mitigating influence of curcumin on asthma in children, and the involvement of Foxp3 in the process. Methods: A rat model of asthma was successfully induced using ovalbumin (OVA). Twenty-four (24) rats were assigned to 3 cohorts: model, curcumin and control groups. At the cellular level, sorted CD4+ T cells were differentiated into regulatory T (Treg) cells and divided into 4 groups: Treg, Treg + curcumin, Treg + STAT5-IN-1 (STAT5 inhibitor) and Treg + curcumin + STAT5-IN-1 groups. Results: Curcumin significantly inhibited OVA-induced increases in eosinophils and lymphocytes and reduced airway pathological changes, relative to model rats (p < 0.05). There were marked increases in TGF-β and IL-10 contents in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), relative to model rats. Furthermore, curcumin up-regulated p-STAT5 and Foxp3 in the lung tissues of rats, when compared with model group (p < 0.05). In cell experiments, curcumin significantly increased p-STAT5, Foxp3 and IL-10 levels, and enhanced the transformation of CD4+ T cells to more Treg cells (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Curcumin may affect the differentiation of Treg cells, as well as alleviate asthma in rats by targeting Foxp3 through STAT5 regulation. This research has identified the likely beneficial role of curcumin as therapeutic agent for pediatric asthma, but this has to be clinically validated.

Effect of Henggu gushang mixture on low back pain, bone transformation, serum IGF-1 and Apelin-13 in elderly patients with osteoporosis

2024-11-18T20:55:49+00:00

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Henggu gushang mixture on low back pain, bone transformation, serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and apelin-13 (Apelin-13) in elderly patients with osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 80 elderly patients with osteoporosis in Ningbo Rehabilitation Hospital, Ningbo, China were divided randomly and equally into study and control groups. Study group received Henggu Gushang mixture in addition to calcium carbonate D3+ alfacalcidol for three months. Control group received calcium carbonate D3+ alfacalcidol. The effectiveness of therapy, visual analogue scale (VAS), levels of bone transformation markers (procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) and type 1 collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX-1)), serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and Apelin-13 were compared. Adverse drug reactions were also recorded. Results: Total response rate in the study group was significantly higher compared to control group (p < 0.05). It also showed significantly lower VAS scores after 7 days, 1 and 3 months of treatment compared to control group (p < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of PINP and CTX-1 were significantly lower while serum osteocalcin (OC), IGF-1 and Apelin-13 were significantly higher in the study group compared to control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Henggu gushang mixture significantly relieves low back pain in elderly patients with osteoporosis, which is beneficial to improving bone transformation and metabolism. Future studies should focus on long-term outcomes using larger sample sizes from multi-center to better assess the therapeutic potential of this combined regimen.

Toxicological evaluation of hydro-alcohol root extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria Afzel (Apocynaceae)

2024-11-18T22:10:54+00:00

Purpose: To investigate the phytochemical content and toxicity profile of Rauwolfia vomitoria Afze (Apocynaceae). Method: Qualitative phytochemical screening of hydro-alcohol extract (HAE) of R. vomitoria roots was carried out followed by acute toxicity evaluation in nine Swiss albino Wistar rats using two phases of Lorke's method. In the 14 days subacute study, thirty-two Swiss albino rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each. Group A received 0.5 mL Tween 80 daily and served as control, while groups B, C and D was administered 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day of HAE respectively. All the rats were monitored daily for signs of toxicity. Selected haematological and biochemical parameters were assessed at the termination of experiment. Results: Alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and saponins were present in HAE. The estimated oral median lethal dose (LD50) was greater than 5000 mg/kg. Daily administration of HAE for 14 days resulted in 15.63 % mortality of animals across the groups by day 14 with significant loss in total body weight in group D animals on day 8 (p < 0.05), and in group C animals on day 11 (p < 0.05) and day 15 (p < 0.001). The dose of 500 mg/kg/day significantly (p < 0.05) increased haemoglobin concentration but reduced (p < 0.05) white blood cell count, while the dose of 250 mg/kg/day significantly (p < 0.05) reduced alkaline phosphatase levels but increased serum albumin levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Rauwolfia vomitoria may be safe on acute basis but repeated administration of high doses over many days needs to be done with caution.

Expression patterns of inflammatory cytokines in multiple sclerosis patients.

2024-11-18T22:21:25+00:00

Purpose: To determine the serum levels of cytokines, interleukins (IL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and compare with those in healthy individuals. Methods: Twenty-two (22) adult patients with MS and 44 healthy controls, matched for age and gender, and visiting the King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia were divided into groups I and II, respectively. Serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor and interleukins were determined for both groups. Cytokine levels were assessed using Luminex® xMAP® technology in 22 Saudi MS patients and 22 matched healthy controls. Results: There were no significant differences in mean age between Group I (30.14 ± 10.51) and Group II (30.22 ± 5.22) participants (p = 0.982). Furthermore, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum were significantly higher in Group I patients than in controls (p < 0.0001 for all). Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was found between IFN-γ and IL-8 (r = 0.467, p = 0.028) in MS patients. Conclusion: Patients with MS release significant amounts of inflammatory cytokines, which play a crucial role in understanding the clinical course of MS. These findings enhance the understanding of MS pathophysiology and guide future studies toward developing targeted treatments to mitigate disease progression and improve patients’ quality of life.

Therapeutic efficacy of intra-articular betamethasone injection and comparative assessment of temporomandibular joint pathologies using cone-beam computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

2024-11-18T22:37:43+00:00

Purpose: To investigate the radiographic characteristics of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to examine the therapeutic effectiveness of intra-articular betamethasone injection in the management of TMJ pathologies. Methods: A total of forty (40) patients diagnosed with suspected TMJ disorders (study group) and 40 healthy volunteers (control group) who underwent comprehensive examinations in the Department of Stomatology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China were enrolled in this study. All participants underwent CBCT and MRI imaging to assess structural characteristics of TMJ, evaluate changes in condylar morphology, presence of disc displacement, and detection of joint effusion. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in image quality between CBCT and MRI modalities (p > 0.05). There was significant difference in posterior joint space, condylar dimensions (internal and external), and anterior/posterior condylar dimensions in both CBCT and MRI assessments between study and control groups (p < 0.05). There was also significant difference in condylar bone morphology using CBCT and MRI scans between the study and control groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, visual analog scale (VAS) scores of patients in the study group were significantly lower than those of control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging provides superior visualization of the articular disc and surrounding soft tissues, while CBCT offers better delineation of bony structures. Intra-articular betamethasone injection therapy significantly improves efficacy, reduces pain, improves joint function, and increases mouth opening in the management of TMJ disorders. Further studies should include comprehensive outcome measures and assessment tools to provide a more robust evaluation of treatment effects and overall patient well-being.

Comparative efficacy and clinical outcomes of compound betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide on IL-6 and IL-17 in keloid treatment.

2024-11-18T22:47:59+00:00

Purpose: To determine the efficacy and clinical outcomes of compound betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide on interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in keloid management. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of 118 keloid patients treated at The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China from January 2020 to December 2022. Patients were randomly divided into Group A (comprising 62 patients who received compound betamethasone) and Group B (comprising 56 patients who received triamcinolone acetonide). Treatment efficacy after 6 months using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), changes in IL-6 and IL-17 levels, and incidence of treatment-related adverse reactions were compared in both groups. Results: Group A demonstrated significantly higher overall response rate compared to Group B (p < 0.05). Both groups showed significant reductions in IL-6 and IL-17 levels after treatment (p < 0.05). However, Group A showed significantly lower IL-6 and IL-17 (p < 0.05) and significantly higher VSS scores t Group B (p < 0.05). Incidence of adverse reactions was comparable between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Compound betamethasone shows superior efficacy in reducing IL-6 and IL-17 levels and improves scar appearance in keloid patients comparable to triamcinolone acetonide. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes to evaluate the efficacy of various treatments or combination therapies should be conducted.

Effect of alfentanil plus propofol on painless gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients

2024-11-19T11:11:40+00:00

Purpose: To determine the effect of alfentanil in combination with propofol in painless gastrointestinal endoscopy (PGE) in elderly patients. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of data from 200 elderly patients who underwent PGE at The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China from June 2021 to December 2022. The patients were divided into study (n = 108) and control groups (n = 92). The study group received anesthesia with alfentanil (10 μg/kg) and propofol (1 - 2 mg/kg), while the control group was anesthetized with sufentanil (0.1 μg/kg) combined with propofol (1 - 2 mg/kg). Results: Study group consumed significantly less propofol compared to control group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in baseline values of mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood oxygen saturation (BOS), and heart rate (HR) between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, during the examination, the control group showed significantly lower mean values of MAP, BOS, and HR compared to study group (p < 0.05). Additionally, study group experienced significantly shorter recovery time from anesthesia, time to recovery of consciousness, and time to orientation recovery compared to control group (p < 0.05). The incidence of patients rated with excellent or good anesthetic effects was significantly higher in study group compared to control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Alfentanil in combination with propofol offers stable vital signs and superior anesthetic effect in elderly patients undergoing PGE, with fewer adverse reactions compared to sufentanil and propofol combination. Applicability of these findings requires further validation with more data.

Uterotrophic bioassay of Carica papaya and Garcinia kola (bi-herbal) aqueous extract

2024-11-19T11:19:16+00:00

Purpose: To investigate the estrogenic effect of Carica papaya, Garcinia kola, bi-herbal (BH) using the uterotrophic assay. Methods: Twenty-five (25) immature female Wister rats (18 days old) were assigned to 5 groups (A – E). Groups A (control group) and E were treated with 10 mL/kg of distilled water and 10 mg/kg estradiol, respectively, while groups B, C and D were given 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg BH, respectively by oral gavage for 3 consecutive days. The body weight of the animals and the quantity of feed consumed were determined daily. On the 4th day, the rats were anesthetized and blood was collected for estradiol assay using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The uteri, ovaries and cervix were dissected and weighed. The organs were fixed in Bouins fluid and processed histologically. Results: The result showed an increase in body weight which corresponded with the quantity of feed consumed. There was a non-significant (p > 0.05), dose-dependent increase in blood estradiol levels in all BH extract-treated groups and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the estradiol group. Photomicrographs of the uterus, cervix and ovary of all treated groups revealed normal cellular and structural appearance. Conclusion: The aqueous bi-herbal root extract is non-estrogenic at experimental doses. Therefore, it alleviates concerns about infertility and estrogen-induced cancers associated with high estrogen levels with the use of this bi-herbal extract.

Effect of varied times of tirofiban administration on post-emergency percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction

2024-11-19T11:23:54+00:00

Purpose: To determine the impact of time profile of tirofiban hydrochloride administration on short-term outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: A total of 112 patients with AMI who received PCI treatment in The First People's Hospital of Tianshui, Tianshui, China were randomly and equally assigned to study and control groups. The study group received intravenous tirofiban hydrochloride bolus (10 μg/kg) 1 - 2 h before PCI, followed by sustained infusion at 0.15 μg/kg/min for 36 h after the procedure. Control group received the same regimen immediately after PCI. Myocardial injury markers, cardiac functional parameters, ST-segment resolution, myocardial perfusion changes, bleeding complications, and adverse cardiovascular events over 6 months were evaluated. Results: When compared with control group, the study group exhibited significantly lower cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels and lower serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels at 7 days post-PCI (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the study group showed significantly reduced left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), along with higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after 7 days (p < 0.05). The study group also exhibited superior ST-segment resolution and significant improvement in myocardial perfusion 90 min post-treatment and significantly lower incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias (p < 0.05). Both groups had similar rates of minor bleeding events and no incidence of severe complications or fatalities. Conclusions: Administering tirofiban preoperatively enhances coronary blood flow, improves myocardial perfusion, and reduces the risk of distal embolic events without increasing severe bleeding complications. Larger-scale, multicenter studies with longer follow-up periods are required to confirm these findings and evaluate the safety and efficacy of different administration time for tirofiban infusion in patients with AMI undergoing PCI.

Effect of total hip arthroplasty combined with alendronate sodium for the treatment of geriatric patients with femoral neck fracture.

2024-11-19T11:36:11+00:00

Purpose: To study the effect of total hip arthroplasty (THA) combined with alendronate sodium for the treatment of geriatric patients with femoral neck fracture (FNF). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 100 geriatric patients with FNF treated at Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China from August 2020 to August 2022. The patients were divided into control (n = 45) and study groups (n = 55). Control group received THA, while the study group received THA plus oral alendronate sodium (10 mg daily for three months). Bone mineral density (BMD), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum osteosclerosis (SOST) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were compared between groups before and 3 months after treatment. Results: Study group exhibited significantly higher total effective rate compared to control group (p < 0.05). After treatment, the study group exhibited significantly increased BMD and IGF-1 levels and decreased SOST and TRAP levels compared to control group (p < 0.05). Both groups showed significant changes in SOST and IGF-1 levels, with a decrease in SOST and an increase in IGF-1 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the study group demonstrated significant increase in BMD but a decrease in TRAP level after treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of THA and alendronate sodium significantly enhances BMD and promotes healing in geriatric patients with FNF. Additional studies should address the challenge of small sample size to improve reliability and generalizability of these findings.

Effect of phentolamine adjuvant therapy on hemodynamics and cardiac function in patients with septic myocardial injury

2024-11-19T11:47:41+00:00

Purpose: To investigate the effect of phentolamine adjuvant therapy on hemodynamics and cardiac function in patients with sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Methods: A total of 96 patients with sepsis-induced myocardial injury between January 2019 and October 2023 admitted in Hangzhou Fuchun Traditional Chinese Orthopedic Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China were randomly and equally assigned to control and study groups. The control group received routine treatment while the study group received phentolamine 5 mg/h for 24 h in addition to routine treatment. Blood lactate levels before and after treatment were compared. Intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), as well as cardiac index (CI), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), were also evaluated before and after treatment. Furthermore, 28-day survival rates and intensive care unit (ICU) stay time were compared. Results: The study group showed significantly lower blood lactate levels at 12, 48, and 72 h after treatment compared to control group (p < 0.05). The study group showed significantly higher levels of MAP, ITBVI, SVRI, CI, and LVEF; and significantly lower levels of HR, LVESD, LVEDD, cTnI, and NT-proBNP after 7 days than the control group (p < 0.05). No deaths occurred within 7 days after treatment in either group. However, the study group exhibited significantly lower ICU stay time and 28-day mortality than the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Phentolamine adjuvant therapy significantly improves hemodynamics, enhances cardiac function, mitigates myocardial injury, and restores blood lactate levels in patients with sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Longer follow-up would be necessary to evaluate long-term effect and potential complications of phentolamine-adjuvant therapy.

Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of the effect of anthracycline-based chemotherapy on cardiac structure and function in breast cancer patients

2024-11-19T11:52:44+00:00

Purpose: To use cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging to investigate the effect of anthracycline-based chemotherapy on cardiac structure and function in breast cancer patients. Methods: A total of 20 breast cancer patients who received treatment at Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China between October 2021 and October 2022 were included in this study. The patients underwent surgical treatment and also received anthracycline-based chemotherapy after surgery. Before chemotherapy, and at 3 months and 6 months after chemotherapy, CMR examinations were performed on all the participants. Cardiac function parameters, viz, left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), were measured and compared at different time points. Results: There were no significant differences in LVEF, LVEDV, and LVESV among different time points (p > 0.05). Similarly, there were no significant differences in RS, CS, LS, SRSR, SCSR, SLSR, DCSR, and DLSR among the different time points (p > 0.05). However, diastolic radial strain rate (DRSR) level at 6 months after treatment was significantly lower than the corresponding values before treatment and at 3 months post-treatment (p > 0.05), indicating a progressive decrease in DRSR over time. Conclusion: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides a valuable assessment of myocardial damage in breast cancer patients following anthracycline-based chemotherapy, while DRSR may serve as a sensitive parameter for early detection of myocardial injury using CMR. However, an improved study protocol should enhance the applicability of the approach.

Serum levels of copper and zinc and their relationship with iron status in sickle cell anemia patients

2024-11-19T12:03:00+00:00

Purpose: To determine the serum levels of copper and zinc and their relationship with iron status in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Methods: Sixty-six (66) subjects comprising thirty-five (35) HbSS steady state (SS) and thirty-one (31) HbAA as control subjects receiving treatment in the Hematology Clinic, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria were recruited for the study. Atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) was used to analyze the level of serum iron, copper, and zinc, while ferritin enzyme immunoassay was used to determine the serum ferritin. Results: Serum levels of copper and zinc were significantly lower compared to control in SCA (SS) subjects (p < 0.05). Similarly, serum iron and ferritin in SCA (SS), compared to control subjects, were significantly lower (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed in serum levels of copper and iron (r = 0.46 and p < 0.05). Likewise, a positive correlation also was observed between zinc and iron serum levels (r = 0.65 and p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significantly positive correlation was observed between copper and serum ferritin, and between zinc and serum ferritin (r = 0.44 and p < 0.05; r = 0.69 and p < 0.05), respectively. Conclusion: This study shows significantly lower levels of copper and zinc in subjects with SCA compared to control. Furthermore, low levels of copper and zinc correlate with iron deficiency in SCA patients. This may be due to the function of these trace elements in iron mobilization and utilization for hemoglobin and red blood cell synthesis and immune functions. This specific mechanism will require further investigation.

Ultrasonographic observation of endometrial polyps induced by anti-estrogen endocrine therapy in patients with breast cancer

2024-11-19T12:21:10+00:00

Purpose: To investigate the ultrasonic characteristics of endometrial polyps in breast cancer patients after anti-estrogen endocrine therapy. Methods: A total of 91 patients with endometrial polyps who had breast cancer surgery at Yantai Muping District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China between February 2021 and August 2023 were randomly assigned to study (n = 42) and control groups (n = 49) based on post-surgery anti-estrogen endocrine therapy. The study group received tamoxifen (20 mg orally once daily for 6 months). Control group did not receive any post-surgery anti-estrogen endocrine therapy. Ultrasound characteristics of the study and control groups were assessed and compared. Results: The study group exhibited significantly increased endometrial thickness compared to control group (p < 0.05). However, both maximum and mean polyp diameters were significantly larger in the study group (p < 0.05). Linear endometrial echoes predominated in treated patients, contrasting with predominantly uniform echoes in the control group. Visualization issues of the uterine cavity line were significantly more common in the study group, while control group experienced more deviation and unclear visualization. Also, the study group mostly presented with strip-shaped polyps, differing from the round or oval shapes prevalent in control group. Furthermore, there were significant variations in internal echo characteristics and blood flow parameters between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Endometrial polyps caused by postoperative anti-estrogen endocrine therapy in patients with breast cancer have unique ultrasonic characteristics, good ultrasonic diagnostic effect and a high detection rate as long as it is detected early and treated on time. Further analyses are needed with a larger sample size to investigate the underlying mechanism involved in developing endometrial polyps.

Efficacy of intra-articular hyaluronic acid sodium injection in combination with arthroscopic surgery for temporomandibular joint disc displacement

2024-11-19T12:27:38+00:00

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate in conjunction with arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of temporomandibular joint disc displacement. Methods: The study involved 120 patients with temporomandibular joint disc displacement treated at Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province, China between January 2019 and December 2022. These patients were randomly allocated into control and study groups comprising 60 patients each. Control group was treated with arthroscopic surgery, while the study group was received a combination of hyaluronic acid sodium intra-articular injection and arthroscopic surgery. Visual analogue scale (VAS), degree of mouth opening, recovery of joint function (TJFI) and recurrence of disease condition were evaluated one month and six months after surgery for both groups. Results: Following the treatment, the study group exhibited notable advantages over the control group. Pain intensity in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). The study group demonstrated significantly improved mouth opening compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The TJFI index of the study group was significantly superior to that of the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the study group experienced a substantially lower recurrence rate than the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Intra-articular hyaluronic acid sodium injection in combination with arthroscopic surgery is a safe and effective treatment for temporomandibular joint disc displacement. This therapeutic strategy substantially improves mouth opening, mitigates pain, and reinstates joint function, while demonstrating a low recurrence rate. Future studies utilizing larger sample sizes, incorporating multiple centers for a more diverse patient population, and involving long-term follow-up to assess the efficacy and safety of combined treatments with hyaluronic acid sodium joint cavity injection and joint disc surgery will be required to establish the findings of this investigation.

Efficacy of intraperitoneal ghrelin in the treatment of acetic acid-induced colitis

2024-11-19T12:33:40+00:00

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of intraperitoneal administration of ghrelin in the treatment of acetic acid-induced colitis. Method: A total of 30 Wistar-Albino rats were randomly and equally assigned to control, colitis-induced and study groups. The control group received normal saline (2 mL, 0.9 % w/v rectally). Colitis was induced with acetic acid (2 mL rectally). The study group administered ghrelin (3 - 7 nmol) intraperitoneally for 5 days after induction with acetic acid. Ghrelin was administered 1 h after acetic acid induction. Results: Macroscopic damage scores were significantly higher in colitis-induced group compared to control group (p < 0.001). However, macroscopic scores were significantly lower in study group (treated with ghrelin) compared to other groups (p < 0.001). Furthermore, MDA levels were significantly higher in colitis-induced group and study groups (p < 0.01) compared to control group. There was no significant difference in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in all groups. Conclusion: Ghrelin significantly lowers macroscopic damage and MDA levels in acetic-acid colitis. Further long-term studies on intraperitoneal ghrelin treatment in chronic colitis models may be able to clearly show the effects of treatment on oxidative markers.

An observational study of post-vaccination symptoms of inactivated virus vaccine versus mRNA COVID-19 vaccine

2024-11-19T12:42:19+00:00

Purpose: To determine the safety, effectiveness, and post-vaccination side effects of inactivated virus (Sinopharm) and mRNA (Pfizer/BioNTech's) vaccines which are the most frequently used in Jordan. The study focuses on students' experiences of adverse reactions and symptoms after immunization. Method: The cross-sectional survey included 3,903 students at Al-Balqa Applied University. Questionnaires on sociodemographic factors, symptoms, and immunization history were administered over the Internet. Distinct variations were identified by statistical analysis. Results: Most university students (43.6 %) learned about COVID-19 vaccination from social media. The most significant health factor among participants was smoking, with 29.8 % having a history of COVID-19 infection. It was evident that 38.7 % of mRNA-vaccinated people developed moderate systematic side effects. Furthermore, 2.5 % of mRNA-vaccinated participants developed serious side effects that required hospitalization. The most frequently used post-vaccination medications were antipyretics (63.7 %), muscle relaxants (15.6 %), and vitamins (5.1 %) for both vaccines. Conclusion: This study reveals that both vaccine types are effective in preventing symptomatic infections. SinoPharm vaccine has mild and non-life-threatening side effects compared to Pfizer vaccine. The risk of hospitalization for Pfizer recipients is related to their health status and the mechanism of action of nanoparticle-coated mRNA, which is still unclear.

Assessment of antimicrobial resistance risks due to physician and patient practices: An observational study

2024-11-19T12:51:29+00:00

Purpose: To assess the risk factors for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by examining physician antibiotic prescribing patterns, and patient adherence. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted across two sites. The study involved two components: physician-focused assessment of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and patient-focused assessment of antibiotic adherence. Data were collected from patient records and structured forms, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with chi-square tests for categorical data. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: The physician-focused study revealed that 40.49 % of antibiotic prescriptions had no indication, and 23.93 % involved drug-drug interactions. The risk of AMR due to inappropriate prescribing was 47.75 %, which decreased to 28.83 % following pharmacist intervention (χ² = 147.61, p < 0.001). In the patient-focused study, 19.52 % of patients were non-adherent to prescribed antibiotics, contributing to an equivalent risk of AMR. A total of 72.67 % of the patients were male, with a mean age of 50.43 years. Most patients (97.5 %) lacked knowledge about AMR. Conclusion: Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and patient non-adherence are significant contributors to the development of AMR. Interventions by pharmacists significantly reduce the risk of AMR. The study highlights the need for improved antibiotic stewardship, patient education, and adherence to treatment guidelines to mitigate AMR risk. Locally developed guidelines and shorter antibiotic courses may also help address this growing concern.

Efficacy of bivalent, quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines against human papillomavirus and cervical intraepithelial lesions: A systematic review

2024-11-19T12:55:29+00:00

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of bivalent (2v), quadrivalent (4v) and nonavalent (9v) vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Methods: This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria and involved an electronic search of studies published from 2018 to 2023. The efficacy of each vaccine was evaluated by comparing the number of vaccinated individuals with the number of positive cases using a 95 % confidence interval (CI). Results: The overall effectiveness of the 2v, 4v and 9v vaccines against CIN was 87.23 %, 99.85 and 97.7 %, respectively. Based on 95 % CIs, the vaccine efficacies for CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3 and > 6 months of persistent infection were 87.4, 86.2, 88.08 and 95.92 % for the 2v vaccine; 99.56, 100, 100 and 75.9 % for the 4v vaccine; and 98, 96.3, 99 and 96 % for the 9v vaccine, respectively. The 4vHPV vaccine was the most effective against HPV types in terms of protection against different stages of CIN. However, the 9vHPV vaccine was highly effective and offered protection against most HPV types. Conclusion: The 9vHPV vaccine is highly effective and thus an ideal choice for HPV and CIN as it offers protection against most HPV types.

Overview of pharmacology and clinical development of small interfering RNA

2024-11-19T13:10:43+00:00

approach in cancer treatment. To produce siRNA, short nucleotide sequences are generated exogenously. siRNA inhibits target gene expression in a sequence-specific manner and initiates RNA interference (RNAi) in cells. SiRNA is a recently popularized nucleic acid-based medication that shows unique promise in the treatment of cancer. Before clinical siRNA delivery devices are created, there are still a lot of challenges to be solved. This review covers the potential targets for siRNA drug design, elucidates the characteristics and advantages of siRNA drugs and provides a summary of the available clinical siRNA therapies for cancer treatment. Therapeutically complex siRNA chemical alterations and delivery systems are described, and bio-responsive materials for siRNA release have been classified. This study will support continued advancements in clinical applications of siRNA by acting as a resource for disseminating information for more accurate and effective targeted delivery systems.