Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research

A mini review on botany, phytochemistry, and bioactivities of Jatropha podagrica Hook. (Euphorbiaceae)

Loi Huynh — 2024-06-21

Jatropha podagrica Hook., a member of the Euphorbiaceae family and known as “Dầu lai có củ” in Vietnamese, has a rich traditional use in treating constipation, skin infections, jaundice, and fever. The plant's chemical profile includes flavonoids, coumarins, phenolic acids, diterpenoids, peptides, and steroids. Numerous studies have highlighted the diverse biological effects of Jatropha podagrica, encompassing antibacterial and anticancer properties, antioxidant activity, insecticidal effects, muscle relaxation, and hypotensive activity. Despite its promising medicinal attributes, Jatropha podagrica remains underutilized, largely due to a lack of awareness. This review aims to offer an up-to-date and comprehensive exploration of the botany, phytochemistry, and bioactivities of Jatropha podagrica. To compile this information, searches were conducted on scientific databases such as Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer and PubMed. In conclusion, Jatropha podagrica, with its diverse bioactive compounds, emerges as a valuable resource for addressing various health conditions.

Effect of basil leaf extract on diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sry S. Widjaja — 2024-06-21

The pharmacological properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) have been widely researched for its antidiabetic activity. However, its potency in lowering serum glucose levels is still under investigation. Determination of the effect of basil leaf extract as an antidiabetic drug was the aim of this systematic review. Literature searches were conducted using online databases for peer-reviewed articles on basil extract in diabetic rats. A random effect model was used to pool the effect size. Seven studies were included in this review, and there was a statistically significant difference in plasma glucose levels between the diabetic group and the group with the Basil extract intervention. The most significant difference was observed at a concentration of 100 mg/kg (MD: −265.59; 95% CI: 419.49 to 111.69; p< 0.00001). Thus, it could be concluded that basil leaf extract can lower blood glucose levels in diabetic animal models.

FT-IR fingerprinting analysis for classification of West Sumatra small ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil and its antioxidant activity

Suryati Syafri — 2024-06-21

Due to its essential oil content, the community utilises the small ginger rhizome as traditional medicine and spices. This study aims to compare the antioxidant activity of small ginger essential oil (SGEO) from six different altitudes in West Sumatra and then categorise the SGEO using FTIR spectroscopic and chemometric analysis. Fresh rhizome of small ginger was extracted by hydrodistillation method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and inhibition of erythrocyte hemo lysis by H₂O₂. The SGEO has a golden yellow colour with a distinctive ginger odour. The yield was between 0.1- 0.2%; the refractive index was 1.4860-1.4880, the optical rotation value was - 30.3207°, and specific gravity was 0.80-0.95 g/mL. The data was analysed using one-way ANOVA at a 95% significance level. The FTIR spectra revealed the typical peak at 2923 cm^-1, corresponding to terpene hydrocarbons. The results showed that the six essential oils had weak antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value >200 μg/mL and a FRAP value < ascorbic acid (positive control). PCA analysis showed that the SGEO from lowland and highland regions could be classified based on the 200-400 cm^-1 fingerprint area. The hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) dendrogram showed 3 clusters of SGEO (I; Ampek Angkek, II; Paninjauan, Sitiung, III; Koto laweh, Kinali, Lunang). Altitude plays little or no role in the FTIR fingerprint properties of small ginger essential oils. The essential oils exhibited weak antioxidant activity.

In vitro Assessment of biological and cytotoxic activity of methanol seed extract of Jordanian Mirabilis jalapa L

Omar M. Atrooz — 2024-06-21

Mirabilis jalapa L. has been used traditionally in herbal medicine for various purposes, including as a laxative, diuretic, and treatment of inflammations and fever, as it contains various phytochemical compounds. The present study aims to analyze the phytochemical and lipidic profiles of M. jalapa and characterize its methanol seed extract. It also investigates the antioxidant activity, total protein and phenol contents, and anti-inflammatory, antihemolytic, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities using established methods. The phytochemical profile of the plant was determined with LC-MS and FTIR. Results of the study revealed that the methanol seed extract showed high anti-inflammatory (92.7%) and antioxidant (59.97%) potentials, with moderate antihemolytic (29.3%) activity. Further analysis of the extract showed antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines, namely, Prostate DU-145 (49.3%), Lung cancer HCC95 (45.4%), Breast Cancers MDA-MB-231 (38.2%) and 600MPE (24.1%). The methanol seed extract of M. jalapa contains significant quantities of various phytochemicals that may have been responsible for its antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Investigating the effects of herbal nanoparticle endodontic irrigants on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study

Hesham Hassana — 2024-06-21

Sodium hypochlorite irrigant (NaOCl) has many disadvantages although it possesses antibacterial activity and having the capability to disband the pulp tissue.. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two nanoparticle herbal irrigants to that of Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Sixty single-rooted teeth were mechanically prepared. Thirty teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, and the other 30 with Candida albicans. These teeth were divided into three groups: Group 1 contained 20 Enterococcus faecalis-inoculated teeth, which were further divided into 10 teeth irrigated with nanocurcumin and 10 teeth irrigated with nanoneem. Group 2 contained 20 Candida albicans-inoculated teeth which were irrigated like Group 1. Group 3 contained ten Enterococcus faecalis-inoculated teeth and ten Candida albicans-inoculated teeth which were irrigated with 2.5 % NaOCl. Microbial swabs were collected from the teeth before and after irrigation and cultured. Pre-operative and post-operative colony forming units (CFU) were compared in each sub-group using the Mann-Whitney test and the Kruskal-Wallis compared the difference between the groups. Significant post-operative reduction of the CFUs was shown for the incubated bacteria and fungi in both the nanoneem and nanocurcumin groups. However, the NaOCl showed a significantly greater reduction of the CFU than the nanoparticle herbal irrigants. The use of nanoneem and nanocurcumin in conjunction with sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants is advantageous due to their antibacterial and antifungal effect.

Nutritional and chemical constituents of different cultivars of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) grown in South Africa

Taiwo B. Ayeleso — 2024-06-21

Sweet potato is one of the most important crops being promoted for food security and nutrition in South Africa. This study investigated the nutritional and chemical compositions of four white-fleshed (Blesbok, Ndou, Monate, and Mvuvhelo) and three orange-fleshed (Bophelo, Impilo, and 199062.1) cultivars. The protein, ash, and crude fibre contents were analysed using standard AOAC procedures. The detection of fatty acids, sugar, and metabolites was carried out using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Carbohydrate and energy values were determined using standard methods. The results showed that Bophelo had the highest protein content (12.00%), with Blesbok having the lowest protein content (4.56%). The study also revealed that Impilo had the highest fibre (7.11%) and total sugar (22.21 %) contents. The highest ash content was found in 199062.1 (5.81 %) and the lowest was observed in Monate (4.50 %). Bophelo had the highest total fat content (0.650 %), with saturated, mono-saturated, and poly-saturated fats of 0.270 %, 0.050 %, and 0.270 %, respectively, while the lowest fat content was observed in Impilo (0.380 %), with saturated, mono-saturated, and poly-saturated fats of 0.225 %, 0.020 % and 0.135 %, respectively. The highest total carbohydrate content was found in Blesbok (76.72 %). Different fatty acids, including palmitic acid (C16), stearic acid (C18), arachidic acid (C20), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2) were also found in the sweet potato cultivars. This study demonstrated significant variations in the chemical composition of the cultivars, providing valuable insights for informed dietary decisions on consumption.

GC-MS characterization, antioxidant, antimicrobial and insecticidal potential of Moroccan Cuminum cyminum L. essential oil

Imane Ouryemchi — 2024-06-21

Human health has constantly been improved using medicinal plants. Notwithstanding synthetic chemistry advancements, medicinal plants remain widely used due to their effectiveness, reduced toxicity, and therapeutic use. This investigation examines the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal properties of essential oil extracted from Moroccan cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum L.). The essential oil was obtained through hydrodistillation from cumin seeds with a 3% yield. The EO was subjected to antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activity screening using standard methods. The EO was investigated against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms using the disc diffusion method. The GC-MS analysis of the EO revealed the presence of 41 constituents. The major compounds identified were cuminaldehyde (21.94%), γ-terpene (18.20%), mentha-1,3-diene-7-al (14.93%), and α-pinene (13.789%). The EO showed moderate antioxidant activity against DDPH free radicals with an IC₅₀ values of 273.409 mg/mL. The antibacterial screening results revealed that the EO of Cuminum cyminum possesses potent antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains, with MIC of 0.5 μL/mL against Acinetobacter baumannii and 1 μL/mL against Proteus mirabilis. The EO exhibited potent insecticidal activity against black bean aphids (Aphis fabae Scop.), with an 80% mortality rate. In conclusion, this study shows that Cuminum cyminum L. has interesting pharmacological effects and could be used to develop insecticidal and antimicrobial drug leads.

Ethnobotanical study of potentially toxic plants of Fez-Meknes Region, Eastern Middle Atlas, Morocco

Imad Ed-dahmani — 2024-06-21

Medicinal plants have been used for therapeutic purposes since ancient times. These plants are generally perceived as safe, but they could also be toxic. The present study aims to undertake a survey of the nature, mode of application, and toxic effect of medicinal plants used in Fez-Meknes region, Eastern Middle Atlas, Morocco. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted from January 2020 to August 2021. The method employed a semi-structured questionnaire with open-ended questions on the uses, mode of application, and effects of the plants. The data obtained were statistically analyzed. Parameters such as Family use value (FUV), Use value (UV), Fidelity level (FL), and Informant agreement ratio (IAR) were obtained. From the survey, 59 potentially toxic plants, distributed across 33 families were documented. Concerning the uses of these plants, 31% of the respondents claimed that the plants are for cosmetic purposes, 23% claimed they are for minor illnesses, 15% claimed they are for chronic diseases, another 15% claimed they are ineffective, while 8% each claimed that they are for acute illnesses and other uses. For the disease categories, the result showed that the IAR values ranged from 0.8 to 0.96. The disease with the highest IAR value was hair loss (IAR = 0.96), followed by rheumatism (IAR = 0.95). The findings from this study have highlighted the potentially poisonous plants in the Fez-Meknes region. Further phytochemical and pharmacological studies on acute, sub-acute, and chronic plant toxicity are needed to determine the acceptable dose (LD₅₀), the most appropriate method for optimal use.

Evaluation and antimicrobial activity of herbal nanoemulgel combination of n-butanol extracts of Centella asiatica and Sapindus rarak and seed oil of Azadirachta indica

Sukarjati — 2024-06-21

Gel spermicide containing the active ingredient nonoxynol-9 is one of the non-hormonal contraceptive products that is widely used, but the compound can cause vaginal infections, irritation, and ulceration. In this study, spermicidal herbal alternatives were made from the plants Centella asiatica, Sapindus rarak, and Azadirachta indica, formulated in a nanoemulgel delivery system. Nanoemulgel formulation was made from a combination of the n-butanol extracts of Centella asiatica and Sapindus rarak and Azadirachta indica seed oil using the Model Response Surface (MRS) method. Physicochemical characteristics showed that the particle size of the nanoemulgel ranges from 52.53 ± 1.17 nm to 234.57 ± 21.32 nm. The Zeta potential of nanoemulgel ranges from -9.36 ± 0.55 mV to 10.14 ± 0.20 mV. The dispersion of nanoemulgel has a range of 5.9–7.20 cm. The viscosity of the gel ranged from 19.377–19.444 mPas. The pH ranged from 4.89 ± 0.04 to 5.19 ± 0.01. Independent variable concentrations of Centella asiatica n-butanol extract, Sapindus rarak n-butanol extract, and Azadirachta indica seed oil has a p-value > 0.05. The study concluded that there were no significant effects of the extracts combination on particle size response, zeta potential, dispersion, viscosity, and pH of the nanoemulgels.

Piperine acts as an anticancer agent by reducing cyclooxygenase-2 activity and inducing apoptosis by activating p53 in HeLa cells

Sri Oktavia — 2024-06-21

Cervical cancer is a malignant disease with the highest incidence in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes cancer through degradation and decreased activity of the p53 gene, which is a significant contributor to the apoptosis pathway and a major factor in cancer incidence. In addition to p53, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme is essential for tumor formation via inflammatory pathways, particularly in cervical cancer caused by persistent HPV infection. This study aims to investigate how piperine treatment affects the HeLa cervical cancer cell line p53 expression, COX-2 levels, and cell proliferation. HeLa cells were divided into treated groups (65 and 130 μg/mL) and an untreated group as a control group. Its activity on COX-2 levels was further analyzed using the ELISA method and gene expression using the Livak qPCR method. Cell proliferation can be inhibited by piperine, with an IC₅₀ value of 66.68 μg/ml. Piperine can also increase p53 gene expression and suppress COX-2 levels in HeLa cells. Piperine has cell growth inhibitory activity, suppresses the inflammatory process by reducing COX-2 enzyme levels, and induces apoptosis through upregulation of the p53 gene.

Hydroxyapatite characteristics from snakehead fish (Channa striata) bone via alkali treatment followed by calcination method

Herpandi — 2024-06-21

The snakehead fish (Channa striata) is commonly used as a raw material in traditional South Sumatran foods. However, some parts of this fish, such as bone, skin, and viscera, are not used in food processing. This study aimed to determine the characterization of hydroxyapatite snakehead fish bone with different extraction times using ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by the calcination method. Hydroxyapatite was extracted using sodium hydroxide with three different extraction times (20, 40, and 60 minutes) before proceeding with calcination. The extraction yield ranges from about 16.03% to 19.99%. The smallest particle size is found at 40 minutes of extraction time (63.90 nm). The ash content of the hydroxyapatite ranges from about 98.09% to 99.04%, calcium from about 17.86% to 18.12%, and phosphorus from about 10.23% to 10.74%. The non-stoichiometric form is present in the hydroxyapatite from snakehead fish bone, with a Ca/P ratio of about 1.69 to 1.72. Analysis of the hydroxyapatite functional groups in snakehead fish bone showed the presence of phosphate groups, carbonate groups, and hydroxyl groups. This data indicates that hydroxyapatite was successfully extracted from snakehead fish bone in nanoparticle form. Therefore, snakehead fish bone can be used as a source of hydroxyapatite.

Ethnobotanical of the Lao Isan ethnic group in Pho Chai District, Roi Et Province, Northeastern Thailand

Tawanon Niamngon — 2024-06-21

Currently, there is urban expansion and development of transportation routes for commercial transportation, and it drives prosperity to rural communities resulting in the villages becoming more prosperous. This may alter the original way of living in harmony with nature, and over time, the knowledge of plant usage passed down through generations may be lost to future generations. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the ethnobotanical practices of the Lao Isan ethnic groups in the area of Na Ngam Village Pho Chai District, Roi Et Province, focusing on their specific uses. Data were collected by interviewing 37 individuals aged 20 years and older between July 2022 and July 2023. Results revealed that there were 317 plant species utilized, belonging to 243 genera and 89 families. These plants were further categorized into 12 groups based on their traditional uses. In the food and spice category, 201 species of plants were used the most, followed by 154 species for medicinal herbs. In terms of the Cultural Important Index, it was found that Oryza sativa had the highest Cl value of 5.35. Meanwhile, constipation syndrome, with the highest Index of 0.93, was associated with Zingiber officinale, which is a medicinal plant with a reported accuracy level (%FL) that covers the most use in treating disease symptoms within this area. Therefore, this knowledge of local wisdom can be considered important and useful information for future generations and can be applied in other scientific fields for sustainable benefits in the future.

A computational insights of Ocimum basilicum flavonoid and essential oils interaction in the targeting Keap1/SIRT1/NFKB signaling pathway

Sri Rahayu — 2024-06-21

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that has a negative relationship with male reproduction. The imbalance between endogenous antioxidants and inflammatory mediators would initiate inflammation development, further accelerating tissue aging. This study aimed to investigate the flavonoids and essential oils from Ocimum basilicum involved in Keap1/SIRT1/NFκB. O. basilicum compounds used were flavonoid (apigenin, rutin, and quercetin) and essential oils (α-bergamotene, α-cadinol, methyl cinnamate, and methyl eugenol), which were then evaluated for toxicity by Protox II and pharmacokinetic properties by ADMET. The protein network was built by STRING. The molecular docking was performed by PyRx on NFκB, SIRT1, and Nrf2. The result demonstrated that apigenin, rutin, α-bergamotene, α-cadinol, and methyl cinnamate have low toxicity. The pharmacokinetics study showed that O. basilicum was primarily absorbed in the human intestine. The protein network analysis revealed that NFκB and Nrf2 were involved in inflammatory response, regulation of stress response, and insulin resistance pathways. SIRT1 and Nrf2 have pivotal roles in insulin resistance-induced gonadal disease. Rutin has the strongest binding affinity for Keap1 (4IQK), whereas α-bergamotene and α-cadinol have the strongest binding affinity for NFκB (3DO7) and SIRT1 (4I5I), respectively. The flavonoid contents might be beneficial to activate Nrf2, whereas the essential oils of O. basilicum inhibit NFκB and activate SIRT1. These preliminary findings suggested that O. basilicum bioactive compounds might provide a promising candidate for restoring the imbalance in T2DM through the Keap1/SIRT1/NFκB signaling pathways.

The in vitro evaluation of cholinesterase inhibition and the antioxidant effect of Cupressus arizonica Greene, Cupressus lusitanica Mill. and Pinus canariensis C.Sm. aerial parts

Rania M. Kamal — 2024-06-21

Globally, several medicinal plants have been reported in treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is characterised by decreased acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission, in which acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have an impact as neuron-protective. The aim is to discover a new therapeutic agent for AD from available natural sources with fewer side effects than other synthetic ones. The current work provides evidence of the preventive and therapeutic properties of three coniferous plants, Cupressus arizonica Greene (CA), Cupressus lusitanica Mill. (CL) and Pinus canariensis C.Sm. (PC). This was achieved by screening their potential in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Additionally, the antioxidant activity was determined through three different assays; Ferric-reducing antioxidant power, radical cation-based 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Phytochemical screening was performed through the determination of their total polyphenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The results proved that the best inhibition of AChE was possessed by CL and CA (IC₅₀: 199.7 ± 15.3 and 263.7 ± 17.3 μg/mL, respectively). CA showed a significantly more potent inhibition on BChE (IC₅₀: 74.3 ± 2.1 μg/mL) than CL and PC (136.3 ± 3.8, ˃500 μg/mL, respectively), in comparison to standard. The extracts showed potent activity in the antioxidant assays (107-1143 μM Trolox eq/mg sample). CA had the highest concentration of TFC, while CL had the highest concentration of TPC. This study revealed significant in vitro antioxidant potential, and AChE and BChE inhibitory effects of CA. In conclusion, CA extract could be a promising source of bioactive metabolites for treating neurological diseases.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activities and toxicity effects of a novel plant-based body lotion from Thai medicinal plants

Sirirat Laohaprapanon — 2024-06-21

In addition to lessening the residue of chemicals, which are the primary ingredients in cosmetics, the hunt for herbal extracts with skin health benefits is currently highly intriguing. Local herbs are more valued as a result. This study presents the development and evaluation of a novel plant-based body lotion formulated with extracts from Thai medicinal plants, including Stemona tuberosa. The research aimed to assess the antioxidant activities, toxicity effects, and sensory characteristics of the lotion. Antioxidant properties were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic content (TPC), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, revealing significant antioxidant capabilities, particularly for the Stemona tuberosa extract. Toxicity was evaluated using Galleria mellonella larvae, demonstrating minimal adverse effects in a lotion containing various concentrations of the extracts. The most promising lotion's formulation incorporated different concentrations of Stemona tuberosa extract (1, 3, and 5% w/w), with other ingredients including stearic acid, isopropyl myristate, and glyceryl monostearate, ensuring stability and homogeneity. Sensory evaluations were conducted employing a semi-trained panel of 40 judges using a 5-point hedonic scale, focusing on characteristics such as color, fragrance, texture, and overall acceptability. The lotion displayed favorable sensory properties, with different concentrations yielding slightly varied consumer preferences. Overall, the results indicate that a novel herbal lotion formulated with Stemona tuberosa is a promising candidate skincare product, offering antioxidant benefits and consumer acceptability while maintaining low toxicity.

Anticancer activity of subfractions from Eriocaulon cinereum R.Br extract in cervical cancer cells

Arde T. Nugraha — 2024-06-21

The previous studies on Eriocaulon cinereum R.Br showed that one of the subfractions from its dichloromethane extract has better activity than its crude extract in a breast cancer cell line. Meanwhile, the activity of the same subfractions has never been studied in cervical cell lines. The hypothesis was that the subfraction activity was also better than its crude extract in cervical cancer lines. This study compared the activity of extracts, fractions, and subfractions of E. cinereum R.Br extracts on HeLa cervical cell lines. The sample extraction was carried out using ethyl acetate solvent and continued via fractionation using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The samples were then tested for cytotoxicity on HeLa cervical cancer cells and Vero cells as normal control cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Finally, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to identify the active compound from the active subfractions. The data obtained from the cytotoxic activity evaluation were analyzed via linear regression using Excel for MS Windows®. The results showed that the best cytotoxicity against HeLa cells was with the ASA012 subfractions with an IC₅₀ value of 83.248 μg/mL and a selectivity index (SI) of 2.157. These compounds were obtained from a peak with a retention time of 19.605 min and identified as terpenoids. These subfractions have moderate cytotoxicity activity and have better activity than their crude extract. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out further isolation to separate them to obtain pure compounds with better cytotoxic activity.

In silico investigation of tropical natural product for wild-type and quadrupole mutant PfDHFR inhibitors as antimalarial candidates

Putra J. P. Tjitda — 2024-06-21

Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (PfDHFR) is an essential enzyme in the development of parasitic DNA and its inhibition often leads to the impediment of parasite growth. Several studies have also shown that a genetic mutation in this enzyme can cause reduced receptor responsiveness and efficacy of antimalarial drugs. Therefore, this study aimed to examine 100 compounds derived from Indonesian medicinal plants as potential antimalarial candidates using a structure-based virtual screening approach. The PASS online was used to screen 100 compounds, and those with Pa values higher than 0.3 were docked with the wild-type (PDB code:1j3i) and quadrupole mutant PfDHFR (PDB code:1j3k). The stability of the chemical complex was then examined using molecular dynamics simulations, followed by an assessment of the pharmacokinetic profile and drug-likeness parameters. The top 5 compounds were then identified with binding energies ranging from -9.7 to -10.0 kcal/mol for the wild-type PfDHFR-TS and from -9.2 to -10.0 kcal/mol for the quadrupole mutant PfDHFR. The results showed that compound C90 exhibited the most stable and impressive score in its pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness assessment.

Exploration the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of saponins from Lepisanthes amoena and Fordia splendidissima (Blume ex Miq.) Buijsen

Laode Rijai — 2024-06-21

Saponins are secondary metabolites primarily derived from plants, which have gained widespread applications in the pharmaceutical sector due to their medicinal, biological, and pharmacological properties. In the woodlands of East Kalimantan in Melak, the presence of the plants selekop (Lepisanthes amoena) and keranyi (Fordia splendidissima (Blume ex Miq.) Buijsen) have been extensively reported, with both possessing high saponins content. This study aimed to investigate and compare the bioactivity, saponins content, and molecular characteristics of L. amoena and F. splendidissima from East Kalimantan’s woodlands in Melak. The collected plant samples (stem bark and leaf) were oven-dried, powdered, extracted, and fractionated. The fractions were subjected to antioxidant and cytotoxicity screening using established methods. Results of the screening showed that L. amoena and F. splendidissima possess significant antioxidant activities against DPPH and are lethal to the brine shrimp nauplii. In addition, the LC-MS findings showed the molecular weight of saponins identified in the active fractions of both plants.

Assessment of the acute and chronic toxicity studies of ethanol extract of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. leaves on murine models

Tran T.P. Nhung — 2024-06-21

Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (Asteraceae) has been a traditional therapeutic method for centuries, yet limited research has addressed its potential toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the in vivo toxicity of ethanol extract from Blumea balsamifera leaves (EEBB) through acute and sub-chronic toxicity tests in mice. In the acute test, single doses of EEBB (1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg) were orally administered and monitored for 14 days, extended to 42 days (satellite treatments). Sub-chronic toxicity involved EEBB doses (100, 300, and 5000 mg/kg) administered for 90 days, with further monitoring up to day 118 (satellite treatments). Results, EEBB contained various phytochemical compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids, etc. No clinical abnormalities were observed in both acute and sub-chronic toxicity experiments. However, a significant increase in body weight and weight gain was consistently noted in the experiments (p < 0.05), and food and water consumption were affected upon EEBB exposure (p < 0.05). After an extended observation period (42 and 118 days), alterations in hematological parameters (p > 0.05), biochemical evaluations (p > 0.05), urine composition (p > 0.05), relative organ weights (p > 0.05), and tissue structure in the heart, liver, and kidneys of satellite treatments with EEBB returned to normal. Despite initial observations of some transient adverse effects, the body appeared to adapt over time, resulting in no significant long-term changes (p < 0.05). These findings suggest the safety and potential benefits of the B. balsamifera leaf extract in mitigating potential adverse effects associated with its use.

Characterisation and quality assessment of phospholipid from sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum)

Aniatun Linafi'ah — 2024-06-21

Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules that can be used as basic materials for drug delivery systems. Phospholipids can be obtained from natural sources such as sesame seeds. This study investigated the chemical properties of a phospholipid and the total lipids extracted from sesame seeds. The phospholipid extract, with a yield of 0.475%, was brownish-yellow. It has a crude fat content of 96% comprising of saturated fatty acids (Methyl, 14-methyl-Pentadecanoic acid) and two unsaturated fatty acids (9,12-Octadecadienoic acid and 11-Octadecenoic acid). FTIR analysis of the phospholipid revealed the presence of double bonds and a characteristic choline absorption. The antioxidant screening using the DPPH free radical scavenging method showed 34.16% and 30.98 % antioxidant activity on days 7 and 14, respectively. A peroxide number test revealed that it maintained a low peroxide value of 3.1988 mg O₂/g even after 14 days in storage. The study concluded that the phospholipid extract of sesame seed has good antioxidant activity, chemical properties, and quality and could be used as a pharmaceutical excipient in drug delivery.

Exploring the Cucurbitacin E (CuE) as an anti-lung cancer lead compound through molecular docking, ADMET, PASS prediction and drug likeness analysis

Pradip Debnath — 2024-06-21

Cucurbitacin E (CuE) is a potent bioactive compound derived from the family of cucurbitaceae. CuE has recently been demonstrated to have outstanding potential to inhibit the growth of different kinds of cancer cells. CuE has been proven to have a strong anticancer effect on lung cancer in different in vitro and in vivo studies up to this date. In the present study, molecular docking of CuE was performed against three major proteins respectively myosin 9b [5C5S (Chain: A, B, C, D)], epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRK) [1M17 (Chain: A)] and yes-associated protein (YAP) [3KYS (Chain: A, C)] associated with lung cancer. Different types of computers based softwires like GaussView 6.0, Gabedit, Swiss-PDB, Pymol, PyRx (Version 0.8), Discover Studio (2021) etc. are used for computational study. On the other hand, for developing the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug several online servers like Drug bank online, Pub Chem, RCSB:PDB, Webmo server, Online smile convertor, ADMET prediction, PASS prediction, Drug likeness analysis etc. are used. The molecular docking results showed that CuE possessed the best ligand protein interaction with 5C5S (Chain: A) protein where the binding score was -9.1 kJ/mol. Moreover, the non-bonding interactions ensure the significant binding affinity of CuE with 5C5S (Chain: A) protein to show antineoplastic effect against lung cancer. However, the present study reveals that CuE is the potent anti-lung cancer lead compound confirmed by the ligand protein interactions, ADMET calculation, PASS prediction and drug likeness analysis. Therefore, this study may be helpful towards the research community to think CuE as the best antineoplastic agent for treating lung cancer.

Hepatoprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Vitis vinifera L seeds on paracetamol-induced liver damage in Wistar rats.

Navenaa S.G. Pandian — 2024-06-21

Vitis vinifera L has been used traditionally in Pakistan, Italy, and Turkey as laxatives. Carminatives are used as drug therapy for many diseases. The study aims to determine the hepatoprotective potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of Vitis viniferaL (EVV) seeds in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The hepatoprotective effect of the hydroalcoholic extractof Vitis vinifera L (EVV) seeds was tested in vivo by assessing the antioxidant parameters, liver enzymes, biochemical parameters, and histopathological examinations. Wistar rats-induced hepatotoxicity with paracetamol treated with Vitis vinifera L seeds at 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibited decrease in in vivo antioxidant parameters, liver enzymes, and biochemical parameters due to the presence of phytoconstituents such asflavonoids, steroids, glycosides, quinine, phenol, and saponin. The histological examinations of liver tissue revealed increased necrosis in untreated animals, whereas the central vein, surrounded by normal cells with good architecture, was observed in EVV-treated animals compared to silymarin-treated groups (25 mg/kg body weight). The scientific findings revealed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Vitis vinifera L. seed possesses hepatoprotective potential.

Chemical constituents of dichloromethane extract from the leaves of Gardenia angkorensis, their cytotoxic and α-glucosidase inhibition activities

Vu D. Hoang — 2024-06-21

Gardenia is a genus of about 140 different plant species of the Rubiaceae family. Previous studies have shown that terpenes and phenolics extracted from Gardenia sp. showed numerous potential bioactivities. In this study, the chemical constituents of G. angkorensis, their cytotoxic and α-glucosidase inhibition activities were investigated. The phytochemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of G. angkorensis leaves growing in Vietnam has led to the isolation of 19α-hydroxyoleanolic acid 3-Ο-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (1), chikusetsusaponin IVa, 3 β, 16 β, 21 β, 23, 24-pentahydroxy urs-12,18,20-trien-28-oic acid-γ-lactone (3), linalool glucoside and linalyl 6-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (5). The identities of the compounds were based on the analysis of their NMR data. Compound 1 showed moderate inhibition against α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ value of 58.01 ± 4.45 μM while compounds 3 (IC₅₀ 186.60 ± 4.68 μM) and 5 (IC₅₀ 239.53 ± 7.22 μM) exhibited weak cytotoxicity against the KB cell line and Hep G2 cell line (IC₅₀ values 180.80 ± 7.16 μM, 253.95 ± 8.14 μM).

Effect of seahorse (Hippocampus comes L.) extract on population and apoptotic of spermatogenic and leydig cells in rats after depot medroxyprogesterone acetate induction

Retnaningtyas S. Dianty — 2024-06-21

The Seahorse Hippocampus comes L. (HC) has been used in traditional medicine and has pharmacological activities known as a powerful aphrodisiac. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraceptive drug that can reduce testosterone levels, as happened to hypogonadism. There has not been much research on HC extracts (HCE) for hypogonadism, especially in the histology of testicular cell study. This study investigates the effect of HCE on spermatogenic cell count and Fas L assay of apoptotic germ cells after DMPA treatment in rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were induced with DMPA 1.25 mg/kg at weeks 0 and 12. Animals were randomly grouped by: distilled water (G1), Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) 1% (G2), HCE dose 150 mg/kg (G3), HCE dose 225 mg/kg (G4), HCE 300 mg/kg (G5), gavage every day for 7-18 weeks. The testis was obtained, and tissue was processed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Data were assessed by manually counting cells into the formulation and determining the H-score to calculate Fas L protein expression. An enhancement of the preleptotene and pachytene spermatocyte population at G3-G4 dose levels was found. Leydig cells also showed an increase at the G4 dose level. However, the apoptotic cell H-score was reduced at the G4 dose level. The reported HCE 225 mg/kg dose can improve reproductive function after DMPA treatment for 18 weeks in male rats.

Ethno-pharmacological study on medicinal and aromatic plants commonly used in the Fez-Meknes and Beni Mellal-Khenifra regions: Insights from pharmacy-based surveys

Kamal El Oihabi — 2024-06-21

Ethno-pharmacology delves into ancestral medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) knowledge, which is crucial in folk medicine and community health. This ethno-pharmaceutical study focused on exploring the use of MAPs in the Meknes and Khenifra regions. A questionnaire targeted 149 respondents, gathering data on MAP usage, preparation methods, adverse effects, and influencing factors. Predominantly, users aged 30-45 in urban areas utilized MAPs with a balanced gender distribution. Lamiaceae was the most utilized plant family, primarily for gastrointestinal disorders. Rosemary (47%), star anise (46.3%), and thyme (43.6%) were the most commonly used. Sourcing methods included gathering from the wild (47.9%), herbalists (43.8%), and pharmacies (17.1%). The decoction (63.8%) was the favored preparation, often consumed short-term or regularly (68.5%) as part of the daily diet. Adverse health effects included vomiting (47.3%) and diarrhea (29.7%), underscoring the importance of understanding herbal remedies-drug interactions, given that 54% reported concurrent use of drugs. Media (54.4%) significantly influenced the MAP recipe choice, in contrast to the minimal influence of phytotherapy (16.10%). This study underscores the importance of MAPs in the studied regions and the necessity for their safe and effective use. It highlights the significant role of media and intergenerational transmission in traditional recipe selection, emphasizing the pivotal roles of culture and communication in preserving traditional medicinal practices.

Effect of coconut water storage time and inoculum size of Lentilactobacillus parafarraginis on dried bacterial cellulose properties

Indah Y. Ningsih — 2024-06-21

Bacterial cellulose is a polysaccharide that possesses a chemical structure identical to cellulose derived from plants. Due to its high purity and distinct physicochemical properties, bacterial cellulose is extensively used in several industries, e.g., biomedical, food, and tissue engineering. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the storage time of coconut water and the inoculum size of Lentilactobacillus parafarraginis on the properties of dried bacterial cellulose. In this study, coconut water was stored for 1, 2, and 3 days. The inoculum size used to produce bacterial cellulose was 4, 6, 8, and 10%. After fermentation for 9 days, bacterial cellulose was harvested and dried in an oven. The bacterial cellulose was evaluated for its organoleptic, weight, thickness, pH, swelling degree, moisture content, mechanical strength, and water vapour transmission (WVTR) properties. The FTIR spectrum and SEM image analysis were performed on the bacterial cellulose with optimum characteristics. The results showed that bacterial cellulose with coconut water stored for 2 days and inoculum size of 10% (BC210) exhibited optimum characteristics, indicating potential development as a new candidate biomaterial for broad applications.

The effect of exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics on cytokine levels and reproductive system of male tilapia

Alfiah Hayati — 2024-06-21

Several studies demonstrated adverse effects associated with exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (NPs), such as toxicity, inflammation, or other health-related concerns. This study aims to analyse the impact of NPs exposure on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and testicular histology in tilapia gonads. Twenty-four male tilapias were used in this study and divided into four groups, including a control (commercial pellets only) and three treatment groups (commercial feed mixed 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 μL/kg of NPs, respectively) for 25 days. Blood sample was used to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-ɣ) levels analysis. Histology of testicular tissue was prepared with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The results showed that NPs exposure has no significant influence of TNF-α and IFN-ɣ levels. The levels of TNF-α on the control (1.6 ± 0.3 ng/mL) and the treatment groups from low to high concentration (1.7± 0.4; 1.7 ± 0.4; and 1.6 ± 0.3 ng/mL) and the levels of IFN-γ control (16.7 ± 2.8 ng/mL) and the treatment groups (19.1 ± 5.3; 18.7 ± 4.2; and 19.8 ± 3.5 ng/mL). Polystyrene nanoplastics exposure can reduce the number of spermatogenic cells. Spermatogonia cells was decreased from 27.5 ± 0.9 to 13.1 ± 1.1 cells/cyst. Spermatocyte cell was decreased from 57.6 ± 0.6 to 18.5 ± 0.3 cells/cyst. Spermatid cells was decreased from 86.8 ± 2.7 to 38.5 ± 2.7. In conclusion, exposure to multiple doses of NPs for 25 days did not increase pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in the blood serum of tilapia, but it caused histological changes in the gonads of fish.

Assessment of mineral and vitamin contents of carrot (Daucus carota L.) as influenced by poultry manure, variety and tillage

Chukwunyere C. Anozie — 2024-06-21

An attempt to assess the mineral and vitamin contents of carrots led to a field (July-October, 2022) and laboratory studies conducted in the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, in 2022, using 2 × 2 × 3 factorial (replications = 3) each, for Randomized Complete Block Design and Completely Randomized Design respectively. The roots of two carrot varieties (Touchon Mega and Kurado) with three levels of poultry manure in t/ha (0, 5, and 10) harvested from two tillage systems (Ridge and Bed) were tested for mineral and vitamin contents using standard methods. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using GenStat 12.1 edition. Differences were significant at p < 0.05. Variety, manure, and tillage significantly (p > 0.05) did not influence the mineral and vitamin contents of the root. The vitamin C content of the roots increased with manure level increase. These mineral elements: Iron (209 g/kg), Potassium (6.6 mg/100g), Phosphorus (21.3 g/kg), and Zinc (23.6 mg/100g) were higher in Kurado than Touchon mega while Calcium (23.7 mg/100g), Copper (2.9 g/kg), magnesium (4.5 mg/100g) and Selenium (9.3 g/kg) were higher in Touchon mega. The 10 t/ha of poultry manure had higher Zinc (26.5 mg/100g) and phosphorus (23.7 g/kg), while 5 t/ha had a higher content of Calcium (24.9 mg/100g), Copper (3 g/kg), Magnesium (4.6%) and Potassium (6.8 mg/100g). The study revealed the presence of the considered minerals and vitamins in the carrot roots. Kurado accumulated some of the minerals and vitamins in quantity within the recommended human rates.

Isolation of 6-gingerol from the rhizome of zinger (Zingiber officinale) and evaluation of its effect on the bone health of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Bharathi Appidi — 2024-06-21

Several studies have investigated the effects of various natural products on bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and fat content. The present study aims to isolate, characterize 6-gingerol and investigate its effect in diabetic osteoporosis. Isolation and identification of 6-gingerol was done by a combination of column chromatography (CC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of 6-gingerol on diabetic osteoporosis was assessed for 17 weeks (120 days) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The animals were divided into four groups: Group 1 (control rats), Group 2 (diabetic rats), Group 3 (diabetic rats treated with 6-gingerol at 100 mg/kg body weight), and Group 4 (control rats treated with 6-gingerol). Bone mineral density, bone mineral content, fat mass, and total lean mass in all the experimental rats were evaluated at the end of the study using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The diabetic rats treated with 6-gingerol showed improved blood glucose level compared to the untreated diabetic rats. Diabetic rats showed fluctuating values of total fat, percentage fat, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC). However, following 120 days of treatment with 6-gingerol, all variables were similar to that obtained in the control group. The findings from the present study reveal that 6-gingerol has the propensity to prevent glucotoxicity-induced diabetic osteoporosis while improving bone health.

Residue content of sugarcane ripener active ingredients and its effect on ratoon’s growth in North Sumatera

Arinta R. Puspitasari — 2024-06-21

The degree of sugarcane ripening is a vital parameter determined by measuring sucrose accumulation in sugarcane stalks. The constraints related to the degree of maturity that affect the quality of sugarcane in milled raw materials can be improved by applying sugarcane ripeners (SRs). However, some SRs are made from herbicides that could affect the subsequent ratoons. This study aimed to determine the effects of SRs on ratoon growth in sugarcane. The study was conducted in several plantations in North Sumatera. SRs were applied in December 2022, and the ratoons were observed in May 2023. The study used a split-split plot design with 3 treatment factors: variety (PS 881 and BZ 134), SRs application method (by drone and manual), SRs active ingredients (glyphosate, glyphosate plus Boron, and no spraying/control). The parameters observed were the number of shoots per row, the increase in gap, and the glyphosate residue in the subsequent ratoons. The results indicated a significant interaction between the application method, SRs’ active ingredients and the varieties and effects of SRs on the number of shoots per row. For PS 881, the drone and glyphosate application method showed the lowest number of shoots per row. The increase in the gap and fewer shoots per row was more common with drone spraying than manual spraying. Application of SRs using drones resulted in the highest residue in PS 881 compared to the other treatments.

Evaluation of polyphenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and toxicity study of Ferula communis L. fruits

Imad Ed-Dahmani — 2024-06-21

Many species of the genus Ferula, including Ferula communis are used medicinally to treat various diseases. Consumption of Ferula communis has been reported to have toxic effect. The study aims to evaluate the polyphenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and toxicological activities of the methanol and aqueous extracts of the edible fruit (MEFE and AEFE) and the fruit at the advanced stage of flowering (AEFAF and MEFAF) of Ferula communis. The polyphenolic (total phenolic and flavonoid) contents were evaluated using standard procedures. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) assays. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against selected bacteria and fungal organisms using the disk diffusion method. Acute and sub-acute toxicity of the hydroethanol extract of the edible fruit (HEFE) was evaluated in mice according to standard procedures. The results indicate that the AEFE has higher phenolic and flavonoid content than the MEFE. Whereas, the MEFAF showed a very high amount of phenols and flavonoids compared to AEFAF. AEFAF displayed a higher antioxidant activity in the DPPH and FRAP assays, whereas MEFE showed higher antioxidant activity in the ABTS assay. AEEF and MEEF showed remarkable antibacterial action. Acute and sub-acute oral administration of HEFE did not cause any toxic effect in mice. On the basis of these findings, Ferula communis fruit could serve as a potential antioxidant against oxidative stress, and a potential antibacterial agent against pathogenic bacterial infection.

The volatile constituents from Lepidium sativum and Tridax procumbens shoots exhibit antimicrobial effect and inhibitory activities against α-amylase enzyme and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical

Maryam K. Gafar — 2024-06-21

The bioprospecting of wild functional food plants used in the urban communities in developing countries as sources of food and medicine has been on the rise steadily. Lepidium sativum and Tridax procumbens are wild edible plants in Nigeria with tremendous ethnomedicinal uses. In this research, volatile extracts were obtained from the shoots of the two plants via steam distillation and subjected to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis, antimicrobial analysis and inhibitory activities against α-amylase enzyme and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, respectively. A white color volatile extract was obtained from L. sativum shoot while a translucent volatile extract with sweet scent was obtained from T. procumbens shoot. Both extracts consist of vary constituents of phytochemicals. The extract from L. sativum only showed moderately susceptibility against Streptococcus pneumonea with zone of inhibition of 11.5 mm among the selected microbes while extract from T. procumbens showed a broader susceptibility towards more microbes with higher zone of inhibition values and a better inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibition concentration MIC of 31.23 mg/g. Both extracts have better alpha-amylase inhibitory activity with EC₅₀ values of 134.48 μg/mL (L. sativum) and 106.74 μg/mL (T. procumbens), respectively when compared to the EC₅₀ value of 165.93 μg/mL of the standard drug acarbose. However, the standard drug (ascorbic acid) exhibited better inhibitory activity against DPPH radical with EC₅₀ value of 41.69 μg/mL when compared to their EC₅₀ values of 47.71 and 48.63 μg/mL, respectively. The results show that the volatile extracts contain phytochemicals with antimicrobial, anti-diabetic and antioxidant potentials.

Phytochemical studies and evaluation of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Solanum elaeagnifolium leaves extract for antioxidant and antibacterial activities

Horace T. Lih — 2024-06-21

Solanum elaeagnifolium is a medicinal plant in the Solanaceae family and the leaves extract have traditionally been used to treat several diseases, including skin infections, respiratory problems, and digestive disorders. The purpose of the study was to formulate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the leaves extract of Solanum elaeagnifolium using the green synthesis method and to evaluate the formulated nanoparticles using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The powdered leaves were analyzed for macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical characteristics before being extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus. The antioxidant effect was analyzed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). The disk diffusion method was used for assessing the antibacterial activity. Microscopic examinations confirmed the existence of stellate trichomes. Phytochemical screening, confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. SEM revealed a porous, spherical and crystalline structure with particle sizes of 70-95 nm. The DPPH assay revealed IC₅₀ values of 3.40, 2.30 and 1.40 mg/mL for the methanolic extract, silver nanoparticles and ascorbic acid respectively. The results of the antioxidant studies revealed that the formulated silver nanoparticles had higher antioxidant activity than the leaves extract at all concentrations. The leaves extract and silver nanoparticles demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against all the bacteria used in the study with zones of inhibition ranging from 2.9-4.8 mm and 5.7-9.2 mm respectively. The formulated silver nanoparticles demonstrated significant antibacterial and antioxidant effects as a result of the presence of some secondary metabolites such as phenols, saponins, flavonoids and tannins in the leaves extract.

Evaluation of antidepressant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Entada Africana Guill. & Perr. (Fabaceae) in mice

Mukhtar Y. Bebeji — 2024-06-21

Depression remains the major cause of global disease burden and affects individuals in all communities around the world. More than 300 million individuals worldwide suffer from depression. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Entada africana (ELEEA) in mice. Preliminary phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies of the extract were carried out using standard methods. Antidepressant activity screening of the extract was conducted using Tail Suspension Test (TST), Forced Swim Test (FST), and Open Field Test (OFT) in mice. Phytochemical screening shows the presence of terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and carbohydrates in the extract. The result of the acute toxicity studies revealed an LD₅₀ value of 28.3 mg/kg body weight in mice. ELEEA at all the tested doses significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the duration of immobility of mice in TST compared to the normal saline (control) group. In the FST, the extract at doses of 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg body weight exhibited significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the immobility time when compared to the control group. However, in the OFT, ELEEA at doses of 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg body weight and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the number of lines crossed by the mice compared to the control group. The results of our study suggest that the ethanol leaf extract of Entada africana has potential for use as an antidepressant agent.

In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of the seed, bark and whole pod of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench): A comparative study

Olorunfemi R. Molehin — 2024-06-21

Okra is an indigenous vegetable consumed for its sliminess and nutritional benefits. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the in vitro antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of the seed, bark and whole pod of okra. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the different parts were evaluated according to standard methods. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphoric acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and ferrous ion-induced lipid peroxidation assay using standard procedures. The in vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated using the α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. The whole okra pod exhibited a significantly higher total phenolic content (5.0 mg GAE/g) and enhanced radical scavenging activity compared to both the seed and bark of the pod (p < 0.05). Although, the seed had a higher content of total flavonoid (2.23 mg QE/g) than the bark and whole pod, the bark and whole pod of okra showed a higher ferric reducing antioxidant power than the seed. Similarly, the whole pod showed a higher lipid peroxidation inhibition, and higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the bark and seed of the pod. In order to enjoy all the nutritional and pharmacological benefits associated with okra consumption, it is recommended that no part of the pod should be considered a waste.

Antibacterial activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Rauvolfia vomitoria on neonatal group b Streptococcus

Stephen K.S. Ojo — 2024-06-21

Rural dwellers explore Bryophyllumpinnatum and Rauvolfiavomitoria for treating neonatal infections. The antibacterial activities of medicinal plant biofractions were evaluated against multidrug-resistant Group B Streptococcus (GBS) strains causing neonatal sepsis. Pulverized plant leaves were extracted with different solvents for primary extraction and subjected to column chromatography and phytochemical analysis. A broth microdilution assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was performed against multidrug-resistant GBS strains. Duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect ermB and tetO-resistant genes in 10 different GBS strains that were resistant to both erythromycin and tetracycline. The data obtained was analyzed using Spearman rank correlation and ANOVA. The results obtained from this study showed that the selected plants have concentration-dependent activity against GBS. The ethanol biofraction of R. vomitoria was the most active, with an MIC value between 12.5 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL and an MBC value between 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL. It was followed by the methanol biofraction of B. pinnatum, which had an MIC value between 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL on 32 of the 35 strains that were studied. The N-hexane and aqueous biofractions were the least active. Also, ermB and tetO genes were present in all 10 GBS strains. These findings indicate that B. pinnatum and R. vomitoria could serve as potential alternatives for treating neonatal sepsis caused by GBS. This study examined the assertion of the effectiveness of medicinal herbs in treating newborn sepsis.

Acute toxicity studies and in vivo antioxidant potential of Annona muricata leaf in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Peter O. Opara — 2024-06-21

The acute toxicity effect and free radical scavenging abilities of ethanol leaf extract of Annona muricata were studied in diabetic rats. The acute toxicity effect of the leaf extract was determined using a standard method. Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups (Groups I-VI) of five (5) rats each. Diabetes was induced with 130 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally in II-V. Group I was non-diabetic and untreated and served as normal control (NC). Group II served as untreated diabetic control (DC). Group III (GL) received daily doses of glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), while groups IV (AM) and V (AM) received daily doses of a combination of glibenclamide (5mg/kg) and 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg of Annona muricata leaf extract, respectively. Group VI received 400 mg/kg oral doses of A. muricata leaf extract only. The treatment continued for 14 days. The blood glucose concentration and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined using standard methods. The acute toxicity study revealed a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 3807.89 mg/kg. The antioxidant enzyme activities in groups I to VI for SOD, CAT, and GPx activity ranges from1.51E-01±1.07E-02 to 9.10E-02±5.55E-03 IU/L;3.87E-01±2.06E-02 to 6.38E-01±5.30E-02 IU/L and0.036 ±0.05 to1.35±0.152 IU/L, respectively. The extract exerted a concentration-dependent effect on antioxidant enzyme activities. The present studies suggest that ethanol leaf extract of A. muricata has effects in inducing antioxidant enzymes during oxidative stress.

In-silico and in-vivo long-term safety studies of mangosteen rind ethanol extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.)

Rifa'atul Mahmudah — 2024-06-21

Mangosteen rind has been used extensively to treat a variety of diseases. However, research on the use of mangosteen, especially over the long-term, remains limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of ethanol extract of mangosteen rind (EEMR) to ensure its safety. The in silico method used the Protox-II web server to test the safety of marker compounds found in EEMR (xanthones, alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin). The in vivo method involved the oral feeding of EEMR to rats at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw. The researchers observed signs of toxicity and mortality over a period of six months. The study showed a high degree of organ safety, with a safety class of 4 for xanthone and alpha-mangostin and 5 for gamma-mangostin. In addition, consumption of any dose of EEMR to rats showed no toxic effect on body weight, haematology or relative organ weight, nor was it the cause of mortality in the animal model. However, its use at 200 and 400 mg/kg bw influenced triglyceride, GOT and creatinine levels and caused liver cell abnormalities in rats. EEMR 400 mg/kg bw also showed adverse effects on the kidneys. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the gamma-mangostin compound in mangosteen rind is safer than xanthones and alpha-mangostin, while EMMR at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw is relatively safe for long-term use. However, doses of 200 mg/kg bw and 400 mg/kg bw require further evaluation.

Antiviral activity of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br extract against dengue serotype 2 virus

Rr. Listyawati Nurina — 2024-06-21

There are four serotypes of dengue viruses (DENV1, 2, 3 and 4). Dengue is typically transmitted in a cycle involving humans and mosquito vectors. There has been a significant increase in the prevalence of dengue virus worldwide in recent decades. At present, there is no specific drug available to control the infection, and the most effective preventive measures are the control of the mosquito population. The objective of this study was to assess the antiviral properties of Sterculia quadrifida ethanol extract against dengue infection. The stem bark of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br was extracted using three different solvents: n-hexane, water, and 70% ethanol. Dengue serotype 2 (DENV-2) virus was propagated in C6/36 cells. MTT reagents were used to perform cytotoxicity tests, and the antiviral activity of the extract was evaluated in Vero cells. The result of the cytotoxicity test showed that the extracts of Sterculia quadrifida caused the inhibition of DENV-2 with inhibitory potential of 19.156 μmg/mL, 3.592 μmg/ml, and 6.028 μmg/ml at concentrations of 36.296 μmg/mL, >200 μmg/mL, and 99.743 μmg/mL, for n-hexane, water, and 70% ethanol, respectively. The cytotoxicity of Sterculia quadrifida suggests it might be a valuable source of antiviral agents.

Preclinical Hba1c level studies of Makardhwaj Ras and Maha Sankha Bati after chronic administration to male Sprague-Dawley rats

Mohammad N. Neon — 2024-06-21

Background: Makardhwaj Ras (MRS) and Maha Sankha Bati (MSB) are Ayurvedic preparations used as traditional medicines for different clinical indications in the rural population. MRS and MSB are used in the debility and sprue, respectively. In this study, the effect of these preparations was evaluated on HbA1c levels (percentage) in rats after chronic feeding. The acute toxicological test of MRS and MSB separately did not record death or signs of toxicity even at the highest dose of 4000 mg/Kg body weight. In the chronic toxicological evaluation, Ayurvedic medicinal preparations MRS and MSB were administered chronically to the male Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 40 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for MRS and MSB, respectively, to determine the level of HbA1c (percentage). After 28 days of chronic administration of MRS and MSB, the level of HbA1c level was determined in the blood and found that both preparation MRS and MSB increased the level of HbA1c (percentage) in the blood of the rat. MRS and MSB increased the level of HbA1c in rats, which is a reliable indicator of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, precaution is recommended in the administration of MRS and MSB for a prolonged period.

Mineral constituents and antimicrobial potential of extracts of Ajuga iva L. collected from different geographical locations in Morocco

Laila Lahrizi — 2024-06-21

Fungal infections are a serious health concern that poses a danger to global healthcare systems. The innate resistance of fungi to chemical agents has made researchers investigate natural sources with bioactive contents against a wide spectrum of pathogenic microbes. The present study aimed to explore the variability of the mineral profile, as well as the antifungal effect of different extracts of Ajuga iva L. collected from different geographical locations in Morocco. Different extracts (aqueous, ethanol, and methanol) were prepared from Ajuga iva samples using the maceration technique. The mineral profile of the extracts was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Eight pathogenic fungi were used to determine the antifungal effect of different extracts of Ajuga iva using agar disc diffusion method. The results showed high variability in the mineral profile according to geographical origin with the abundance of Na (between 160.52 and 192.40 mg/L), K (between 10.52 and 41.41 mg/mL), Ca (between 32.07 and 58.76 mg/L), Mg (between 4.16 and 8.42 mg/L), and P (between 1.69 and 10.54 mg/L). All the test extracts exhibited considerable antifungal effects against all fungi except Cryptococcus. The findings of the present study confirmed that Ajuga iva is a valuable source of essential minerals and is effective in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi.