Review of health effects of non-ionizing radiations

Abstract

Non-ionizing radiations (electromagnetic waves) consist of electric and magnetic waves travelling together. In decreasing order of wavelengths, they are classified into ultra long electromagnetic waves, radio waves, micro waves, infrared waves and visible rays. Man-made sources of non-ionizing radiation include electrical, electronic and communication appliances that abound in our homes and offices, while natural sources include the sun and the earth. Electromagnetic radiations in the environment can be measured by use of electromagnetic meters. Radiation exposure standards are regulated based on International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. ICNIRP exposure limits for EM radiation for electrical/electronic appliances in homes and electricity transformers is < 1milligauze and 50 hertz respectively. A study, in Nigeria, found that most GSM handsets emit radio frequency radiations with power far above the ICNIRP recommended level of 9W/m2. There are conflicting research reports concerning the safety of non-ionizing radiations. However, reported harmful effects predominate. For example, non-ionizing radiations increase cellular generation of free radicals, disrupt the blood-brain barrier, and decrease cognitive functions of the brain. These result in genotoxic effects, cancer, decreased male fertility, increased allergic and hypersensitivity disorders and diabetes mellitus. Protective measures against excessive non-ionizing radiation absorption include keeping safe distance (at least 1.2m) from all electrical appliances in homes and offices, reducing time spent with them, and avoiding use of cordless equipment. Reported beneficial effects of magnetic therapy include clinical improvement in cases of Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, bronchitis, depression as well as increased healing of fractures. Most of these are attributed to its anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion, concerns about harmful effects of non-ionizing radiations are real and calls for caution irrespective of reports to the contrary. There is need, therefore, to increase public awareness on the dangers of non-ionizing radiations.

Key words: Non-ionizing radiation, harmful effects, magnetotherapy, exposure standards.