Challenges Facing Smallholder Farmers in Mono Cash-crop Production in Tanzania: Are Adaptation Strategies Towards Livelihood Diversification a Panacea?

Abstract

Smallholder farmers are those engaged in agricultural activities that include livestock rearing and food crops production in rural areas.  This study was carried out in three districts in Tanzania—Newala, Bukoba and Moshi Rural—to look into the challenges facing such  farmers who specifically deal with mono cash-crop production. Using a descriptive survey design, data collection involved the use of questionnaires, focus group discussions, interviews, field observation and documentary reviews. Systematic random sampling was used  to select 300 respondents in the three districts. The study found that smallholder farmers in the study areas practise both extensive and  intensive farming systems; and use both tractors and hand hoes. Production is affected by changes in weather patterns, lack of inputs  (fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, and poor infrastructure), inadequate extension services, inadequate information, lack of trust in some  cooperative leaders, land scarcity, fall in the prices of cash crops, and pests and diseases. The farmers adapt to these challenges through  livelihood diversification, use of alternative inputs, farming intensification, application of indigenous farming systems, use of cooperative  unions, reliance on social networks, brewing local alcohol, making furniture, and use of hired labour. These coping strategies differ  among smallholder farmers of mono cash-crops depending on their social-economic status, education, marital status, skills and income  levels. The study recommends that measures and strategies aimed at improving sustainable livelihoods among smallholder farmers in mono cash-crop production should address the whole range of issues leading to poverty and exposure to disparities within the  communities.