Comparative study on genital yeasts diversity isolated from rural and urban women with vaginitis attending antenatal and gynecology clinics in Southern Highland regions of Tanzania

Abstract

Background: Vaginal yeast infections are a common health concern for women worldwide. While Candida albicans remains the primary causative agent, the prevalence of non-albicans Candida species and other yeasts is increasing. This study aimed to compare the diversity of genital yeasts isolated from rural and urban women with vaginitis in the Southern Highlands regions of Tanzania and evaluate the impact of socio-economic and environmental factors on yeast diversity.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 800 women (400 urban, 400 rural) attending antenatal and gynecology clinics. Vaginal swabs were collected and analyzed using standard mycological techniques. Socio-demographic data and information on hygiene practices were collected through structured questionnaires. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Non-albicans Candida species were more prevalent in rural women (57%) compared to urban women (32%). Candida albicans was the predominant species in both urban (68%) and rural (40%) populations. Non-Candida yeasts, including Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (2%) and Pichia kudriavzevii (1%), were isolated only from rural women. The use of untreated water (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.7-3.1, p<0.001) and drying clothes in bushes (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 2.2-4.4, p<0.001) were significantly associated with the presence of non-albicans species.

Conclusion: This study revealed significant differences in genital yeast diversity between rural and urban women, likely influenced by environmental and socio-economic factors. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and further research to address the specific needs of different populations in managing vaginitis.