Review on Genetic Insights into Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Leiomyoma Developmentment

Abstract

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is a prevalent issue among women of reproductive age, primarily stemming from hormonal imbalances. It is characterized by flow volume, duration, and frequency variations outside of pregnancy. Occurring frequently during perimenopause and menstruation, abnormal uterine bleeding is associated with several benign tumors within the female reproductive system, including leiomyomas and endometriomas. Leiomyomas, composed of smooth muscle cells originating from the uterine wall, are influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

Objective: This review explored the complications linked with abnormal uterine bleeding and identified crucial genes involved in developing leiomyomas.

Methods: The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) has established a classification and terminology system for the causes of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). This standardization aims to enhance research efficiency, facilitate diagnosis, and improve the management of clinical cases. Articles in English were searched in the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE databases using the terms abnormal uterine bleeding, leiomyomas, and genes. The selection included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and reviews. Data were searched from 2016 to May 2023.

Results: The research reveals that uterine leiomyomas affect a substantial percentage of females by age 50, underlining the need for a comprehensive understanding of their genetic underpinnings. The knowledge gained from this study contributes to the potential development of more targeted and efficient treatments for leiomyomas, offering hope for improved outcomes in managing these common gynecological disorders.

Conclusion

The findings underscore the complexity of abnormal uterine bleeding, emphasizing its connection with leiomyomas and the genetic factors influencing their development. By employing the FIGO classification system, researchers and clinicians can standardize their approach to diagnosis and management, paving the way for more efficient future research and diagnostics. Identifying critical genes associated with leiomyomas provides insights into the underlying mechanisms, particularly the involvement of hormones and genetic pathways.