Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak Prevention and Control Preparedness: A Qualitative Experience from High-Risk Regions in Tanzania

Abstract

Introduction: Although rare, Ebola virus disease is one of the deadliest viral infections, with a case fatality rate of up to 50%. The virus was first identified in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, outbreaks have been reported in various African countries, primarily in Central Africa, with the largest and most complex outbreak occurring between 2014 and 2016. The most recent outbreak was in Uganda in 2022, which posed a significant public health threat to both the Ugandan population and neighbouring countries, including Tanzania, due to the high risk of cross-border transmission caused by daily movement of people. However, there is limited information on how well-prepared communities in high-risk regions are in the event of an Ebola virus disease outbreak.

Method: This ethnographic study investigated community preparedness for an Ebola virus disease outbreak and the preventive measures in place in high-risk regions of Tanzania, including Kagera, Mwanza, Songwe, and Kigoma. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and focus group discussions.

Results: Community members showed awareness of Ebola prevention through risk communication and community engagement efforts. However, observations revealed a disconnect between this awareness and cultural practices. Many continued engaging in risky behaviours, such as large gatherings, physical contact (e.g., hugging and handshaking), and traditional funeral practices, which increased transmission risks. Healthcare workers at facilities and ports of entry were well-prepared, with preventive measures in place.

Conclusion: The study findings indicate that community members in high-risk regions for Ebola transmission possess some knowledge of the disease and its preventive measures. However, further efforts are needed to ensure that individuals are not only well-informed but also implementing these preventive measures in preparation for a potential outbreak.