Invalid data type in setData: Tanzania J Hlth ResInvalid data type in setData: <h3>Sponsoring Organizations</h3>
<p>The Tanzania's National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) publishes the Tanzanian Journal of Health Research</p>
<h3>Publication Scheduling</h3>
<p>Published quarterly in January, April, July and October</p>
<h3>General</h3>
<p>The Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) is a no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb. It is published four times yearly (January, April, July, and October) by the National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania.</p>
<p>TJHR publishes articles from various disciplines, including primary and biomedical sciences, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, clinical sciences, health economics and health policy, operations research and implementation sciences, and social sciences and humanities. It aims to advance health sciences by publishing high-quality research and review articles communicating new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. </p>
<p>TJHR accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared following the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press. The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/index.html">http://www.icmje.org/index.html</a>. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals, whether regarding the text, tables or figures, is prohibited in their totality or part.</p>
<p>TJHR encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged.</p>
<p>Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration following the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</p>
<p>Manuscripts must be submitted online using the following URL: <a href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login">http://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb<strong>/</strong>login</a></p>
<p>For further information, don't hesitate to contact us at <a href="mailto:tjhr@nimr.or.tz">tjhr@nimr.or.tz</a>.</p>
<p> </p>Invalid data type in setData: tjhrInvalid data type in setData: <p><em>Tanzania</em><em> Journal of Health Research</em> (<em>TJHR</em>) aims to facilitate the advance of health sciences by publishing high quality research and review articles that communicate new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. TJHR is a peer reviewed journal and is open to contributions from both the national and the international communities.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>TJHR</em> is published quarterly in January, April, July and October as an organ of the Tanzania Health Research User’s Trust Fund</p>
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<p>Other websites associated with this journal: <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/toc?id=th">http://www.bioline.org.br/toc?id=th</a></p>Invalid data type in setData: <p><strong>The <em>Tanzania Journal of Health Research</em> (TJHR</strong>) accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.</p>
<p>TJHR does not set explicit limits on the length of papers submitted but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</p>
<p><strong>CATEGORIES OF ARTICLES</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong> Original research articles:</strong> Research articles that make a substantial, original contribution to research, practice or policy in any biomedical, socio-behavioural, structural or health research areas. Research articles are contributions that have the purpose of publication of original unpublished research which may be reproduced and generalised. They should be between 3000 and 6000 words, excluding tables, figures and references. The original research article should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</li>
<li><strong>Short communications: </strong>Short communications are intended to provide preliminary research results or unpublished hypotheses of public health relevance. Short communications may contain an abstract and can be organized either along the lines of a regular manuscript or without subdivisions. The accompanying abstract should not exceed 200 words. Authors may also consider combining the results and discussion sections. They should be up to 2500 words and include a table or figure, preferably not more than five references.</li>
<li><strong> Letters to the Editor</strong>: These include letters which seek to discuss recent articles published in <em>TJHR</em> or report on original research or significant findings. They should not exceed 600 words and 5 references.</li>
<li><strong> Reviews:</strong> <em>TJHR</em> welcomes review papers relating to biomedical and health research themes. The review should emphasize the implication of reviewed literature for future practical application and policy implications. A review paper should not exceed 6000 words.</li>
<li><strong>Clinical studies: </strong><em>TJHR</em> supports the registration of trials as an important initiative to improve the reporting of clinical studies. Trial registers that currently meet all of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and World Health Organization requirements can be found at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/faq.pdf">http://www.icmje.org/faq.pdf</a></li>
<li><strong> Case reports: </strong>TJHR accepts highly informative cases illustrated with a single table or up to two images [figure may have x 2 illustrations labelled (a) and (b)]. Articles submitted as case reports should be no more than 1500 words and a maximum of six references</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Preparing a manuscript</strong>: Manuscripts for publication in <strong><em>the Tanzania Journal of Health Research</em> </strong>should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/index.html">http://www.icmje.org/index.html</a>. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals whether in regards to the text, tables or figures, whether in their totality or part, is prohibited. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion as described in detail below:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>T</strong><strong>itle</strong>: It should be short; omit phrases such as “Investigation on…’ “Preliminary report of …’; numbered series articles followed by a subtitle are not allowed. Taxonomic affiliation and authority should be given in the abstract, or the keywords, but not in the Title. Full addresses should appear under the names of the author(s); in addition, the title page should contain the name and address of the person to whom the proofs should be sent. If the author’s address has changed, his full present address should also appear on the title page. A short list of terms suitable for indexing should be included.</li>
<li><strong>Abstract</strong>: A summary of your research paper.</li>
<li><strong>Introduction</strong>: It should be short, defining the problem studied, stating its importance and highlighting the present gaps in knowledge. The introduction serves multiple purposes. It presents the background to your study, introduces your topic and aims, and gives an overview of the paper, should also cite what is already known about the study. The number of citations should be limited.</li>
<li><strong>Materials and methods</strong>: All information must be given so that it is quite clear how the experiments were done: any interested colleague should be able to verify the experiments from this information. However, details about already commonly used methods and materials must be omitted. Information about the origin of the source materials is necessary.</li>
<li><strong>Results</strong>: This section should be limited to the description of the findings achieved with no inclusion of interpretation. The results are usually presented in tables and figures, and the text must provide a clear explanation of this information. Tables and figures should be limited to a total of 5 and it is recommended that they include only essential data. Tables and figures should only be used for substantial amounts of data, otherwise, the information should be inserted in the text. Avoid repeating data from tables and figures in the text as much as possible. Numerals are always used with abbreviated units (e.g. 3 mm<sup>2,</sup> not three mm<sup>2</sup>). In all other cases, whole numbers above 10, fractions and decimals should be expressed as numerals, and whole numbers between 1 and 10 are to be spelt out in full. All units are to conform to the standards of the International System (S.I).</li>
<li><strong>Discussion</strong>: It should include the limitation of the study, a comparison with the available literature, the interpretation of the authors, concluding. The findings should be discussed about what is already known, and indications of the course for further research may be provided. Scientific as well as policy implications of the major findings may be mentioned. Within space limitations, the author has some freedom to express his own opinion, even if editors or referees differ from him.</li>
<li><strong>References</strong>:
<ol>
<li>For citations in the text: use name and year system; e.g. (Magesa, 1998); for two authors, use the ampersand (&amp;); e.g. (Ijumba &amp; Kitua, 2004); for more than two authors, use <em>et al., </em>g. (Lusingu <em>et al.,</em> 2004). If referring to personal communication use initials e.g. (B.K. Mayala, per comm.). For unpublished results, use unpubl., e.g. (M. Urassa, unpubl). The latter two categories, however, cannot be put on the reference list.</li>
<li>For citations in the reference section: list each reference alphabetically on the first author’s last name; if a single author has more than one contribution, list each chronologically; in cases of more than one author, list each reference alphabetically on 2<sup>nd</sup>, the 3<sup>rd</sup>, etc. author’s names.  Publications in preparation or submitted can only appear in the reference list if they have been accepted for publication, mentioning the year of publication and volume of the journal with the reference note ‘in press’ added. Journal titles should be given in full.</li>
<li>Include a list of all references cited at the end of the article, in the order in which they were mentioned in the text. References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Identify references in text, tables, and legends by Arabic numerals in superscript.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Submission of the Manuscript: </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Please submit your paper through our online submission using the following URL: <a href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login">https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login</a>. After creating an account, the online system will ask you to enter information about your paper, such as the title, abstract, and author names. Then you will be instructed to upload your title page, paper, and any accompanying figures, tables, photos, and supplementary materials.</li>
<li>Please upload the main paper with references as either a Microsoft Word document (DOC, DOCX) or in rich text format (RTF).  It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure the good quality of tables, figures, tables and any other images in the published article.</li>
<li>The resolution of photos should be approximately 300 dpi (dots per inch), and line or halftone figures and illustrations should be approximately 600 dpi. If you submit photographs with identifiable people you must also submit a form to grant permission to TJHR to use those images before final publication.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Conflict of Interest: </strong>All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. The online submission system will ask you, however, to declare any competing interests for all authors, based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”</p>
<p><strong>Submission fee: </strong>TJHR does not charge any fees to authors to submit or publish articles in our journal.</p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>Contact: </strong>For further information, please contact the editors at <a href="mailto:tjhr@nimr.or.tz">tjhr@nimr.or.tz</a></p>
<p> </p>Invalid data type in setData: <p>Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/about">About the Journal</a> page for the journal's section policies, as well as the <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">Author Guidelines</a>. Authors need to <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/user/register">register</a> with the journal before submitting, or if already registered can simply <a href="https://www.ajol.info/index/login">log in</a> and begin the 5-step process.</p>Invalid data type in setData: National Institute for Medical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: <p>Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the Tanzania Journal of Health Research.</p>Invalid data type in setData: <p>Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) was established 1997 as Tanzania Health Research Bulletin. It is a peer-reviewed journal open to national and international community contributions. By adopting an Open Access policy, the Journal enables the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research findings. The National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania publishes it four times yearly (January, April, July, and October).</p>
<p>TJHR publishes original articles that cover issues related to epidemiology and public health. These include, but are not limited to, social determinants of health, the structural, biomedical, environmental, behavioural, and occupational correlates of health and diseases, and the impact of health policies, practices, and interventions on the community.</p>
<p>It accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, TJHR refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.</p>
<p>TJHR is committed to information sharing and transparency with a mission of promoting the Essential National Health Research Initiative in Tanzania and particular demand-driven health research. The journal targets readers interested in health research issues, non-specialist scientists, policy and decision-makers, and the general public. TJHR receives articles on various areas. Among these are Global health and human rights, environmental health, public health informatics, chronic disease epidemiology, social determinants of health, dental public health, digital health, occupational health, mental health, epidemiology, maternal and child health, health policies, systems and management, biostatistics and methods, health economics and outcomes research, health behaviour, health promotion and communication.</p>
<p>TJHR does not limit the length of papers submitted explicitly but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</p>
<p><strong>Peer-reviewers Policy</strong></p>
<p>Once manuscripts have been submitted to the TJHR, they undergo internal screening by the journal editorial team. Manuscripts meeting submission criteria and standards are thereafter assigned to three peer reviewers who are given a maximum of three weeks to undertake the review and submit reviewers’ comments.</p>
<p>Authors are henceforth allocated a maximum of fourteen days to respond to reviewers' comments. However, Such an allocated time may be extended upon substantive request from the authors. This turnaround time can be extended upon request from reviewers/authors. The Editor-in-Chief reviews the author's responses to ensure that the author has adequately responded to all comments raised by peer reviewers. Reviewers are then informed of the status of the manuscripts they have reviewed.</p>
<p><strong>Special issues</strong></p>
<p>All articles submitted are peer-reviewed in line with the journal’s standard peer-review policy and are subject to all of the journal’s standard editorial and publishing policies. This includes the journal’s policy on competing interests. The Editors declare no competing interests with the submissions they have handled through the peer review.</p>
<p><strong>Editorial Policies: </strong>All manuscripts submitted to the <em>Tanzania Journal of Health Research</em> should adhere to the TJHR format and guidelines</p>
<p><strong>Appeals and complaints: </strong>Authors who wish to appeal a rejection or make a complaint should contact the Editor-In-Chief using the corresponding email address and not otherwise.</p>
<p><strong>Conflict of Interest: </strong>All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. However, the online submission system will ask you to declare any competing interests for all authors based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”</p>
<p><strong>Benefits of publishing with TJHR: </strong><em>TJHR's</em> open access policy allows maximum visibility of articles published in the journal as they are available to a broad community. </p>
<p>For further information about publishing in the Tanzania Journal of Health Research, don't hesitate to contact us at <a href="mailto:tjhr@nimr.or.tz">tjhr@nimr.or.tz</a>.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>Invalid data type in setData: <p><strong>EDITOR-IN-CHIEF<br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>Dr William N. Kisinza,</strong><br />The National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre,<br />P. O. Box 81 MUHEZA, Tanzania<br />Tel. (General line): +255 272977611, Tel. (Direct line): +255 27 2977612<br />Fax # : +255 272977610, E-mail: william.kisinza@nimr.or.tz, wnkisinza@gmail.com <strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>MANAGING EDITOR</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,</strong><br />National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, <a href="https://www.moh.go.tz">P.O. Box 9653, 11101 <strong>Dar-es-Salaam.  </strong></a>Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400<br />Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: prince.mutalemwa@nimr.or.tz</p>
<p><strong>DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR</strong></p>
<p><strong>Dr Ruby D Mcharo<br /></strong>National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, <a href="https://www.moh.go.tz">P.O. Box 9653, 11101 Dar-es-Salaam. </a> Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400<br />Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: rmcharo@nimr-mmrc.org<strong><br /></strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>JOURNAL ADMINISTRATION</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr William N. Kisinza,</strong> Editor-In-Chief</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,</strong> Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Ruby Mcharo,</strong> Deputy Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Prof Said Aboud, </strong>Editorial Board Chair</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Mary Mayige, </strong>Editorial Director</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>JOURNAL MANAGEMENT </strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr William N. Kisinza,</strong> Editor-In-Chief</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,</strong> Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Ruby Mcharo,</strong> Deputy Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Mbazi Senkoro, </strong>Associate Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Alphaxard Manjurano, </strong>Associate Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Sokoine Kivuyo, </strong>Associate Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Prof Said Aboud, </strong>Editorial Board Chair</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Mary Mayige, </strong>Editorial Director</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Editorial Board</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Said S Aboud</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Daudi Simba,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Werner Maokola, </span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Ministry of Health, Dodoma</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Blandina Mmbaga,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Mary T Mayige,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Gerry Mshana,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Joseph Otieno,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Stella Mpagama,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Kobong'oto Infectious Disease Hospital, Moshi</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Robinson Mdegela,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Sokoine University of Agriculture, Mororogo</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Suzan Rumisha.</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Marceline Finda,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo</span></p>
<p><strong>INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORS</strong><strong><br />Andrew Y. Kitua</strong>, Morogoro, Tanzania<br /><strong>James K. Tumwine, </strong>Kampala, Uganda<br /><strong>Mark Rowland</strong>, London, United Kingdom<br /><strong>Peter de Vries</strong>, Amsterdam, The Netherlands<br /><strong>Eligius F. Lyamuya</strong>, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<br /><strong>Adamson S. Muula</strong>, Blantyre, Malawi<br /><strong>Ude F. Ezepue</strong>, Lagos, Nigeria<br /><strong>Edwin Michael</strong>, Notre Darme, USA<br /><strong>Paul E. Simonsen</strong>, Copenhagen, Denmark<br /><strong>Janusz Paweska</strong>, South Africa<br /><strong>Wolfgang R. Mukabana</strong>, Nairobi, Kenya</p>
<p> </p>Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see <a href="http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs">Open Journal Systems</a>).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. <a href="http://lockss.org/">More...</a>Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: <p>We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/user/register">Register</a> link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/about/submissions#privacyStatement">Privacy Statement</a> which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.</p>Invalid data type in setData: <div><h3>A. Duties of Reviewers</h3><ul><li><h4>Importance of Peer Reviewing</h4><ul><li>Peer review is an essential part of formal scholarly communication, and lies at the heart of the scientific method. Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and through the editorial communications with the author may also assist the author in improving the paper. Peer Reviewers need to recognize the importance of their role and commit to contributing high quality work to the process of publishing scholarly research.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Promptness</h4><ul><li>Any selected referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a paper, or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse themselves from the review process. If a selected referee agrees to review a paper, they should then adhere to timelines set by the editor.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Confidentiality</h4><ul><li>Any papers received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Standards of Objectivity</h4><ul><li>Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Referees should express their views clearly with supporting arguments.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Study Ethics</h4><ul><li>Reviewers are encouraged to comment on ethical questions and possible research misconduct raised by submissions (e.g. unethical research design, insufficient detail on patient consent or protection of research subjects, including animals).</li></ul></li><li><h4>Acknowledgement of Sources</h4><ul><li>Reviewers are encouraged to be alert to redundant publication and plagiarism. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest</h4><ul><li>Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in a reviewer's own research without the express written consent of the author. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.</li></ul></li></ul></div><div><h3>B. Questions to guide the reviewer in assessment of the paper:</h3>Please provide examples and evidence for responses, do not simply answer yes or no.<ol><li><h4>Topic and content:</h4><ol><li>Is the topic relevant for the journal?</li><li>Is the content important to the field?</li><li>Is the work original? (If not, please give references)</li></ol></li><li><h4>Title:</h4>Does the title reflect the contents of the article?</li><li><h4>Abstract:</h4>To what extent does the abstract reflect aspects of the study: background, objectives, methods, results and conclusions?</li><li><h4>Introduction / Background:</h4>Is the study rationale adequately described?</li><li><h4>Objectives:</h4>Are the study objectives clearly stated and defined?</li><li><h4>Methodology:</h4><ol><li>To what extent is the study design appropriate and adequate for the objectives?</li><li>Is the sample size appropriate and adequately justified?</li><li>Is the sampling technique appropriate and adequately described?</li><li>How well are the methods and instruments of data collection described?</li><li>How well are techniques to minimize bias/errors documented?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Ethical Consideration:</h4>If there are issues related to ethics, are they adequately described? (For human studies, has ethical approval been obtained?)</li><li><h4>Analysis and results:</h4><ol><li>Are the methods adequately described?</li><li>Are the methods of data analysis appropriate?</li><li>Do the results answer the research question?</li><li>Are the results credible?</li><li>Is statistical significance well documented (e.g. as confidence intervals or P-value)?</li><li>Are the findings presented logically with appropriate displays and explanations?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Discussion:</h4><ol><li>How well are the key findings stated?</li><li>To what extent have differences or similarities with other studies been discussed and reasons for these given?</li><li>Are the findings discussed in the light of previous evidence?</li><li>Are the implications of these findings clearly explained?</li><li>Is the interpretation warranted by and sufficiently derived from and focused on the data and results?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Conclusion(s):</h4>Do the results justify the conclusion(s)?</li><li><h4>References:</h4><ol><li>Are the references appropriate and relevant?</li><li>Are they up to date?</li><li>Are there any obvious, important references that should have been included and have not been?</li><li>Do the references follow the recommended style?</li><li>Are there any errors?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Writing:</h4><ol><li>Is the paper clearly written?</li><li>Is the paper presented logically (e.g. correct information in each section, logical flow of arguments)?</li><li>Are there problems with the grammar / spelling / punctuation / language?</li></ol></li></ol></div><div><div>This document was compiled using the following resources all accessed 15 March 2010:<ul><li>BMJ Guidance for Peer Reviewers <a href="http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/reviewers/peer-reviewers-guidance">http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/reviewers/peer-reviewers-guidance</a></li><li>COPE Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors <a href="http://publicationethics.org/files/u2/Best_Practice.pdf">http://publicationethics.org/files/u2/Best_Practice.pdf</a></li><li>Elsevier Ethical Guidelines for Journal Publication <a href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/intro.cws_home/ethical_guidelines">http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/intro.cws_home/ethical_guidelines</a></li><li>FAME Guidelines for Reviewers <a href="http://apps.who.int/tdr/resources/partnerships-networks/pdf/fame_review_form.pdf">http://apps.who.int/tdr/resources/partnerships-networks/pdf/fame_review_form.pdf</a></li></ul></div></div>Invalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: <b>Tanzania</b><br />Institutions: US$ 60 per volume (3 issues)<br />Individuals: US$ 45 per volume (3 issues)<br /><br /><b>Other Developing Countries</b><br />Institutions: US$ 105 per volume (3 issues)<br />Individuals: US$ 90 per volume (3 issues)<br /><br /><b>Developed Countries</b><br />Institutions: US$ 282 per volume (3 issues)<br />Individuals: US$ 240 per volume (3 issues)Invalid data type in setData: support@ajol.infoInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: <p>The names and email addresses entered here will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of AJOL. We take your privacy seriously and we protect your personal information, which will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party without your permission, or unless legal obligation compels us to do so.</p>Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania J Hlth ResInvalid data type in setData: <h3>Sponsoring Organizations</h3>
<p>The Tanzania's National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) publishes the Tanzanian Journal of Health Research</p>
<h3>Publication Scheduling</h3>
<p>Published quarterly in January, April, July and October</p>
<h3>General</h3>
<p>The Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) is a no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb. It is published four times yearly (January, April, July, and October) by the National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania.</p>
<p>TJHR publishes articles from various disciplines, including primary and biomedical sciences, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, clinical sciences, health economics and health policy, operations research and implementation sciences, and social sciences and humanities. It aims to advance health sciences by publishing high-quality research and review articles communicating new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. </p>
<p>TJHR accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared following the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press. The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/index.html">http://www.icmje.org/index.html</a>. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals, whether regarding the text, tables or figures, is prohibited in their totality or part.</p>
<p>TJHR encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged.</p>
<p>Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration following the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</p>
<p>Manuscripts must be submitted online using the following URL: <a href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login">http://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb<strong>/</strong>login</a></p>
<p>For further information, don't hesitate to contact us at <a href="mailto:tjhr@nimr.or.tz">tjhr@nimr.or.tz</a>.</p>
<p> </p>Invalid data type in setData: tjhrInvalid data type in setData: <p><em>Tanzania</em><em> Journal of Health Research</em> (<em>TJHR</em>) aims to facilitate the advance of health sciences by publishing high quality research and review articles that communicate new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. TJHR is a peer reviewed journal and is open to contributions from both the national and the international communities.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>TJHR</em> is published quarterly in January, April, July and October as an organ of the Tanzania Health Research User’s Trust Fund</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Other websites associated with this journal: <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/toc?id=th">http://www.bioline.org.br/toc?id=th</a></p>Invalid data type in setData: <p><strong>The <em>Tanzania Journal of Health Research</em> (TJHR</strong>) accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.</p>
<p>TJHR does not set explicit limits on the length of papers submitted but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</p>
<p><strong>CATEGORIES OF ARTICLES</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong> Original research articles:</strong> Research articles that make a substantial, original contribution to research, practice or policy in any biomedical, socio-behavioural, structural or health research areas. Research articles are contributions that have the purpose of publication of original unpublished research which may be reproduced and generalised. They should be between 3000 and 6000 words, excluding tables, figures and references. The original research article should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</li>
<li><strong>Short communications: </strong>Short communications are intended to provide preliminary research results or unpublished hypotheses of public health relevance. Short communications may contain an abstract and can be organized either along the lines of a regular manuscript or without subdivisions. The accompanying abstract should not exceed 200 words. Authors may also consider combining the results and discussion sections. They should be up to 2500 words and include a table or figure, preferably not more than five references.</li>
<li><strong> Letters to the Editor</strong>: These include letters which seek to discuss recent articles published in <em>TJHR</em> or report on original research or significant findings. They should not exceed 600 words and 5 references.</li>
<li><strong> Reviews:</strong> <em>TJHR</em> welcomes review papers relating to biomedical and health research themes. The review should emphasize the implication of reviewed literature for future practical application and policy implications. A review paper should not exceed 6000 words.</li>
<li><strong>Clinical studies: </strong><em>TJHR</em> supports the registration of trials as an important initiative to improve the reporting of clinical studies. Trial registers that currently meet all of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and World Health Organization requirements can be found at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/faq.pdf">http://www.icmje.org/faq.pdf</a></li>
<li><strong> Case reports: </strong>TJHR accepts highly informative cases illustrated with a single table or up to two images [figure may have x 2 illustrations labelled (a) and (b)]. Articles submitted as case reports should be no more than 1500 words and a maximum of six references</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Preparing a manuscript</strong>: Manuscripts for publication in <strong><em>the Tanzania Journal of Health Research</em> </strong>should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/index.html">http://www.icmje.org/index.html</a>. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals whether in regards to the text, tables or figures, whether in their totality or part, is prohibited. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion as described in detail below:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>T</strong><strong>itle</strong>: It should be short; omit phrases such as “Investigation on…’ “Preliminary report of …’; numbered series articles followed by a subtitle are not allowed. Taxonomic affiliation and authority should be given in the abstract, or the keywords, but not in the Title. Full addresses should appear under the names of the author(s); in addition, the title page should contain the name and address of the person to whom the proofs should be sent. If the author’s address has changed, his full present address should also appear on the title page. A short list of terms suitable for indexing should be included.</li>
<li><strong>Abstract</strong>: A summary of your research paper.</li>
<li><strong>Introduction</strong>: It should be short, defining the problem studied, stating its importance and highlighting the present gaps in knowledge. The introduction serves multiple purposes. It presents the background to your study, introduces your topic and aims, and gives an overview of the paper, should also cite what is already known about the study. The number of citations should be limited.</li>
<li><strong>Materials and methods</strong>: All information must be given so that it is quite clear how the experiments were done: any interested colleague should be able to verify the experiments from this information. However, details about already commonly used methods and materials must be omitted. Information about the origin of the source materials is necessary.</li>
<li><strong>Results</strong>: This section should be limited to the description of the findings achieved with no inclusion of interpretation. The results are usually presented in tables and figures, and the text must provide a clear explanation of this information. Tables and figures should be limited to a total of 5 and it is recommended that they include only essential data. Tables and figures should only be used for substantial amounts of data, otherwise, the information should be inserted in the text. Avoid repeating data from tables and figures in the text as much as possible. Numerals are always used with abbreviated units (e.g. 3 mm<sup>2,</sup> not three mm<sup>2</sup>). In all other cases, whole numbers above 10, fractions and decimals should be expressed as numerals, and whole numbers between 1 and 10 are to be spelt out in full. All units are to conform to the standards of the International System (S.I).</li>
<li><strong>Discussion</strong>: It should include the limitation of the study, a comparison with the available literature, the interpretation of the authors, concluding. The findings should be discussed about what is already known, and indications of the course for further research may be provided. Scientific as well as policy implications of the major findings may be mentioned. Within space limitations, the author has some freedom to express his own opinion, even if editors or referees differ from him.</li>
<li><strong>References</strong>:
<ol>
<li>For citations in the text: use name and year system; e.g. (Magesa, 1998); for two authors, use the ampersand (&amp;); e.g. (Ijumba &amp; Kitua, 2004); for more than two authors, use <em>et al., </em>g. (Lusingu <em>et al.,</em> 2004). If referring to personal communication use initials e.g. (B.K. Mayala, per comm.). For unpublished results, use unpubl., e.g. (M. Urassa, unpubl). The latter two categories, however, cannot be put on the reference list.</li>
<li>For citations in the reference section: list each reference alphabetically on the first author’s last name; if a single author has more than one contribution, list each chronologically; in cases of more than one author, list each reference alphabetically on 2<sup>nd</sup>, the 3<sup>rd</sup>, etc. author’s names.  Publications in preparation or submitted can only appear in the reference list if they have been accepted for publication, mentioning the year of publication and volume of the journal with the reference note ‘in press’ added. Journal titles should be given in full.</li>
<li>Include a list of all references cited at the end of the article, in the order in which they were mentioned in the text. References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Identify references in text, tables, and legends by Arabic numerals in superscript.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Submission of the Manuscript: </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Please submit your paper through our online submission using the following URL: <a href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login">https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login</a>. After creating an account, the online system will ask you to enter information about your paper, such as the title, abstract, and author names. Then you will be instructed to upload your title page, paper, and any accompanying figures, tables, photos, and supplementary materials.</li>
<li>Please upload the main paper with references as either a Microsoft Word document (DOC, DOCX) or in rich text format (RTF).  It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure the good quality of tables, figures, tables and any other images in the published article.</li>
<li>The resolution of photos should be approximately 300 dpi (dots per inch), and line or halftone figures and illustrations should be approximately 600 dpi. If you submit photographs with identifiable people you must also submit a form to grant permission to TJHR to use those images before final publication.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Conflict of Interest: </strong>All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. The online submission system will ask you, however, to declare any competing interests for all authors, based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”</p>
<p><strong>Submission fee: </strong>TJHR does not charge any fees to authors to submit or publish articles in our journal.</p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>Contact: </strong>For further information, please contact the editors at <a href="mailto:tjhr@nimr.or.tz">tjhr@nimr.or.tz</a></p>
<p> </p>Invalid data type in setData: <p>Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/about">About the Journal</a> page for the journal's section policies, as well as the <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">Author Guidelines</a>. Authors need to <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/user/register">register</a> with the journal before submitting, or if already registered can simply <a href="https://www.ajol.info/index/login">log in</a> and begin the 5-step process.</p>Invalid data type in setData: National Institute for Medical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: <p>Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the Tanzania Journal of Health Research.</p>Invalid data type in setData: <p>Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) was established 1997 as Tanzania Health Research Bulletin. It is a peer-reviewed journal open to national and international community contributions. By adopting an Open Access policy, the Journal enables the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research findings. The National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania publishes it four times yearly (January, April, July, and October).</p>
<p>TJHR publishes original articles that cover issues related to epidemiology and public health. These include, but are not limited to, social determinants of health, the structural, biomedical, environmental, behavioural, and occupational correlates of health and diseases, and the impact of health policies, practices, and interventions on the community.</p>
<p>It accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, TJHR refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.</p>
<p>TJHR is committed to information sharing and transparency with a mission of promoting the Essential National Health Research Initiative in Tanzania and particular demand-driven health research. The journal targets readers interested in health research issues, non-specialist scientists, policy and decision-makers, and the general public. TJHR receives articles on various areas. Among these are Global health and human rights, environmental health, public health informatics, chronic disease epidemiology, social determinants of health, dental public health, digital health, occupational health, mental health, epidemiology, maternal and child health, health policies, systems and management, biostatistics and methods, health economics and outcomes research, health behaviour, health promotion and communication.</p>
<p>TJHR does not limit the length of papers submitted explicitly but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</p>
<p><strong>Peer-reviewers Policy</strong></p>
<p>Once manuscripts have been submitted to the TJHR, they undergo internal screening by the journal editorial team. Manuscripts meeting submission criteria and standards are thereafter assigned to three peer reviewers who are given a maximum of three weeks to undertake the review and submit reviewers’ comments.</p>
<p>Authors are henceforth allocated a maximum of fourteen days to respond to reviewers' comments. However, Such an allocated time may be extended upon substantive request from the authors. This turnaround time can be extended upon request from reviewers/authors. The Editor-in-Chief reviews the author's responses to ensure that the author has adequately responded to all comments raised by peer reviewers. Reviewers are then informed of the status of the manuscripts they have reviewed.</p>
<p><strong>Special issues</strong></p>
<p>All articles submitted are peer-reviewed in line with the journal’s standard peer-review policy and are subject to all of the journal’s standard editorial and publishing policies. This includes the journal’s policy on competing interests. The Editors declare no competing interests with the submissions they have handled through the peer review.</p>
<p><strong>Editorial Policies: </strong>All manuscripts submitted to the <em>Tanzania Journal of Health Research</em> should adhere to the TJHR format and guidelines</p>
<p><strong>Appeals and complaints: </strong>Authors who wish to appeal a rejection or make a complaint should contact the Editor-In-Chief using the corresponding email address and not otherwise.</p>
<p><strong>Conflict of Interest: </strong>All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. However, the online submission system will ask you to declare any competing interests for all authors based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”</p>
<p><strong>Benefits of publishing with TJHR: </strong><em>TJHR's</em> open access policy allows maximum visibility of articles published in the journal as they are available to a broad community. </p>
<p>For further information about publishing in the Tanzania Journal of Health Research, don't hesitate to contact us at <a href="mailto:tjhr@nimr.or.tz">tjhr@nimr.or.tz</a>.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>Invalid data type in setData: <p><strong>EDITOR-IN-CHIEF<br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>Dr William N. Kisinza,</strong><br />The National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre,<br />P. O. Box 81 MUHEZA, Tanzania<br />Tel. (General line): +255 272977611, Tel. (Direct line): +255 27 2977612<br />Fax # : +255 272977610, E-mail: william.kisinza@nimr.or.tz, wnkisinza@gmail.com <strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>MANAGING EDITOR</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,</strong><br />National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, <a href="https://www.moh.go.tz">P.O. Box 9653, 11101 <strong>Dar-es-Salaam.  </strong></a>Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400<br />Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: prince.mutalemwa@nimr.or.tz</p>
<p><strong>DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR</strong></p>
<p><strong>Dr Ruby D Mcharo<br /></strong>National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, <a href="https://www.moh.go.tz">P.O. Box 9653, 11101 Dar-es-Salaam. </a> Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400<br />Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: rmcharo@nimr-mmrc.org<strong><br /></strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>JOURNAL ADMINISTRATION</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr William N. Kisinza,</strong> Editor-In-Chief</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,</strong> Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Ruby Mcharo,</strong> Deputy Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Prof Said Aboud, </strong>Editorial Board Chair</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Mary Mayige, </strong>Editorial Director</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>JOURNAL MANAGEMENT </strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr William N. Kisinza,</strong> Editor-In-Chief</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,</strong> Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Ruby Mcharo,</strong> Deputy Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Mbazi Senkoro, </strong>Associate Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Alphaxard Manjurano, </strong>Associate Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Sokoine Kivuyo, </strong>Associate Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Prof Said Aboud, </strong>Editorial Board Chair</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Mary Mayige, </strong>Editorial Director</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Editorial Board</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Said S Aboud</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Daudi Simba,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Werner Maokola, </span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Ministry of Health, Dodoma</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Blandina Mmbaga,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Mary T Mayige,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Gerry Mshana,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Joseph Otieno,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Stella Mpagama,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Kobong'oto Infectious Disease Hospital, Moshi</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Robinson Mdegela,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Sokoine University of Agriculture, Mororogo</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Suzan Rumisha.</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Marceline Finda,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo</span></p>
<p><strong>INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORS</strong><strong><br />Andrew Y. Kitua</strong>, Morogoro, Tanzania<br /><strong>James K. Tumwine, </strong>Kampala, Uganda<br /><strong>Mark Rowland</strong>, London, United Kingdom<br /><strong>Peter de Vries</strong>, Amsterdam, The Netherlands<br /><strong>Eligius F. Lyamuya</strong>, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<br /><strong>Adamson S. Muula</strong>, Blantyre, Malawi<br /><strong>Ude F. Ezepue</strong>, Lagos, Nigeria<br /><strong>Edwin Michael</strong>, Notre Darme, USA<br /><strong>Paul E. Simonsen</strong>, Copenhagen, Denmark<br /><strong>Janusz Paweska</strong>, South Africa<br /><strong>Wolfgang R. Mukabana</strong>, Nairobi, Kenya</p>
<p> </p>Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see <a href="http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs">Open Journal Systems</a>).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. <a href="http://lockss.org/">More...</a>Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: <p>We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/user/register">Register</a> link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/about/submissions#privacyStatement">Privacy Statement</a> which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.</p>Invalid data type in setData: <div><h3>A. Duties of Reviewers</h3><ul><li><h4>Importance of Peer Reviewing</h4><ul><li>Peer review is an essential part of formal scholarly communication, and lies at the heart of the scientific method. Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and through the editorial communications with the author may also assist the author in improving the paper. Peer Reviewers need to recognize the importance of their role and commit to contributing high quality work to the process of publishing scholarly research.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Promptness</h4><ul><li>Any selected referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a paper, or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse themselves from the review process. If a selected referee agrees to review a paper, they should then adhere to timelines set by the editor.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Confidentiality</h4><ul><li>Any papers received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Standards of Objectivity</h4><ul><li>Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Referees should express their views clearly with supporting arguments.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Study Ethics</h4><ul><li>Reviewers are encouraged to comment on ethical questions and possible research misconduct raised by submissions (e.g. unethical research design, insufficient detail on patient consent or protection of research subjects, including animals).</li></ul></li><li><h4>Acknowledgement of Sources</h4><ul><li>Reviewers are encouraged to be alert to redundant publication and plagiarism. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest</h4><ul><li>Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in a reviewer's own research without the express written consent of the author. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.</li></ul></li></ul></div><div><h3>B. Questions to guide the reviewer in assessment of the paper:</h3>Please provide examples and evidence for responses, do not simply answer yes or no.<ol><li><h4>Topic and content:</h4><ol><li>Is the topic relevant for the journal?</li><li>Is the content important to the field?</li><li>Is the work original? (If not, please give references)</li></ol></li><li><h4>Title:</h4>Does the title reflect the contents of the article?</li><li><h4>Abstract:</h4>To what extent does the abstract reflect aspects of the study: background, objectives, methods, results and conclusions?</li><li><h4>Introduction / Background:</h4>Is the study rationale adequately described?</li><li><h4>Objectives:</h4>Are the study objectives clearly stated and defined?</li><li><h4>Methodology:</h4><ol><li>To what extent is the study design appropriate and adequate for the objectives?</li><li>Is the sample size appropriate and adequately justified?</li><li>Is the sampling technique appropriate and adequately described?</li><li>How well are the methods and instruments of data collection described?</li><li>How well are techniques to minimize bias/errors documented?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Ethical Consideration:</h4>If there are issues related to ethics, are they adequately described? (For human studies, has ethical approval been obtained?)</li><li><h4>Analysis and results:</h4><ol><li>Are the methods adequately described?</li><li>Are the methods of data analysis appropriate?</li><li>Do the results answer the research question?</li><li>Are the results credible?</li><li>Is statistical significance well documented (e.g. as confidence intervals or P-value)?</li><li>Are the findings presented logically with appropriate displays and explanations?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Discussion:</h4><ol><li>How well are the key findings stated?</li><li>To what extent have differences or similarities with other studies been discussed and reasons for these given?</li><li>Are the findings discussed in the light of previous evidence?</li><li>Are the implications of these findings clearly explained?</li><li>Is the interpretation warranted by and sufficiently derived from and focused on the data and results?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Conclusion(s):</h4>Do the results justify the conclusion(s)?</li><li><h4>References:</h4><ol><li>Are the references appropriate and relevant?</li><li>Are they up to date?</li><li>Are there any obvious, important references that should have been included and have not been?</li><li>Do the references follow the recommended style?</li><li>Are there any errors?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Writing:</h4><ol><li>Is the paper clearly written?</li><li>Is the paper presented logically (e.g. correct information in each section, logical flow of arguments)?</li><li>Are there problems with the grammar / spelling / punctuation / language?</li></ol></li></ol></div><div><div>This document was compiled using the following resources all accessed 15 March 2010:<ul><li>BMJ Guidance for Peer Reviewers <a href="http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/reviewers/peer-reviewers-guidance">http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/reviewers/peer-reviewers-guidance</a></li><li>COPE Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors <a href="http://publicationethics.org/files/u2/Best_Practice.pdf">http://publicationethics.org/files/u2/Best_Practice.pdf</a></li><li>Elsevier Ethical Guidelines for Journal Publication <a href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/intro.cws_home/ethical_guidelines">http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/intro.cws_home/ethical_guidelines</a></li><li>FAME Guidelines for Reviewers <a href="http://apps.who.int/tdr/resources/partnerships-networks/pdf/fame_review_form.pdf">http://apps.who.int/tdr/resources/partnerships-networks/pdf/fame_review_form.pdf</a></li></ul></div></div>Invalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: <b>Tanzania</b><br />Institutions: US$ 60 per volume (3 issues)<br />Individuals: US$ 45 per volume (3 issues)<br /><br /><b>Other Developing Countries</b><br />Institutions: US$ 105 per volume (3 issues)<br />Individuals: US$ 90 per volume (3 issues)<br /><br /><b>Developed Countries</b><br />Institutions: US$ 282 per volume (3 issues)<br />Individuals: US$ 240 per volume (3 issues)Invalid data type in setData: AJOLInvalid data type in setData: <h2>Welcome to African Journals Online (AJOL)!</h2>
<p>Researchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change &amp; under-development.</p>
<h3><strong>AJOL</strong>, the indexing platform of quality African-published scholarly journals, is a Non-Profit Organisation that (since 1998) works to increase global &amp; continental online access, awareness, quality &amp; use of African-published, peer-reviewed research.</h3>Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about">About the Journal</a> page for the journal's section policies, as well as the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">Author Guidelines</a>. Authors need to <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/user/register">register</a> with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply <a href="http://www.ajol.info/index/login">log in</a> and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnLineInvalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see <a href="http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs">Open Journal Systems</a>).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. <a href="http://lockss.org/">More...</a>Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: <p style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="mailto:info@ajol.info">info@ajol.info</a> <br /><br />CC-BY-SA African Journals Online (AJOL), with the exception of 3rd party content (3rd party content includes <em>inter alia</em> all journal content accessible on or via AJOL. Re-use or sharing of AJOL-hosted journal abstracts and full text articles is not nor has ever been legally permitted unless the journal/s' and/or article/s' displayed copyright and/or license explicitly permits it, or without specific written direct permission from journal/s and/or their publishing entity/ies and/or article author/s if the author/s hold copyright) <br /><br />African Journals Online (RF) S.A. Non Profit Company (NPC) Registration Number: 2005/033363/08</p>
Invalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/user/register">Register</a> link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about/submissions#privacyStatement">Privacy Statement</a> which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.Invalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania J Hlth ResInvalid data type in setData: <h3>Sponsoring Organizations</h3>
<p>The Tanzania's National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) publishes the Tanzanian Journal of Health Research</p>
<h3>Publication Scheduling</h3>
<p>Published quarterly in January, April, July and October</p>
<h3>General</h3>
<p>The Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) is a no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb. It is published four times yearly (January, April, July, and October) by the National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania.</p>
<p>TJHR publishes articles from various disciplines, including primary and biomedical sciences, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, clinical sciences, health economics and health policy, operations research and implementation sciences, and social sciences and humanities. It aims to advance health sciences by publishing high-quality research and review articles communicating new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. </p>
<p>TJHR accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared following the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press. The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/index.html">http://www.icmje.org/index.html</a>. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals, whether regarding the text, tables or figures, is prohibited in their totality or part.</p>
<p>TJHR encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged.</p>
<p>Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration following the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</p>
<p>Manuscripts must be submitted online using the following URL: <a href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login">http://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb<strong>/</strong>login</a></p>
<p>For further information, don't hesitate to contact us at <a href="mailto:tjhr@nimr.or.tz">tjhr@nimr.or.tz</a>.</p>
<p> </p>Invalid data type in setData: tjhrInvalid data type in setData: <p><em>Tanzania</em><em> Journal of Health Research</em> (<em>TJHR</em>) aims to facilitate the advance of health sciences by publishing high quality research and review articles that communicate new ideas and developments in biomedical and health research. TJHR is a peer reviewed journal and is open to contributions from both the national and the international communities.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>TJHR</em> is published quarterly in January, April, July and October as an organ of the Tanzania Health Research User’s Trust Fund</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Other websites associated with this journal: <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/toc?id=th">http://www.bioline.org.br/toc?id=th</a></p>Invalid data type in setData: <p><strong>The <em>Tanzania Journal of Health Research</em> (TJHR</strong>) accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, EAHRJ refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.</p>
<p>TJHR does not set explicit limits on the length of papers submitted but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</p>
<p><strong>CATEGORIES OF ARTICLES</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong> Original research articles:</strong> Research articles that make a substantial, original contribution to research, practice or policy in any biomedical, socio-behavioural, structural or health research areas. Research articles are contributions that have the purpose of publication of original unpublished research which may be reproduced and generalised. They should be between 3000 and 6000 words, excluding tables, figures and references. The original research article should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</li>
<li><strong>Short communications: </strong>Short communications are intended to provide preliminary research results or unpublished hypotheses of public health relevance. Short communications may contain an abstract and can be organized either along the lines of a regular manuscript or without subdivisions. The accompanying abstract should not exceed 200 words. Authors may also consider combining the results and discussion sections. They should be up to 2500 words and include a table or figure, preferably not more than five references.</li>
<li><strong> Letters to the Editor</strong>: These include letters which seek to discuss recent articles published in <em>TJHR</em> or report on original research or significant findings. They should not exceed 600 words and 5 references.</li>
<li><strong> Reviews:</strong> <em>TJHR</em> welcomes review papers relating to biomedical and health research themes. The review should emphasize the implication of reviewed literature for future practical application and policy implications. A review paper should not exceed 6000 words.</li>
<li><strong>Clinical studies: </strong><em>TJHR</em> supports the registration of trials as an important initiative to improve the reporting of clinical studies. Trial registers that currently meet all of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and World Health Organization requirements can be found at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/faq.pdf">http://www.icmje.org/faq.pdf</a></li>
<li><strong> Case reports: </strong>TJHR accepts highly informative cases illustrated with a single table or up to two images [figure may have x 2 illustrations labelled (a) and (b)]. Articles submitted as case reports should be no more than 1500 words and a maximum of six references</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Preparing a manuscript</strong>: Manuscripts for publication in <strong><em>the Tanzania Journal of Health Research</em> </strong>should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). The complete document, updated October 2001, is available at <a href="http://www.icmje.org/index.html">http://www.icmje.org/index.html</a>. The manuscripts should be addressed exclusively to the TJHR. Their simultaneous presentation to other journals whether in regards to the text, tables or figures, whether in their totality or part, is prohibited. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion as described in detail below:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>T</strong><strong>itle</strong>: It should be short; omit phrases such as “Investigation on…’ “Preliminary report of …’; numbered series articles followed by a subtitle are not allowed. Taxonomic affiliation and authority should be given in the abstract, or the keywords, but not in the Title. Full addresses should appear under the names of the author(s); in addition, the title page should contain the name and address of the person to whom the proofs should be sent. If the author’s address has changed, his full present address should also appear on the title page. A short list of terms suitable for indexing should be included.</li>
<li><strong>Abstract</strong>: A summary of your research paper.</li>
<li><strong>Introduction</strong>: It should be short, defining the problem studied, stating its importance and highlighting the present gaps in knowledge. The introduction serves multiple purposes. It presents the background to your study, introduces your topic and aims, and gives an overview of the paper, should also cite what is already known about the study. The number of citations should be limited.</li>
<li><strong>Materials and methods</strong>: All information must be given so that it is quite clear how the experiments were done: any interested colleague should be able to verify the experiments from this information. However, details about already commonly used methods and materials must be omitted. Information about the origin of the source materials is necessary.</li>
<li><strong>Results</strong>: This section should be limited to the description of the findings achieved with no inclusion of interpretation. The results are usually presented in tables and figures, and the text must provide a clear explanation of this information. Tables and figures should be limited to a total of 5 and it is recommended that they include only essential data. Tables and figures should only be used for substantial amounts of data, otherwise, the information should be inserted in the text. Avoid repeating data from tables and figures in the text as much as possible. Numerals are always used with abbreviated units (e.g. 3 mm<sup>2,</sup> not three mm<sup>2</sup>). In all other cases, whole numbers above 10, fractions and decimals should be expressed as numerals, and whole numbers between 1 and 10 are to be spelt out in full. All units are to conform to the standards of the International System (S.I).</li>
<li><strong>Discussion</strong>: It should include the limitation of the study, a comparison with the available literature, the interpretation of the authors, concluding. The findings should be discussed about what is already known, and indications of the course for further research may be provided. Scientific as well as policy implications of the major findings may be mentioned. Within space limitations, the author has some freedom to express his own opinion, even if editors or referees differ from him.</li>
<li><strong>References</strong>:
<ol>
<li>For citations in the text: use name and year system; e.g. (Magesa, 1998); for two authors, use the ampersand (&amp;); e.g. (Ijumba &amp; Kitua, 2004); for more than two authors, use <em>et al., </em>g. (Lusingu <em>et al.,</em> 2004). If referring to personal communication use initials e.g. (B.K. Mayala, per comm.). For unpublished results, use unpubl., e.g. (M. Urassa, unpubl). The latter two categories, however, cannot be put on the reference list.</li>
<li>For citations in the reference section: list each reference alphabetically on the first author’s last name; if a single author has more than one contribution, list each chronologically; in cases of more than one author, list each reference alphabetically on 2<sup>nd</sup>, the 3<sup>rd</sup>, etc. author’s names.  Publications in preparation or submitted can only appear in the reference list if they have been accepted for publication, mentioning the year of publication and volume of the journal with the reference note ‘in press’ added. Journal titles should be given in full.</li>
<li>Include a list of all references cited at the end of the article, in the order in which they were mentioned in the text. References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Identify references in text, tables, and legends by Arabic numerals in superscript.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Submission of the Manuscript: </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Please submit your paper through our online submission using the following URL: <a href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login">https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/login</a>. After creating an account, the online system will ask you to enter information about your paper, such as the title, abstract, and author names. Then you will be instructed to upload your title page, paper, and any accompanying figures, tables, photos, and supplementary materials.</li>
<li>Please upload the main paper with references as either a Microsoft Word document (DOC, DOCX) or in rich text format (RTF).  It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure the good quality of tables, figures, tables and any other images in the published article.</li>
<li>The resolution of photos should be approximately 300 dpi (dots per inch), and line or halftone figures and illustrations should be approximately 600 dpi. If you submit photographs with identifiable people you must also submit a form to grant permission to TJHR to use those images before final publication.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Conflict of Interest: </strong>All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. The online submission system will ask you, however, to declare any competing interests for all authors, based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”</p>
<p><strong>Submission fee: </strong>TJHR does not charge any fees to authors to submit or publish articles in our journal.</p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>Contact: </strong>For further information, please contact the editors at <a href="mailto:tjhr@nimr.or.tz">tjhr@nimr.or.tz</a></p>
<p> </p>Invalid data type in setData: <p>Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/about">About the Journal</a> page for the journal's section policies, as well as the <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">Author Guidelines</a>. Authors need to <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/user/register">register</a> with the journal before submitting, or if already registered can simply <a href="https://www.ajol.info/index/login">log in</a> and begin the 5-step process.</p>Invalid data type in setData: National Institute for Medical ResearchInvalid data type in setData: <p>Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the Tanzania Journal of Health Research.</p>Invalid data type in setData: <p>Tanzania Journal of Health Research (TJHR) was established 1997 as Tanzania Health Research Bulletin. It is a peer-reviewed journal open to national and international community contributions. By adopting an Open Access policy, the Journal enables the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research findings. The National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania publishes it four times yearly (January, April, July, and October).</p>
<p>TJHR publishes original articles that cover issues related to epidemiology and public health. These include, but are not limited to, social determinants of health, the structural, biomedical, environmental, behavioural, and occupational correlates of health and diseases, and the impact of health policies, practices, and interventions on the community.</p>
<p>It accepts articles written in English; spelling should be based on British English. Manuscripts should be prepared by the fifth edition of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the Vancouver Group (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE). For additional details not covered in the ICMJE Recommendations, TJHR refers to the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (10th edition), published by the American Medical Association and Oxford University Press.</p>
<p>TJHR is committed to information sharing and transparency with a mission of promoting the Essential National Health Research Initiative in Tanzania and particular demand-driven health research. The journal targets readers interested in health research issues, non-specialist scientists, policy and decision-makers, and the general public. TJHR receives articles on various areas. Among these are Global health and human rights, environmental health, public health informatics, chronic disease epidemiology, social determinants of health, dental public health, digital health, occupational health, mental health, epidemiology, maternal and child health, health policies, systems and management, biostatistics and methods, health economics and outcomes research, health behaviour, health promotion and communication.</p>
<p>TJHR does not limit the length of papers submitted explicitly but encourages authors to be concise to reach our audience effectively. In some cases, providing more detail in appendices may be appropriate. Formatting approaches such as subheadings, lists, tables, figures, and highlighting key concepts are highly encouraged. Summaries and single-sentence tag lines or headlines— abstracted sentences containing keywords that convey the essential messages—are also standard. The authors must sign and submit a declaration of the copyright agreement. Original scientific articles should follow the conventional structure: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion.</p>
<p><strong>Peer-reviewers Policy</strong></p>
<p>Once manuscripts have been submitted to the TJHR, they undergo internal screening by the journal editorial team. Manuscripts meeting submission criteria and standards are thereafter assigned to three peer reviewers who are given a maximum of three weeks to undertake the review and submit reviewers’ comments.</p>
<p>Authors are henceforth allocated a maximum of fourteen days to respond to reviewers' comments. However, Such an allocated time may be extended upon substantive request from the authors. This turnaround time can be extended upon request from reviewers/authors. The Editor-in-Chief reviews the author's responses to ensure that the author has adequately responded to all comments raised by peer reviewers. Reviewers are then informed of the status of the manuscripts they have reviewed.</p>
<p><strong>Special issues</strong></p>
<p>All articles submitted are peer-reviewed in line with the journal’s standard peer-review policy and are subject to all of the journal’s standard editorial and publishing policies. This includes the journal’s policy on competing interests. The Editors declare no competing interests with the submissions they have handled through the peer review.</p>
<p><strong>Editorial Policies: </strong>All manuscripts submitted to the <em>Tanzania Journal of Health Research</em> should adhere to the TJHR format and guidelines</p>
<p><strong>Appeals and complaints: </strong>Authors who wish to appeal a rejection or make a complaint should contact the Editor-In-Chief using the corresponding email address and not otherwise.</p>
<p><strong>Conflict of Interest: </strong>All authors must complete the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. You do not need to submit the forms to the Journal. Instead, the corresponding author should keep the forms on file if a question arises about competing interests related to your submission. However, the online submission system will ask you to declare any competing interests for all authors based on the ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form. If there are no competing interests, please indicate, “None declared.”</p>
<p><strong>Benefits of publishing with TJHR: </strong><em>TJHR's</em> open access policy allows maximum visibility of articles published in the journal as they are available to a broad community. </p>
<p>For further information about publishing in the Tanzania Journal of Health Research, don't hesitate to contact us at <a href="mailto:tjhr@nimr.or.tz">tjhr@nimr.or.tz</a>.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>Invalid data type in setData: <p><strong>EDITOR-IN-CHIEF<br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>Dr William N. Kisinza,</strong><br />The National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre,<br />P. O. Box 81 MUHEZA, Tanzania<br />Tel. (General line): +255 272977611, Tel. (Direct line): +255 27 2977612<br />Fax # : +255 272977610, E-mail: william.kisinza@nimr.or.tz, wnkisinza@gmail.com <strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>MANAGING EDITOR</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,</strong><br />National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, <a href="https://www.moh.go.tz">P.O. Box 9653, 11101 <strong>Dar-es-Salaam.  </strong></a>Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400<br />Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: prince.mutalemwa@nimr.or.tz</p>
<p><strong>DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR</strong></p>
<p><strong>Dr Ruby D Mcharo<br /></strong>National Institute for Medical Research, 3 Barack Obama Drive, <a href="https://www.moh.go.tz">P.O. Box 9653, 11101 Dar-es-Salaam. </a> Tel (Off): +255 22 2121400<br />Fax (Off): +255 22 2121360, Email: rmcharo@nimr-mmrc.org<strong><br /></strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>JOURNAL ADMINISTRATION</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr William N. Kisinza,</strong> Editor-In-Chief</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,</strong> Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Ruby Mcharo,</strong> Deputy Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Prof Said Aboud, </strong>Editorial Board Chair</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Mary Mayige, </strong>Editorial Director</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>JOURNAL MANAGEMENT </strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr William N. Kisinza,</strong> Editor-In-Chief</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Mr Prince Pius Mutalemwa,</strong> Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Ruby Mcharo,</strong> Deputy Managing Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Mbazi Senkoro, </strong>Associate Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Alphaxard Manjurano, </strong>Associate Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Sokoine Kivuyo, </strong>Associate Editor</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Prof Said Aboud, </strong>Editorial Board Chair</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong>Dr Mary Mayige, </strong>Editorial Director</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Editorial Board</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Said S Aboud</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Daudi Simba,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Werner Maokola, </span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Ministry of Health, Dodoma</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Blandina Mmbaga,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Mary T Mayige,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Gerry Mshana,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Joseph Otieno,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Stella Mpagama,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Kobong'oto Infectious Disease Hospital, Moshi</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Robinson Mdegela,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Sokoine University of Agriculture, Mororogo</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Suzan Rumisha.</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Marceline Finda,</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo</span></p>
<p><strong>INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORS</strong><strong><br />Andrew Y. Kitua</strong>, Morogoro, Tanzania<br /><strong>James K. Tumwine, </strong>Kampala, Uganda<br /><strong>Mark Rowland</strong>, London, United Kingdom<br /><strong>Peter de Vries</strong>, Amsterdam, The Netherlands<br /><strong>Eligius F. Lyamuya</strong>, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<br /><strong>Adamson S. Muula</strong>, Blantyre, Malawi<br /><strong>Ude F. Ezepue</strong>, Lagos, Nigeria<br /><strong>Edwin Michael</strong>, Notre Darme, USA<br /><strong>Paul E. Simonsen</strong>, Copenhagen, Denmark<br /><strong>Janusz Paweska</strong>, South Africa<br /><strong>Wolfgang R. Mukabana</strong>, Nairobi, Kenya</p>
<p> </p>Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see <a href="http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs">Open Journal Systems</a>).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. <a href="http://lockss.org/">More...</a>Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.Invalid data type in setData: If this paper is accepted for publication, you will be asked to pay an Article Publication Fee to cover publications costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article PublicationInvalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enable you to view, download, and print this article.Invalid data type in setData: Purchase ArticleInvalid data type in setData: <p>We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this journal. Use the <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/user/register">Register</a> link at the top of the homepage for the journal. This registration will result in the reader receiving the Table of Contents by email for each new issue of the journal. This list also allows the journal to claim a certain level of support or readership. See the journal's <a href="https://www.ajol.info/thrb/about/submissions#privacyStatement">Privacy Statement</a> which assures readers that their name and email address will not be used for other purposes.</p>Invalid data type in setData: <div><h3>A. Duties of Reviewers</h3><ul><li><h4>Importance of Peer Reviewing</h4><ul><li>Peer review is an essential part of formal scholarly communication, and lies at the heart of the scientific method. Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and through the editorial communications with the author may also assist the author in improving the paper. Peer Reviewers need to recognize the importance of their role and commit to contributing high quality work to the process of publishing scholarly research.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Promptness</h4><ul><li>Any selected referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a paper, or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse themselves from the review process. If a selected referee agrees to review a paper, they should then adhere to timelines set by the editor.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Confidentiality</h4><ul><li>Any papers received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Standards of Objectivity</h4><ul><li>Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Referees should express their views clearly with supporting arguments.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Study Ethics</h4><ul><li>Reviewers are encouraged to comment on ethical questions and possible research misconduct raised by submissions (e.g. unethical research design, insufficient detail on patient consent or protection of research subjects, including animals).</li></ul></li><li><h4>Acknowledgement of Sources</h4><ul><li>Reviewers are encouraged to be alert to redundant publication and plagiarism. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.</li></ul></li><li><h4>Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest</h4><ul><li>Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in a reviewer's own research without the express written consent of the author. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.</li></ul></li></ul></div><div><h3>B. Questions to guide the reviewer in assessment of the paper:</h3>Please provide examples and evidence for responses, do not simply answer yes or no.<ol><li><h4>Topic and content:</h4><ol><li>Is the topic relevant for the journal?</li><li>Is the content important to the field?</li><li>Is the work original? (If not, please give references)</li></ol></li><li><h4>Title:</h4>Does the title reflect the contents of the article?</li><li><h4>Abstract:</h4>To what extent does the abstract reflect aspects of the study: background, objectives, methods, results and conclusions?</li><li><h4>Introduction / Background:</h4>Is the study rationale adequately described?</li><li><h4>Objectives:</h4>Are the study objectives clearly stated and defined?</li><li><h4>Methodology:</h4><ol><li>To what extent is the study design appropriate and adequate for the objectives?</li><li>Is the sample size appropriate and adequately justified?</li><li>Is the sampling technique appropriate and adequately described?</li><li>How well are the methods and instruments of data collection described?</li><li>How well are techniques to minimize bias/errors documented?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Ethical Consideration:</h4>If there are issues related to ethics, are they adequately described? (For human studies, has ethical approval been obtained?)</li><li><h4>Analysis and results:</h4><ol><li>Are the methods adequately described?</li><li>Are the methods of data analysis appropriate?</li><li>Do the results answer the research question?</li><li>Are the results credible?</li><li>Is statistical significance well documented (e.g. as confidence intervals or P-value)?</li><li>Are the findings presented logically with appropriate displays and explanations?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Discussion:</h4><ol><li>How well are the key findings stated?</li><li>To what extent have differences or similarities with other studies been discussed and reasons for these given?</li><li>Are the findings discussed in the light of previous evidence?</li><li>Are the implications of these findings clearly explained?</li><li>Is the interpretation warranted by and sufficiently derived from and focused on the data and results?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Conclusion(s):</h4>Do the results justify the conclusion(s)?</li><li><h4>References:</h4><ol><li>Are the references appropriate and relevant?</li><li>Are they up to date?</li><li>Are there any obvious, important references that should have been included and have not been?</li><li>Do the references follow the recommended style?</li><li>Are there any errors?</li></ol></li><li><h4>Writing:</h4><ol><li>Is the paper clearly written?</li><li>Is the paper presented logically (e.g. correct information in each section, logical flow of arguments)?</li><li>Are there problems with the grammar / spelling / punctuation / language?</li></ol></li></ol></div><div><div>This document was compiled using the following resources all accessed 15 March 2010:<ul><li>BMJ Guidance for Peer Reviewers <a href="http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/reviewers/peer-reviewers-guidance">http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/reviewers/peer-reviewers-guidance</a></li><li>COPE Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors <a href="http://publicationethics.org/files/u2/Best_Practice.pdf">http://publicationethics.org/files/u2/Best_Practice.pdf</a></li><li>Elsevier Ethical Guidelines for Journal Publication <a href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/intro.cws_home/ethical_guidelines">http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/intro.cws_home/ethical_guidelines</a></li><li>FAME Guidelines for Reviewers <a href="http://apps.who.int/tdr/resources/partnerships-networks/pdf/fame_review_form.pdf">http://apps.who.int/tdr/resources/partnerships-networks/pdf/fame_review_form.pdf</a></li></ul></div></div>Invalid data type in setData: Tanzania Journal of Health ResearchInvalid data type in setData: Authors are required to pay an Article Submission Fee as part of the submission process to contribute to review costs.Invalid data type in setData: Article SubmissionInvalid data type in setData: <b>Tanzania</b><br />Institutions: US$ 60 per volume (3 issues)<br />Individuals: US$ 45 per volume (3 issues)<br /><br /><b>Other Developing Countries</b><br />Institutions: US$ 105 per volume (3 issues)<br />Individuals: US$ 90 per volume (3 issues)<br /><br /><b>Developed Countries</b><br />Institutions: US$ 282 per volume (3 issues)<br />Individuals: US$ 240 per volume (3 issues)Invalid data type in setData: <p><strong>Background:</strong> Infection is an important cause of morbidity in children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). However, little is currently known regarding the spectrum of adaptive immune derangement in SCA, especially of populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we investigated the phenotype and activation status of T and B lymphocytes among children with SCA in Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> We compared 30 children with SCA aged 1–6 years in steady-state with 10 age-matched controls. We assessed white blood cell count, T and B lymphocyte phenotype and activation status using an automated haematology analyser and multiparameter Flow Cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> In children with SCA, the absolute lymphocyte, monocyte and granulocyte counts were all increased. There was also an increase in proportion of central/transitional memory (42.4% <em>vs</em>. 33.3%, p = 0.0100), effector memory (7.8% <em>vs</em>. 5.4%, p = 0.0086) and terminally differentiated (2.3% <em>vs.</em> 1.3%, p = 0.0355) CD4+ T cells as well as effector memory CD8+ T cells (21.3% <em>vs</em>. 11.5%, p = 0.0060) in children with SCA. In contrast, there was no difference in naïve, classical memory, atypical memory and IgM memory B-cells between the two groups. The level of activation of both T and B cells were comparable between children with and without SCA. Furthermore, we observed a significant inverse correlation between frequency of the effector memory CD8+ T cells and haematocrit (Spearman rho = -0.3859, p = 0.0352).</p><p><strong> Conclusions:</strong> Children with SCA in Tanzania show an absolute increase in all leukocyte types, including lymphocytes, with skewing of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells towards the memory phenotypes. These findings provide insights on the development of adaptive immunity which may have implications on vaccine responsiveness, allo-immunisation, auto-immune diseases and transplant immunology in children with SCA.</p>Invalid data type in setData: Increased memory phenotypes of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in children with sickle cell anaemia in TanzaniaInvalid data type in setData: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: BalandyaInvalid data type in setData: EmmanuelInvalid data type in setData: University of California San Francisco (UCSF)Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: ReynoldsInvalid data type in setData: TeriInvalid data type in setData: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: AboudInvalid data type in setData: SaidInvalid data type in setData: University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: ObaroInvalid data type in setData: StephenInvalid data type in setData: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: MakaniInvalid data type in setData: JulieInvalid data type in setData: sickle cell anaemiaInvalid data type in setData: B-cellInvalid data type in setData: T-cellInvalid data type in setData: lymphocyteInvalid data type in setData: phenotypeInvalid data type in setData: activationInvalid data type in setData: TanzaniaInvalid data type in setData: enInvalid data type in setData: US National Institute of HealthInvalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: 0Invalid data type in setData: Invalid data type in setData: AJOLInvalid data type in setData: <h2>Welcome to African Journals Online (AJOL)!</h2>
<p>Researchers and policy-makers need access to contextually-relevant quality research publications from Africa in order to develop solutions to address the continent’s challenges in health, education, climate change &amp; under-development.</p>
<h3><strong>AJOL</strong>, the indexing platform of quality African-published scholarly journals, is a Non-Profit Organisation that (since 1998) works to increase global &amp; continental online access, awareness, quality &amp; use of African-published, peer-reviewed research.</h3>Invalid data type in setData: Interested in submitting to this journal? We recommend that you review the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about">About the Journal</a> page for the journal's section policies, as well as the <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/about/submissions#authorGuidelines">Author Guidelines</a>. Authors need to <a href="http://www.ajol.info/ajol/user/register">register</a> with the journal prior to submitting, or if already registered can simply <a href="http://www.ajol.info/index/login">log in</a> and begin the 5 step process.Invalid data type in setData: African Journals OnLineInvalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: We encourage research librarians to list this journal among their library's electronic journal holdings. As well, it may be worth noting that this journal's open source publishing system is suitable for libraries to host for their faculty members to use with journals they are involved in editing (see <a href="http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs">Open Journal Systems</a>).Invalid data type in setData: Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the journal.Invalid data type in setData: This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. <a href="http://lockss.org/">More...</a>Invalid data type in setData: The payment of this fee will enroll you as a member in this association for one year and provide you with free access to this journal.Invalid data type in setData: Association MembershipInvalid data type in setData: African Journals OnlineInvalid data type in setData: <p style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="mailto:info@ajol.info">info@ajol.info</a> <br /><br />CC-BY-SA African Journals Online (AJOL), with the exception of 3rd party content (3rd party content includes <em>inter alia</em> all journal content accessible on or via AJOL. Re-use or sharing of AJOL-hosted journal abstracts and full text articles is not nor has ever been legally permitted unless the journal/s' and/or article/s' displayed copyright and/or license explicitly permits it, or without specific written direct permission from journal/s and/or their publishing entity/ies and/or article author/s if the author/s hold copyright) <br /><br />African Journals Online (RF) S.A. Non Profit Company (NPC) Registration Number: 2005/033363/08</p>
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