Review on Epigenetic Modification Mechanisms and their Application for the Genetic Improvement of Plants

Abstract

The study of epigenetics is concerned with the changes in gene expression that occur without altering DNA sequences. DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA interference are the major epigenetic mechanisms that play a transgenerational role in organism development. These modifications are dynamic and reversible, which makes them significant to regulating gene expression, growth, and development in plants. DNA methylation emerges as one of the most important molecular mechanism and it has a complex process through the involvement of DNA methyl transferases and ten-eleven translocations (TET). It has a great role in plant stress responses and crop improvement. Histone modification is the second regulatory mechanisms that modulate the chromatin structure and thereby affect various processes, such as gene transcription, DNA replication, DNA recombination, and DNA repair in cells.  It is involved in different plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The exploration of non-coding RNAs brings attention to their roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Small RNA-mediated epigenetic modification is a potential in understanding and manipulating plant gene expression. By understanding these epigenetic mechanisms, researchers can develop innovative strategies to improve crop yield, quality, and stress tolerance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of epigenetic mechanisms in plants and their potential applications in agriculture. By exploring the intricate interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors, we can unlock the full potential of plants to meet the growing global food demand and adapt to changing environmental conditions.