Anaesthesia for scoliosis correction surgery complicated by severe recalcitrant bradycardia upon prone positioning in an adolescent with Prader-Willi syndrome

Abstract

A 13-year-old adolescent presented for correction of an 85-degree  idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. She was known to have Prader-Willi syndrome. Previous general anaesthesia for non-spinal surgery had been uneventful.  On two occasions following uneventful induction and total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) maintenance, she developed severe recalcitrant  bradycardia with hypotension that was resistant to anticholinergics, inotropes and vasopressors upon prone positioning. Immediate resolution occurred upon a return to the supine position. On each occasion, she  emerged from anaesthesia with no untoward sequelae. Cardiac investigations, including echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG),  troponin and creatine kinase-MB fraction levels were all within the normal range, and ventricular function was good. It was necessary to urgently  proceed with the surgery as the scoliosis was progressive, with risks of cardiovascular and respiratory compromise. Additionally, she was  scheduled to recommence growth hormone therapy postoperatively to treat  her growth retardation. Ultimately, she received propofol for induction of anaesthesia and TIVA with propofol and remifentanil infusions for the maintenance of anaesthesia. Post-induction, a transvenous pacing wire was placed under ECG guidance. A transoesphageal probe was inserted and cardiac function monitored throughout the procedure. Upon prone  positioning, she again developed a bradycardia which responded to pacing and surgery was carried out uneventfully. Clinical examination and  extensive investigations had failed to demonstrate any specific underlying cause for her repeated positional arrhythmia. Therefore, we deduced that  the bradycardia was due to a hypervagal response provoked by prone positioning and because of the severity of the scoliosis. We are unaware of reports of such a complication in the literature.

Keywords: anaesthesia, cardiovascular, scoliosis, bradycardia, pacing