Scientia Africana

Characterization and antimicrobial properties of Prosopis africana, Pentaclethra macrophlla, and Erythrophleum suaveolen (Fabaceae) seed extracts and fractions on selected wood pathogens

D O. Ekhuemelo — 2024-12-30

The study investigated antimicrobial properties of extracts and fractions characterized from seeds of three tropical trees species (Prosopis africana, Pentaclethra macrophlla, and Erythrophleum suaveolen). Methanol extracts of P. africana, P. macrophylla, and of E. suaveolens seeds were prepared and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), column chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Results obtained revealed that P. macrophylla fractions contained lupenone in PM35, while a combination of triterpenes and lupeol in PM57 and daucosterol present in PM72 from P. africana. In contrast, E. suaveolens seed fraction EM86 contain Sitosterol/stigmasterol, wax and fatty substances. The extracts were active against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Klebsiella spp test bacteria at zone of inhibition (ZoI) ranged from 18 mm to 20 mm. E. suaveolens methanol seed extract demonstrated notable activity against six fungi viz: Aspergillus nigre, Coniophora puteana, Fusarium sp, Rhizopus spp, and Sclerotium rolfsii, with ZoI values ranging from 16 mm to 20 mm. The results demonstrated varying degrees of antibacterial and fungicidal activities among the extracts against test bacterial and fungal strains. Only P. mycrophylla extract inhibited and killed Aspergillus nigre and Serpula lacrymans at MIC of 2.5 and 5 mg/ml, and MFC of 10 mg/Ml respectively.

Anti-diabetic activity of hydro-ethanol extract of mature (yellow) Carica papaya leaf on streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

M.D. Igbashio — 2024-12-30

Diabetes is a metabolic disease, caused by significant abnormalities in insulin secretion or action on receptors. Many bioactive compounds from medical plants have demonstrated anti-diabetic efficacy with fewer side effects than synthetic medicines. This study was aimed at assessing the anti-diabetic effect of hydroethanol extract of mature (yellow) Carica papaya leaf on streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Forty-eight Wistar male rats were placed into six groups of eight animals per group: With the exception of Group A (normal control), all other groups were injected once intraperiotonially with streptozotocin, at a dose rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. Group B were untreated; Group C rats were treated with 100 mg/kg metformin, while Groups D, E, and F received 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg of the extracts, respectively, for 14 days. The rats’ blood sugar levels were assayed as well as their body weight. Histopathological examination of tissue sections from the rats’ pancreas was also conducted. The results showed a significant decrease in the blood sugar levels of animals treated with 250 and 750 mg/kg body weight, while animals treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract reversed the hyperglycemic condition to normalglycemic; likewise, improvement in body weight was observed in the group treated with 500 mg/kg of the extracts. The result from the histological evaluation of the pancreas correlates with the biochemical findings. Treatment with various concentrations of the extracts led to a moderate preservation of the pancreatic beta-cells. This study suggests that; mature (yellow)Carica papaya leaf has hypoglycemic potentials.

Geotechnical, geochemical and mineralogical evaluations of mine spoils of the Jos- Bukuru tin field, Central Nigeria: Implications for utilization as road construction material.

S.S. Daku — 2024-12-30

The use of locally available and accessible soils for the construction of roads has become necessary due to the high cost associated with the procurement of soils with good engineering features. A geotechnical, geochemical and mineralogical approach has been adopted to evaluate the mine spoils of the Jos – Bukuru tin field for road construction. X–ray diffraction analysis indicated that mineral phases in the soil are quartz (77.38%), kaolinite (18.70%), hematite (1.57%), rutile (0.42%), goethite (1.56%), gibbsite (0.31%), and a negligible amount of montmorillonite (0.06%) which suggested that the undesirable problem of swelling and shrinking of the soil when utilized for road construction will not be expected. The geochemical test result showed that the investigated soils based on the silica– sesquioxide ratio are residual soils that are not ‘’true laterites’’ and have an average composition of 71.81 wt. % of SiO₂, 17.56 wt.% of Al₂O₃, 9.03 wt. % of Fe₂O₃, 0.86 wt. % of TiO₂ 0.07 wt. % of P₂O₅ and less than 0.05% of CaO, MgO, K₂O, MnO and Na₂O. The oxides of silica, iron and aluminum help cement or bind the soil particles together. The results of geotechnical investigation showed that the soils are poorly graded with an average fine (silt and clay) composition of 56.03%, California bearing ratio (CBR) of 34.64%, maximum dry density (MDD) of 1.65g/cm³ , optimum moisture content (OMC) of 18.99%, angle of internal friction (ɸ)of 12.15^O , cohesion of 30.77 KN/M² and coefficient of permeability of 1.24x10^-3 mm/sec respectively. The Atterberg consistency limit showed that the liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and linear shrinkage values have averages of 38.68%, 23.16%, 15.53% and 10.33% respectively. Based on the requirement of the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, only a few of the soil samples satisfied the requirements for use as a sub-base material for the construction of roads. The undesirable soil samples that did not meet the requirement mentioned can be improved using suitable admixtures.

Prevalence and antibiogram study of Aeromonas species isolated from aquaculture and abattoir sources in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

S.C. Onuoha — 2024-12-30

Aeromonas has been recognised as the primary source of bacterial sickness in aquaculture and agricultural animals. Thorough examination of these disorders and their detrimental effects on public health is lacking in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Hence, it was imperative to evaluate the occurrence and resistance profiles of the bacteria present in particular aquaculture and abattoir environments against antimicrobial drugs. The technique encompassed the acquisition of wastewater samples from abattoirs and aquaculture plants located in different locations around Ebonyi State. The specimens were gathered utilising specimen containers and thereafter conveyed to the laboratory for subsequent examination. Aeromonas species were obtained from samples collected from aquaculture facilities and abattoirs. Aeromonas isolates were examined using Aeromonas agar and identified using morphological and biochemical analysis. The investigation revealed significant variations (p<0.05) in the microbial load among different locations, with values ranging from 4.0±0.33x10⁶ CFU/mL to 36.2±0.25x10⁶ CFU/mL. The prevalence of Aeromonas species showed substantial variance among different locales, ranging from 5.40% to 12.90%. The medications exhibited a range of susceptibility patterns, ranging from complete resistance (100%) to amoxicillin clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, tobramycin, and ceftazidime, to a 40% susceptibility to imipenem. The isolates displayed a MAR index ranging from 0.6 to 1.0, with an average value of 0.8. The study found that the abattoir and aquaculture environment can act as a possible reservoir for Aeromonas, which could potentially pose a health hazard to humans who consume meat and fish from these farms.

Heavy metal concentrations and health risk assessments in cow skin (ponmo) from three abattoirs along east-west road in Rivers State

C.P. Ezike — 2024-12-30

In this study, cowskin samples were purchased from three local abattoirs; Ishi-odu, Choba, and Rumuosi then sent to the laboratory to determine the levels of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and Arsenic (As). The heavy metal levels in the sample were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) following standard methods and procedures while the health risks of cowskin consumption were calculated using the US EPA risk models (Estimated daily intake, EDI; Target Hazard Quotient, THQ; Hazard Index, HI). The analytical results showed that Lead, Chromium, and Arsenic levels were above WHO-permissible limits with mean values of 0.141- 0.171 mg/kg, 0.047-0.108 mg/kg, and 0.040-0.116 mg/kg respectively while the Cd and Ni levels were within WHO-permissible limits with mean values 0.01-0.005 mg/kg and 0.013-0.023 mg/kg. The ANOVA results showed that there was no statistical difference (p<0.05) in the mean values of Pb, Cr, and As among the three locations; in contrast, there are statistical differences (p<0.05) in the mean values of Cd and Ni among the three abattoirs. The computed EDI values were within tolerable daily intake limits while THQ and HI values were well below the benchmark value of 1.0 implying that there is no appreciable health risk from consuming cowskin sourced from the study areas. Nevertheless, the individual heavy metal levels in this study were of notable concentrations, it is optimal that cowskin consumers reduce their consumption frequencies to avoid the possibility of bioaccumulation and resultant toxicity from the total heavy metal burden.

Soil properties, environmental, socio-economic impact of oil spill on Onelga, Rivers State

O.P. Elenwo — 2024-12-30

Study examined socio-economic and environmental impact of oil spills on residents of the study area. Experimental and cross-sectional method was adopted. Soil samples 5 top soils (0-15cm) and 5 sub soil (15-30cm) from impacted site, and 2 top soil samples (0-15cm) and sub soil (15-30cm) from unimpacted site as control. Physicochemical parameters (pH, EC, TOC and TOM), hydrocarbons (THC, TPH and PAH), and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Fe) content of the soils were analysed. Results showed high heavy metals content on the impacted soil than the control; likewise, TOM, TOC (1.2184% and 1.324%, top soil and sub soil. TPH (36.21486ppm and 58.835ppm, top soil and sub soil, and PAH (18.498ppm and 19.935ppm, top soil and sub soil, with control value for PAH at zero. While pH (5.08 and 4.78, top soil and sub soil and EC (49.2µs/cm and 41.2µs/cm, top soil and subsoil values for impacted soil were higher than the control. Results show that oil spill has impacted on the soil and water bodies causing low crop yield and fish catch. Oil spill has affected the income and livelihood of the people exacerbating hunger and poverty. Study recommends a comprehensive environmental assessment in the area to ascertain the impact of oil spill on the environment and residents.

Investigating the role of chaos theory in understanding and mitigating the impacts of climate change

W. Obeng-Denteh — 2024-12-30

Climate change is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that affects the physical, biological, and social systems of the planet. As the global climate system is highly nonlinear and characterized by complex feedback loops and interactions, understanding the dynamics of climate change requires a comprehensive framework that can capture its inherent complexity. In recent years, the application of chaos theory to climate science has gained traction as a promising approach to understanding the chaotic behavior of the climate system. This research aims to investigate the role of chaos theory in understanding and mitigating the impacts of climate change. It will review the current state of the literature on chaos theory and climate science, with a focus on identifying key research gaps and areas for future research. Specifically, the study will explore how chaos theory can be used to model and predict the behavior of the climate system, and how it can inform the development of effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. The research will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze climate data, conduct simulations, and gather expert opinions. The result of this study provides better understanding of the complex dynamics of climate change, and inform policy decisions aimed at mitigating its impacts.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection among young adults residing at the University of Port-Harcourt hostels in Rivers State Nigeria.

I.O. Okonko — 2024-12-30

Chlamydia trachomatis is notorious for causing asexually transmitted infection (STI) known as Chlamydia. It can be asymptomatic for 12-18 months and is known to cause complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy in females, as well as urethritis and epididymitis in males if left untreated. This study aimed to assess and determine the prevalence rate of Chlamydia trachomatis young adults residing at the University of Port-Harcourt (UNIPORT) hostels in Rivers State Nigeria. Research by various experts has shown that Chlamydia is the highest bacterial STI among young adults, especially among college-aged students and this birthed an investigation to determine the prevalence rate of this infection among hostel residents in UNIPORT. The participants in this research were sexually active males and females. Cervical swab samples were taken from the females and urine samples from the males. One hundred and three (103) samples were used to determine the result. LabACON Chlamydia rapid test cassette was used to determine the Chlamydia status of the participants. The overall prevalence rate of Chlamydia was 2.9%, with the female participants having a higher rate of 3.7% and the males having a prevalence rate of 2.0%. Only 45.6% of the participants had previous knowledge of this infection. The other 54.4% have never heard of Chlamydia. This study provided an updated record of prevalence among hostel residents of UNIPORT. It was also able to assess the student's knowledge of Chlamydia and recommend increased awareness, education, and screening efforts to reduce the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among the general population.

Chemical bath deposition of Cadmiumbarium sulphide (CdBaS) thin film and its thickness effect on bandgapenergy

O.P. Elenwo — 2024-12-30

This study was basicallycentred on the chemical bath deposition technique of CdBaS (Cadmium Barium sulphide), and to determine the effect of thin film thickness on the bandgap energy of chemically deposited CdBaS. The thin films of CdBaS were deposited on several samples of glass slides using a chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. Several precursors were used suchas CadmiumSulphate (CdSO₄ Ammonia (NH₃), Thiourea (T.U) CH₄N₂S and Barium Sulphate (BaSO₄).The deposition of CdBaS depends on the parameters such as volume of precursors, deposition temperature and dip time to uncover the properties of the thin film using spectrophotometer. Annealing of substrate involves heating of films at high temperatures. Annealing was done at 100⁰C, 200⁰C, 300⁰C, 400⁰C and 500⁰C. The concentrations of NH₃ and BaSO₄ were varied in different sample of beakers. The result shows that the bandgap energy increases as temperature and film thickness increases.

Fixed point theory with partially ordered metric spaces and homotopy

I. Issaka — 2024-12-30

The importance of fixed point theory and for that matter metric spaces have significantly manifested in sciences and in many branches of mathematical analysis over the years. The paper presents fixed point theory on a complete metric space with contractive mappings. Provision of some fixed point results of contraction mappings on a partially metric spaces with example. However, generalization of findings using the contraction mappings on partially metric spaces with application to Homotopy theory is provided.

A hybrid kernel: Fast-Fourier transform kernel model

O.P. Otaru — 2024-12-30

In reality, most relationships between random variables are nonlinear, and forcing a linear fit can lead to inaccurate predictions and poor model performance. Linear models are unsuitable for most situations due to a lack of flexibility to capture complex patterns and issues with overfitting when data is complex and underfitting when the model is too simple to capture the underlying pattern in the data. Thus, this study compares the performance of the proposed Fast Fourier transform kernel regression with some nonlinear models using simulated and real-life data. The result shows that integrating kernel regression with the Fast Fourier transform proves to be an efficient model based on a minimum root mean square error value of 0.341 and a maximum coefficient of determination (R² ) value of 0.81 for simulated data, while real-life data had values of 0.007 and 0.94, respectively.

Lithological characterization of the subsurface layers at ‘NASS’ field, Choba, Rivers State

R. Oghonyon — 2024-12-30

The study on lithological characterization of subsurface layers at ‘NASS’ field, Choba, Rivers State has been evaluated. However, the study deployed the use of electrical resistivity survey (Schlumberger Array Configuration method) in investigating the subsurface lithological layers. This method is efficient for characterizing the layers in terms of understanding the variations in lithology, the resistivity properties and changes with depth, andthe depth to portable water Formation as depth increases. The acquired field data was used to produce a resistivity curve for subsurface interpretation. The study investigated five stratigraphic layers and four thicknesses. In this way, the first layer has resistivity values of 84.7Ωm (at a depth of 1.6m); layer two has 689.2Ωm (at 2.7m); layer three has 8,593Ωm (at 14.1m); layer four has 3273Ωm (at 46.8m) and layer five has 791.1Ωm (at a depth greater than 46.8m) respectively. The aquifer formation is at a depth of 46.8m for the extraction of potable water in the area. The results above were used to produce a geoelectric section based on the resistivity properties of the different layers. The section produced revealed lithological layers that are characterized by good geological properties for groundwater exploration.

Impact of cassava peel on soil nutrient and microbial restoration of crude oil contaminated soil in Rivers State, Nigeria

N. Amadi — 2024-12-30

The decrease in essential soil nutrients and microbial load in crude oil-contaminated soils poses a significant challenge to soil restoration efforts. This research was conducted to investigate the impact of cassava peel waste on enhancing soil nutrients and restoring microbial communities in crude oil-polluted soils. The study employed a Complete Randomized Design with the following treatments: T1: Crude oil-contaminated soil + 100g cassava peel waste; T2: Crude oil-contaminated soil + 200g cassava peel waste; T3: Crude oil-contaminated soil + 300g cassava peel waste; T4: Crude oilcontaminated soil only (control) + 0g cassava peel waste T5: Uncontaminated soil only (control) + 0g cassava peel waste. Two seedlings of Abelmoschus esculentus were planted in each treatment to assess the effects on plant growth. The application of cassava peel waste in crude oil-polluted soils (T1-810.05mg/kg; T2-809mg/kg; T3-640.5mg/kg) resulted in a significant decrease in Total hydrocarbon (THC) compared to (T4-1350mg/kg). Among the treatments, T3 exhibited the greatest reduction in THC. The highest mean values of potassium (K-32.3 mg/kg), and phosphorus (P-14.8 mg/kg) were recorded in T3 and T1 for nitrogen (N- 4.92 mg/kg) content. The height of the plants varied across the treatments, with the highest measurements recorded in T1 during week 2 (15.3 cm), T3 during weeks 4 and 8 (19.6 cm and 36.9 cm, respectively), and T2 during week 6 (26.3 cm). Additionally, T4 and T5, showed the least reduction in leaf number, stem girth, fresh and dry weight, and microbial population. Higher microbial loads were observed in the treatments with cassava waste T1 at 6wks and 8kws (24.0 x104 ; 26.0 x104 ); T3 at 2wks and 4kws (7.31 x104 ; 17.2x104 ) compared to the untreated contaminated soil (T4). This increase in microbial population is essential for the biodegradation of hydrocarbons and the overall recovery of soil health. The study highlights the potential of cassava peel as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly amendment that can be utilized in large-scale soil restoration efforts, particularly in regions affected by crude oil pollution.

Fixed point of discrete dynamical system of Lotka Volterra model

M. Osei Fokuo — 2024-12-30

Fixed point theorem is one of the theories in mathematics that has make many proofs been in existence. Lotka-Volterra model is a widely used pair of first-order nonlinear differential equations used to interpret the dynamics of two species that is a predator and a prey. The paper employs the contraction mapping and the Banach Fixed point theory on the Discrete Dynamical type of the Lotka-Volterra to see the outcome of its behavior.The Banach Fixed Theoryis used in determining the fixed point of discrete dynamical system of Lotka Volterra model.The results shows that the solutions of Lotka Volterra Model are the fixed points the of Model. Also, the outcome of contraction mapping and Banach fixed point theory shows that the fixed points serving as the limiting behavior of Lotka Volterra is continuous and convergent.

Integrated modeling of coastal geology: Investigating interactions and impacts on landscape dynamics

C.O. Molua — 2024-12-30

Coastal areas seek to achieve dynamic results determined by the complex balance of geological transformations and topographical tufts. This research is designed to get an exact and clear picture of interactions between natural processes and their implications on coastal management. This study applied integrated methods such as breakwater analysis, grain size analysis, and salinity level of the groundwater, vegetation cover, and morphological features of several locations. Coastal erosion rates varied over the whole area of the study, with the maximum value recorded at Point D (7.890 mm/year) and the lowest at Point C (4.567 mm/year), making the need for site-oriented mitigation programs evident. The preponderance of sand coupled with the presence of slit and clay implied the sedimentary composition of environments of different energy contexts--high energy, intermediate energy, and low energy conditions, respectively. Atmospheric salinity levels were varying between 13.456 and 8.901 ppt due to the impact of freshwater inflow and evaporation rates. The spatial density of vegetation was between 25.89% and 33.123% per cent, indicating how vital vegetation covers are in supporting coastal stability by preventing or limiting erosion. Geological structures, such as sand dunes of 4.567 m to 6.901 m in height, cliff heights of 8.901 m to 11.234 m, and beach widths of 17.789 m to 23.456 m, varied significantly from nature processes. They helped to create coastal protection and habitat conservation. The outcomes will further advance coastal geology and geomorphology knowledge, guiding coastal management, erosion control, and habitat restoration decisions. The research asserts the importance of applying multidisciplinary approaches and assessments as a strategy for sustainability, ensuring that these environments are provided with tools to solve the problems faced.

Nuclear matter properties in the non-linear Walecka model via a relativistic mean field approximation at zero temperature

W. Ofor — 2024-12-30

The properties of symmetric nuclear matter at zero temperature were considered. The equations of state (EOS) of nuclear matter were studied in the non-linear Walecka models at different parameterization. At normal nucleon density, there is strong correlation among the different parameter sets, however the linear Walecka model gives values of nucleon effective mass M₀^* and nuclear incompressibility (K) at variance to the experimental values.The calculated values of saturation density ranges from (0.143-0.152) fm^-3 , nucleon effective mass (0.132-0.157) MeV, binding energy per nucleon (-16.01 to -16.20) MeV, compression modulus (223.55-271.36) MeV, and fermi-wavelength (1.30-1.31) fm^-1 for the non- linear Walecka model (NLWM). The results of the numerical computations were compared with the empirical analysis of the giant isoscalar monopole resonance data. These quantities are important for understanding the structure of finite nuclei, neutron stars and equation of state of other dense matter in astrophysical contexts.

Predicting graduation performance through transformed admission data and first year grades using multiple regression and ANOVA: A case study of Delta State University

S.O. Ezimadu — 2024-12-30

Studies on the relationship between students’ previous results, and graduations are usually based on only the undergraduate sessional results. This study conducts a statistical analysis of student graduation patterns, specifically focusing on the relationship between students' academic performance at the time of admission – measured by their West African Examination Council, WAEC –their first-year results, and their overall performance upon graduation. The study explores the use of coding transformation of WAEC grades to a 5-point scale Grade Point Average/Cumulative Grade Point Average, GPA/CGPA. The goal is to determine whether a student's potential at the time of admission and his/her first-year CGPA could predict academic success at graduation. The study followed a well-defined data collection method and employed data analysis techniques including multiple linear regression, analysis of variance, and coefficient of determination. The results of the statistical analysis reveals that a student's performance in WAEC does not significantly affect university graduation outcome; indicating that a student's ability to graduate with an excellent or a poor result is independent on their performance in the WAEC examination. However, the study did find that a student's first-year academic results significantly contributed to his/her university graduation outcome. As a result, the study offered various recommendations on how students can achieve higher graduating grades.

Field survey of insect pests associated with sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas l.) genotypes planted in Otobi Benue State, Nigeria

B.N. Ibediugha — 2024-12-30

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) plays a major role in human and animal nutrition and enterprise. The production of sweetpotato in the world has been low due to several abiotic and biotic factors. The aim of the study was to determine theinsect pests associated with sweetpotato genotypes planted in the open field in Otobi Benue State, Nigeria. The research was carried out in a plot of land (9m² )at National Root Crops Research Institute substation in Otobi, Benue State from July to November, 2021. Three months old sweetpotato vine cuttings of between 25 and 30cm long, with 3 to 4 nodes were planted on the ridges made in the plot of land. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. A total of 1,575different insect species were collected in Otobi, Benue State. The insects represent fourteen species of five orders at different stages of development were found to be associated with sweet potato crop in the study area. The grasshopper recorded the highest number of 214(13.59%) while the Hawk moth recorded the least number of 18(1.14%). The result has provided a comprehensive list of important pests of sweet potato and beneficial species that can be exploited as components of future integrated management approaches.

Bacteriological and physicochemical analysis of drinking water sources in some parts of Nneato in Umunneochi local government of Abia State, Nigeria

F.S. Ire — 2024-12-30

Many rural dwellers who drink water fetched from springs, rivers, and streams are at risk of experiencing waterborne diseases. This study investigated the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of drinking water sources in selected parts of Nneatọ in Umunneochi local government area of Abia state. A total of four water samples were obtained from ọhịị Eziọba spring (OES), ọhịị Ụmụacha stream (OUS), Iyi mbara river (IMR), and Obulụlọ river (OLR). The microbiological evaluations carried out on the water samples include total heterotrophic bacterial count (THBC) and total coliform count (TCC). Bacterial isolates were identified using conventional standard microbiological techniques. Physicochemical properties analysed include pH, conductivity, acidity, colour, chloride, magnesium, calcium, iron, suspended solids, turbidity and total hardness The result of the study revealed that the total heterotrophic bacterial count (THBC)for OES, OUS, IMR and OLR were 1.0×10⁵ CFU/ml, 1.5×10⁵ CFU/ml, 1.9×10⁵ CFU/ml and 2.0×10⁵ CFU/ml, respectively. The highest THBC was obtained in OLR while the lowest was encountered in OES. Total coliform count (TCC) of the water samples – OES, OUS, IMR, OLR were 28, 36, 710 and 1100 MPN/100 ml, respectively. OES has the lowest TCC while the highest TCC was observed in OLR. The percentage occurrence of the bacterial isolates includes Staphylococcus aureus (13.33%), Salmonella sp. (13.33%), Escherichia coli (13.33%), Klebsiella sp. (13.33%), Vibrio cholerae (13.33%), Enterobacter aerogenes (13.33%), Pseudomonas sp. (10%), and Shigella sp. (10%). The physicochemical properties were within the World Health Organization (WHO) limit, with the exception of colour (slightly clear), conductivity (500-685 µs/cm), acidity (0.4-0.8), and pH (4.02- 5.30). THBC and TCC were equally above the WHO and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) stipulated limits for water safety. The outcome of this study reveals that the sampled water sources were heavily contaminated with potential pathogenic bacteria and feacal matters as well as other agricultural waste materials. Thus, the water sources are unsafe for drinking and other domestic purposes. Therefore, public health enlightenment campaign through allforms of media, provision of alternative water sources such as borehole water with a treatment plant for the residents of Nneato town will avert the outbreak of waterborne diseases.

Numerical solution of fractional order mathematical model on the transmission dynamics of Ebola Virus Disease using the Laplace-Adomian Decomposition method

B.C. Agbata — 2024-12-30

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has been a significant public health concern due to its high mortality rate and potential for widespread outbreaks. This study focuses on the transmission dynamics of EVD, utilizing a fractional-order mathematical model. The model incorporates hospitalization and treatment as critical control measures against the disease. The Laplace-Adomian Decomposition method is employed to approximate series solutions, providing insights into the dynamics of EVD under varying conditions. Numerical simulations conducted using MATLAB highlight that effective treatment and high vaccination coverage are pivotal in controlling the spread of Ebola. Recommendations stemming from the study emphasized the importance of comprehensive vaccination campaigns, strengthened healthcare infrastructure, and community engagement in disease control efforts. Ultimately, this study serves as a valuable tool in understanding and managing Ebola outbreaks, contributing to global health strategies aimed at preventing and mitigating infectious diseases.

Numerical solution of partial differential equations using MATLAB: Applications to one-dimensional heat and wave equations

M.M. Shior — 2024-12-30

Partial differential equations (PDEs) are powerful mathematical tools used to describe various physical phenomena in fields such as physics, engineering, and economics. In this study, numerical solution of PDEs was employed, focusing on one-dimensional heat and wave equations, using MATLAB. By employing finite difference methods, we discretize the PDEs and utilize MATLAB's computational capabilities to obtain numerical solutions. Surface plots are generated to visualize the behavior of the solutions over time and space. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the numerical techniques employed for solving PDEs in MATLAB, offering insights into the underlying mathematical principles and computational implementation. The significance of numerical solutions in understanding the behavior of physical systems and their applications in real-life scenarios was discussed. Specifically, we highlight the importance of PDEs in modeling heat transfer processes, such as diffusion and conduction, and wave propagation phenomena, including vibrations and oscillations. Furthermore, practical applications of PDEs in various fields, including engineering design, environmental science, and medical imaging are presented. The numerical solutions obtained using MATLAB enable researchers and practitioners to analyze complex systems, predict their behavior, and optimize design parameters. Additionally, the study contributes to the advancement of computational methods for solving PDEs, enhancing our ability to model and simulate diverse phenomena accurately. The study underscores the significance of numerical techniques in solving PDEs and their role in addressing real-world challenges. By leveraging MATLAB's computational capabilities, researchers can efficiently obtain solutions to complex PDEs, facilitating advancements in science, engineering, and technology.

Impact of climatic factors on indoor mosquito species abundance in Rivers State, Nigeria

U. Living-Jamala — 2024-12-30

Mosquito abundance in sub-Sahara Africa is of great public health importance and has been linked to various infectious diseases. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of climatic factors on mosquito abundance in the study area. Indoor resident mosquitoes were caught using pyrethrum spray catch technique and identified based on morphological characteristics. Results revealed a total of 3321 mosquitoes from 16 species toinclude An. gambiaes.l., An. funestus, An. coustani, Ae. aegypti, Ae. vittatus, Ae. metallicus, Ae. stokesi, Ae. albopictus, Cx. tigripes, Cx. horridus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. andersoni, Cx. pipiens, Cx. univittatus, Cx. striatipes and Cx. Thalassius accounting for 469(14.16%), 210(6.32%), 85(2.56%), 478(14.39%), 183(5.51%), 116(3.49%), 86(2.59%), 390(11.74%), 159(4.79%), 46(1.39%), 391(11.77%), 160(4.82%), 315(9.49%), 112(3.37%), 78(2.35%) and 43(1.29%) respectively. Of the total catch, Port Harcourt recorded abundance of 1725(51.N94%) against Odual with 1596(48.06%). The impact of rainfall on the abundance of indoor resident mosquitoes revealed a positive linear relationship in Odual (y=0.2645x+128.87; R²=0.1959) and Port Harcourt (y=0.5068x+82.2; R²=0.387) likewise humidity in Odual (y=2.5533x-53.044; R²=0.0592) and Port Harcourt (y=5.8259x-342.62; R² = 0.1373).However, a skewed relationship was noted with temperature, hence a positive relationship in Odual (y = 19.595x - 366.89; R² = 0.1463) and a negative in Port Harcourt (y = -27.434x + 874.19; R² = 0.1454). People in the study areas, are at risk of mosquito-borne diseases based on the result analysis. Understanding the impact of climatic factors on mosquito abundance is prerequisite for predicting itsdisease outbreaks, developing effective control measures and improve surveillance.

Geophysical probe for delineating portable water depths along UDPS, Choba, Rivers State

R. Oghonyon — 2024-12-30

The present study focused on the use of geophysical probe for portable water delineation in ‘UDPS’, Choba, Rivers State. The objective is to carry out a geophysical survey for resistivity evaluation as the depth of investigation increases, interpret the resistivity curve using geophysical parameters of the subsurface layers, delineate variations in subsurface lithologies and resistivity properties of the layers for geoelectric evaluation and interpret geoelectric section for delineating portable water depths at the subsurface layers. The resistivity data was acquired from the field, processed and interpreted. The result revealed a resistivity curve which shows an increasing resistivity property, AK type curve, five layers, four thicknesses and resistivity trend in the form of ℓ1˂ℓ2˂ℓ3 ˃ℓ4˂ℓ5, a geoelectric section containing five layers of topsoil, fine-medium sand, coarse-gravely sand, silty clay and coarse sand as the prospect zone. The data brought great insight from the rock layers across the area in terms of the resistivity parameters of the layers, the curve type, resistivity trend, the changes in lithologies, the geoelectric section, etc. This, in effect, can be a useful tool for other interested individuals guided by the geophysical investigation concept for groundwater prospecting in the study area.

Effects of Carica papaya seed extract on the electrical and microstructural properties of mild steel in 0.1m nitric acid

B.J. Ameh — 2024-12-30

The impact of Carica papaya seed extract on mild steel's electrical and microstructural characteristics in an acidic media (HNO₃) is examined using a weight loss technique at room temperature. Based on the results obtained, coupons with18ml extract immersion in an acidic environment yielded an efficiency of 58.38%. Also, the micrographs displayedprimarily pearlite (dark) and ferrite (light) structures, with more ferrite on the first day that gradually reducing with time and more pearlite from the seventh dayupwards. Finally, there was also a drop in the mild steel's electrical conductivity after immersion and increased in electrical resistance with an increasein inhibitor concentration, at the same time impedance remained the same before and after the immersion.

Assessing groundwater potentials using geoelectric data: A case study of parts of Southern Bida Basin, North Central, Nigeria

I.U. Agene — 2024-12-30

Evaluation of groundwater potentials can provide a lucid understanding of viable areas for sustainable groundwater exploitation especially in water scarce regions. This research, therefore, aims to assess groundwater potentials in parts of Southern Bida Basin, North central Nigeria by utilizing vertical electrical sounding data. The method employed involved a geophysical survey using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) conducted in 20 locations across the study area. Dar-zarouk parameters was then utilized to derive the aquifer hydraulic parameters and the groundwater potentials estimated accordingly. The results reveals that the range of aquifer thickness, longitudinal conductance, transverse resistivity, hydraulicconductivity and transmissivity are 1.89-45.70 m (mean-18 m), 0.2-5.80 mhom (mean-0.84 mhom), 24.3-11026 Ωm² (mean-2970 Ωm² ), 1-74 m/day (mean-20 m/day), and 13-2543 m² /day (mean-382 m² /day), respectively. The classified groundwater potentials presented with a map, reveals three (3) classes namely: very high, high, and intermediate potentials covering 4%, 15%, and 81% of the study area, respectively. The value of the aquifer parameters computed indicate that the high values of parameters such as transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity reside within the southeastern, central and Northeastern part of the study area, with notable towns like KotonKarfe, Lokoja and Abaji, respectively. The groundwater potentials, therefore indicates predominance of intermediate potentials in the study area, which conforms with the aquifer hydraulic parametervalues obtained. It is therefore recommended that surface water sources should be deployed to complement water supply in areas with low groundwater potentials to meet large scale water need.

Status of soils collected under some agroforestry trees

C.A. Ogazie — 2024-12-30

Soil the bed rock for natural provision of macro and micro nutrients for plant growth and development. A soil is considered unhealthy when it can longer supply required nutrients for plant growth due to over use or degradation. To mitigate soil low fertility, agroforestry method of raising trees and crops together makes nutrients available continuously for crop production, through dropping of its parts as litter which decays to add organic matter and nutrients to soil. Soils sampled with soil auger from seven agroforestry trees farm lands namely Gmelina arborea Roxb., Treculia africana Decne., Tectona grandis Linn. f., Pentaclethera macrophylla Benth., Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill., Mangifera indica Linn., Annona muricata Linn. and Fallow farmland as control were evaluated for macro and micro elements using standard laboratory methods and results presented with the highest and smallest values from each parameters evaluated: pH: 5.6, 4.5(Fa and Pm);%N,OC:0.21,0.10(Pm, Fl and Ma),3.40,1.30(Pm and Ig);EC (µS/cm):151.0,88.0(Fl and Tg), P, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn (mg/Kg): 72.10, 19 .60 (Ta and Ma),111.02, 46.27 (Ta and Tg), 138.47,21.51(Pm and Am),1.53,0.80(Pm and Am), 8.08, 1.86(Ta and Mi); %Sand, Silt, Clay:88,70(Am, Ma and Tg), 16.50, 4.60(Ma and Tg, Am), 13.50,7.50 (Tg and Tg, Pm and Am); Ca, Mg, K, Na, Acidity, Al, ECEC(cmol/Kg)3.43, 0.59 (Ta and Tg),1.00, 0.24(Am and Mi), 0.15,0.07 (Pm, Ma, Ig and Am), 0.40,0.35(Tg, Ma, Ig and Am), 16.90,4.05(Tg and Am), 2.8,1.10(Tg and Am), 21.10,8.70(Tg and Am). We conclude by recommending agroforestry practice as way out of managing and sustaining soil health within the agroecosystems for continuous plant and food crop production as well sustaining the environment.

Palynological and paleoenvironmental analyses of the Miocene sediments of Gap-1 well in the onshore Niger Delta Basin.

T.S. Alege — 2024-12-30

A comprehensive palynological investigation has been carried out for Gap-1 well penetrating the Agbada Formation in the Niger Delta Basin. The identification of shaly-sandstone, shale, mudstone, and clayey-sandstone lithofacies units and the delineation of four (4) informal palynological biozones (GI, GII, GIII, and GIV), correlating with the P670, P680, and P720Niger Delta pollen zonations, suggested the Early to Middle Miocene age for the investigated Gap-1 well in the Agbada Formation. The interpretation for the common to the relatively abundant occurrence of land-derived palynomorphs such as Verrucatosporites sp., Laevigatosporites sp, Zonocostites ramonae, Sapotaceae, as well as the occurrence of dinoflagellate cysts, Pediastrum sp, amongst others, as a fluvial-dominated delta to shallow marine environment within a humid climate is confirmed.