Scientia Africana

Serological and behavioural profiles of EBV and HIV coinfections in two tertiary health facilities in Rivers State, Nigeria

E.N. Oketah — 2025-02-28

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the opportunistic pathogens that affects HIV-infected individuals. Although the high prevalence of EBV has been well documented in Africa and some parts of Nigeria, data from Rivers State, Nigeria, remain sparse. This study aimed to determine the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens and the behavioural characteristics of HIV-infected individuals in two tertiary hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria. One eighty-two (182) individuals attending the Retroviral Clinics of UPTH and RSUTH in Rivers State, Nigeria were sampled and tested for antibodies specific for EBNA by IgM ELISA assays. Data were collected on seropositivity and various behavioural factors. The overall prevalence of IgM antibodies against EBV major immunodominant antigens (EBNA) was 20.9%. The findings indicate a significant association (p < 0.05) between certain behavioural characteristics, such as body piercing and tattooing, and the presence of EBV-IgG antibodies. The findings reveal a prevalence that emphasises the need to monitor EBV infection in all EBV-associated diseases in Nigeria routinely and suggest that targeted public health interventions addressing specific high-risk behaviours, such as tattooing and body piercing, could help mitigate co-infection impact.

Development of a low-cost microwave filter antenna for 4G and 5G wireless network

F. Onaifo — 2025-02-28

This paper is aimed at designing an antenna with filtering features and properties also called resonator filter antenna covering 850MHz to 3.1GHz and is suitable for WIFI applications. The problem of unwanted noise signals affects effective communication. Signal interferences affect signal quality and thus hinder effective voice communication. This paper collates signal-to- noise ratio, signal quality, return loss and signal strength among other signals of the Base transceiver station. It was observed that signal-to-noise ratio was relatively poor. Various factors could be attributed like poor filtering feature at the frontend of the Base transceiver station and lack of integration of the filter and antenna as in conventional communication systems where its front end contains an antenna and a separate tuning circuit ( filtering or filter circuit). The integration of the antenna and filter increases its efficiency. In this paper, an antenna is integrated with a filter at the front end to improve signal quality and reduce noise interferences. A three-pole filter antenna is developed at 2.4GHZ and a two-pole filter antenna is also designed to cover frequencies ranging from 850MHz to 3.1GHz. They are both simulated using High-frequency structure simulator software. The dual filter antennas are measured and results show that the antenna filter performances are excellent.

Applications of sir model and dynamical analysis of sir model of chickenpox

B.C. Agbata — 2025-02-28

Chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus remains a significant infectious disease affecting populations worldwide. The SIR (Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered) model serves as a foundational tool in epidemiology that facilitates the analysis of disease transmission dynamics and the evaluation of control measures. This article presents the applications of the SIR model in understanding chickenpox epidemiology, considering its role in predicting disease spread, optimizing vaccination strategies, and informing public health policies. Sensitivity analysis revealed critical parameters such as contact rate and recovery rate, illustrating their impact on disease transmission. Visual representations from simulation results revealed the effectiveness of interventions in reducing susceptibility and lowering infection rate over time, thereby supporting the feasibility of chickenpox eradication through comprehensive control measure and public interventions.

Biochemical evaluation of testosterone propionate-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rat

U.C. Awarajih — 2025-02-28

The biochemical assessment of testosterone propionate (TP)-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in male Wistar rats was studied. Thirty-five mature male Wistar rats, with an average weight of 210 g, were randomly distributed into seven groups comprising five rats each. Male Wistar rats were induced by subcutaneous injection of various concentrations of TP. Group 1 received only food and water and was designated the control group, while Groups 2, 3 and 4 were respectively given 4, 6 and 9 mg kg^-1b.w of TP subcutaneously for 11 days. Groups 5, 6 and 7 received 4, 6 and 9 mgkg^-1 body weight respective doses for 21 days. The animals were fed with standard rat chow and clean water ad libitum. The animals in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were sacrificed at the end of 11 while Groups 2, 3 and 4 were sacrificed at the end of 21 days. Sperm morphology and characteristics were observed and measured. A variety of biochemical indices including oxidative stress markers were assessed. The volume (0.10 ± 0.00 ml) viability (86.5±11.5%), activity (47.5±12.5%), and sperm count (56.0±12.3×10⁶) were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in group 2 when compared with the respective values obtained in group 1. Inducement with different concentrations of TP significantly (p<0.05) increased abnormal sperm features observed in group 2. Superoxide dismutase (0.60 ± 0.01 U/L) was significantly increased (p<0.05) in group 2, but the values were increased beyond normal after inducement with varying concentrations of TP for 21days especially in the tissue homogenate compared with the values of the antioxidants parameters in the blood. The biochemical and morphological changes observed in the serum and testis of rats in the study may have been caused by the administration of testosterone propionate.

Symmetric nuclear matter properties in the linear Walecka model via a relativistic mean field approximation at zero temperature

W. Ofor — 2025-02-28

The properties of nuclear matter at zero temperature were considered. The equations of state (EOS) of nuclear matter were studied in the linear-Walecka model at different parameterizations. At normal nucleon density, there is a strong correlation among the different parameter sets, however the linear Walecka model gives values of nucleon effective mass M₀^*and nuclear incompressibility (K) at variance to the experimental values.The calculated values of the saturation density ranges from (0.142-0.148) fm^-3, compressional modulus (533.53-543.95)MeV for the LWM .The results of the numerical computations were compared with the empirical analysis of the giant isoscalar monopole resonance data.

Cardio-protective evaluation of ethanol leaf-extract of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) on salbutamol-induced myocardial injury in Wistar rats

B.A. Olatunji — 2025-02-28

This study evaluated the possible cardio-protective effect of ethanol leaf-extract of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) on salbutamol-induced myocardial injury in adult Wistar rats. Thirty rats weighing 100g-120g were distributed into 6 groups. Control groups (1-3) received 10ml/kg b.wt water (normal), 80mg/kg b.wt salbutamol for 2 days (negative), and salbutamol plus 10mg/kg b.wt propranolol for 10 days (positive) respectively. Test groups (4-6) received the extract (200, 400 and 800mg/kg b.wt respectively) for 28 days and salbutamol for 2 days. The administration was oral. The animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The hearts were harvested for antioxidant analysis and histopathological studies. The results showed that troponin I and creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB) were significantly elevated (p<0.05) in group 2 but reduced (p<0.05) in groups 4-6. Reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly reduced (p<0.05) while malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased (p<0.05) in group 2 but CAT and SOD increased significantly (p<0.05) while MDA decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 4. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) increased significantly (p<0.05), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) reduced significantly (p<0.05) in group 2. A significant (p<0.05) reduction was recorded in TG, LDL, and VLDL, and an increase in HDL in group 4. Heart photomicrograph revealed histologically distorted heart tissue in group 2, but histologically normal heart tissue in groups 4-6. The findings in this study suggest that the extract could serve as a cardio-protective agent in salbutamol-induced myocardial injury in adult Wistar rats.

Therapeutic effect of ethanol leaf extract of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) on salbutamol-induced myocardial injury in Wistar rats

B.A. Olatunji — 2025-02-28

This study investigated the therapeutic effect of ethanol leaf-extract of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) on salbutamol-induced myocardial injury in adult Wistar rats. Thirty male rats (110g-130g) were distributed into 6 groups. Control groups (1-3) received 10ml/kg b.wt water orally, 80mg/kg b.wt salbutamol for 2 days, and salbutamol plus 10mg/kg b.wt propranolol for 10 days respectively. Groups (4-6) received salbutamol before the extract (200, 400 and 800mg/kg b.wt respectively) for 28 days. The animals were sacrificed, blood collected and hearts harvested for analysis. The results showed that Troponin I and Creatinine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) were significantly elevated (p≤0.05) in group 2 but reduced significantly (p≤0.05) in group 5. Reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly reduced (p≤0.05) while malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased (p≤0.05) in group 2 but CAT and SOD increased significantly (p≤0.05) while MDA decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in groups 4 and 6. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) increased significantly (p≤0.05), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) reduced significantly (p≤0.05) in group 2. The packed cell value (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and platelets depleted significantly (p≤0.05) while white blood cell (WBC) increased significantly (p≤0.05) in group 2. However, the PCV, haemoglobin (HB), RBC and platelet increased significantly (p≤0.05) while WBC decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in group 5. Heart photomicrograph revealed histologically distorted heart tissue in group 2 but histologically regenerated heart tissue in groups 4-6. This study suggests that the extract could ameliorate salbutamol-induced myocardial injury in adult Wistar rats.

Toxicity of gold crew and SDS dispersants on Tilapia guineensis

O. J. Ibekwe — 2025-02-28

Oil spill impacted waterbodies are cleaned up using dispersants like Gold Crew® (GC) and sodium diodecyl sulphate (SDS). Since dispersants are chemicals, the potentials for negative impact on the applied environmental compartment cannot be ruled out. This study was a bioassay aimed at investigating the toxicity of Gold Crew and SDS dispersants on Tilapia guineensis. The weight of test organism (T. guineensis) was 222.5±2.11 mg while mean total and standard lengths were 2.20±0.47 and 1.75±0.03 cm respectively. Mean values for physiochemical parameters of habitat water were pH 7.25±0.06, conductivity 13.20± 0.85 μS/cm, alkalinity 18.04±1.12 mg/L, hardness 58.71± 3.24 mg CaCO₃/L, salinity 0.59±0.02 ppt and dissolved oxygen 3.96 ± 1.17 mg/L. All test organisms were first acclimated for 10 days at room temperature (28 ±2 °C). Range finding test was carried out to establish a preliminary working range by obtaining the least concentration that gives no effect and the minimum concentration that gives 100% death. Acute toxicity tests were carried out by exposing the organisms to test solutions containing various concentrations of the dispersants using the semi–static agitation test procedure. The number of test organism decreased with respect to time even at a particular concentration and also decreased as concentration increased. A comparative assessment of the two dispersants showed that Gold Crew was more toxic to the test organism Tilapia guineensis than SDS at the same concentration. A slight concentration of 0.05 ml/L of Gold Crew gave 90 % mortality after 48 h exposure while 100 mg/L SDS gave 100 % mortality at the same duration. Also at 0.05 ml/L Gold Crew and 100 mg/L SDS for exposure period of 72 and 96 h, both dispersants gave 100 % mortality. Gold Crew should be treated as a more toxic dispersant compared to SDS at various concentrations and exposure times and extreme care is needed if it is used during clean-up of oil impacted waterbodies. From the probit analysis of the toxicity results, the lethal concentrations at which 50% of test organism died (LC₅₀) for SDS at various time is given as LC₅₀ (24 h) 54.99 mg/L, LC₅₀ (48, 72 and 96 h) 22.29 mg/L while those of Gold Crew were LC₅₀ (24 h) 0.064, LC₅₀ (48 h) 0.048, LC50 (72 h) 0.029 and LC₅₀ (96 h) 0.025

Spatial variability of heavy metal bioaccumulation in tilapia (Tilapia guineensis) and its correlation with water and sediment quality in River State

V.T. Ibubeleye — 2025-02-28

This study examines the spatial variability of heavy metal bioaccumulation in Tilapia guineensis and its correlation with water and sediment quality across Akuku Toru, Asari Toru, and Degema in Rivers State, Nigeria. Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) were analyzed in water, sediment, and fish samples collected from the region. Results indicate significant variations in heavy metal concentrations across stations. Asari Toru recorded the highest cadmium concentration in fish (0.027 mg/kg), while Degema had the highest lead (0.05 mg/kg) and chromium (0.052 mg/kg) concentrations. The bio-sedimentation factor (BSF) showed that arsenic had the highest bioaccumulation in tilapia, with BSF values ranging from 0.182 to 0.700 across stations. Furthermore, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) demonstrated considerable arsenic bioaccumulation in fish tissues, with values ranging from 0.366 to 2.333. Copper and zinc were two other metals with minor bioaccumulation. This study’s findings also suggest a correlation between heavy metal levels in water and sediments and the bioaccumulation of heavy metals by fish. Although most metal concentrations are under regulatory limits, the potential health risks associated with long-term heavy metal ingestion from fish diets raise concerns, particularly in sensitive regions.The findings emphasise the need of ongoing monitoring and stricter environmental regulations in reducing the risks posed by heavy metal contamination in the Niger Delta's aquatic environment.

Effect of gasoline exposure on some renal and hepatic function parameters of petrol station workers in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria

C.C. Orolua — 2025-02-28

This research was to investigate the effect of gasoline exposure on the liver and kidney function biomarkers of petroleum attendants in Port Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 60 subjects participated in the study, comprising 20 unexposed individuals and 40 exposed to gasoline. Socio-demographic characteristics and duration of exposure data were obtained using a structured questionnaire. According to age group and duration of exposure, the participants were grouped accordingly. Biochemical markers of liver and kidney functions were carried out using standard methods. The mean creatinine level and urea concentrations for subjects with duration of exposure for 3-5 years and > 5 years (71.43 ± 3.89 mmol/L and 3.03 ± 0.24 mmol/L) and (69.38 ± 2.40mmol/L and 2.81 ± 0.09mmol/L) respectively were significantly elevated in comparison to the unexposed group. Elevated levels of AST and GGT (34.00 ± 9.10 U/L and 95.14 ± 52.21 U/L) respectively were witnessed in the long-term exposure group. This differed significantly when compared to the unexposed control group. The creatinine, urea and AST levels (71.67±2.41mmol/L, 2.87±0.18mmol/L and 33.50±5.09IU/l) respectively for the age bracket 36-45 years when compared to the age bracket 18-25 years (60.00±1.74mmol/L, 2.49±0.09mmol/L and 28.25±2.46IU/l respectively) showed a significant increase (P< 0.05).A relationship exists between levels of liver function parameters and kidney function markers and the duration of gasoline exposure. Vapour adversely imparts health and has a deleterious effect on liver and kidney function. Hence older petroleum workers could be considered more prone to organ stress.

Acute anti-stress properties of polyherbal formulated tea (Citrus limon, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, and Moringa oleifera)

O.D. Uwaya — 2025-02-28

Polyherbal formulation involves combining multiple herbs in specific ratios to create potent mixtures for the treatment of illnesses. The aim of this study is to evaluate the acute anti-stress activity of poly-herbal-formulated teas (Curcuma longa, Moringa oleifera, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Citrus limon, Allium sativum, and Syzygium aromaticum). This study was evaluated using a tail suspension, a force swimming test, and a cold restraint stress test. The stress control group had more mobility during the tail suspension test than the groups that were given the polyherbal-formulated tea at 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and Standard drug group, fluoxetine, 20 mg/kg (p <0.05). In the forced swimming test, the polyherbal-formulated tea at 10 mg/kg and fluoxetine at 20 mg/kg increased swimming time when compared with stress control (p <0.05). In the cold restraint test, the polyherbal-formulated tea at 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and fluoxetine at 20 mg/kg reduced the cortisol level in mice when compared to stress control (p <0.05). When compared to the stress control, the polyherbal tea at 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg significantly raised the activity of superoxide dismutase in mice (p <0.001). The activity of catalase went up when polyherbal-formulated tea at 10 mg/kg and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) were given compared to stress control. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA)decreasewhen the animals were administered5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, compared to the stress control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the polyherbal-formulated tea possesses antistress properties.

Effect of three branded poly-herbal mixtures on the lipid profile of Wistar rats

W. Nda-Wonodi — 2025-02-28

Poly-herbal mixtures comprises of dissimilar constituent of plants and unpurified extracts with medicinal properties for the treatment of various ailments and for sustaining good health This research investigated the effect of three branded poly-herbal mixtures on the lipid profile of Wistar rats. Seventy-six rats were used for the study, 36 for LD50 determination, and 40 for the administration of the mixtures. Animals were divided into four groups with ten rats per group: Group A (control) and three experimental groups treated with the mixtures at different doses per group (both low doses of the mixtures at 500 mg/kg and high doses of 1500 mg/kg per body weight for 40 days. Group B was treated with sample A, Group C and D with samples B and C respectively. Results showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in Total cholesterol which ranged from 1.66±0.44 mmol/L to 2.57±0.03mmol/L, with elevated cholesterol concentrations. The result showed low level of Triglyceride. High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) ranged from 0.53±0.04 mmol/L and 0.53±0.15 mmol/L to 0.78±0.11 mmol/L when compared with the control value of 0.61±0.01 mmol/L. This suggests higher levels of HDL cholesterol. The value of LDL cholesterol ranged from 0.64±0.43 mmol/L(control) to 1.82±0.08 mmol/L (group BH), all groups had elevated LDL values when compared with the control. These findings revealed that poly-herbal mixtures significantly affect lipid profile parameters by either increasing or reducing them. Total cholesterol and Low-density lipoprotein had elevated levels, which may affect cardiovascular health.

Sedimentary geochemical study of Ledia claystone: implication on provenance, paleoenvironment of deposition and claystone classification, Gwandu Formation, Sokoto Basin, Northwestern, Nigeria

A.O. Ola-Buraimo — 2025-02-28

This study combines sedimentary and geochemical studies of Ledia Claystone outcrops in Argungu area, Sokoto Basin, Nigeria. The study was carried out to improve current understanding of the depositional conditions, provenance as well as the classification of the sediments. The methods employed include both field description and geochemical study using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and flame photometry. The lithostratigraphic section consists of a fining-upward sequence of beds, where the basal bed is made up of fine laminated herringbone structure sandstone, followed by claystone facies; intercalation of silty claystone and a massive variegated bioturbated claystone, capped by oolitic ironstone. Geochemical analytical results of the claystone revealed a quantitative concentration of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ varying from 57.19 to 83.4 % and 3.15 to 29.5 % respectively. Relatively high concentrations of Fe₂O₃ (4.6 %) indicate ferruginization, while the CaO and P₂O values of 1.62 mg/l and 0.37 mg/l respectively are indicative of deposition in marine environment due to dissolved diagenetic calcite cement. Relatively moderate values of MgO (8.63 mg/l) and CaO (1.62 mg/l) in the samples indicated the presence of calcite. All other oxides decreased with an increase in SiO₂ (67.75 %) due to mineral dissolution with distance of deposition. In particular, the Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratio from Samples I and 2 of Ledia Claystone had 23.64 and 22.69 values respectively: suggestive of felsic igneous rock source. However, Sample 3 with Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratio of 3.16 is indicative of mafic igneous rock source. The low Ni content (1.034) was suggestive of a felsic provenance source, while low values in the Cu/Zn and Ni/Co ratios 4.310 and 0.301 respectively were indicative of deposition under oxidizing conditions. The Log (Fe₂O₃/K₂O) against Log (SiO₂/Al₂O₃) shows that Samples 1 and 2 are claystone while Sample 3 is sandstone, classified between sub-arkose and litharenites facies.

Provenance evolution and tectonic environments of Fika shales from Pindiga formation, Gongola Basin, Northern Benue Trough, Nigeria

A. B. Ogbesejana — 2025-02-28

The provenance and tectonic settings of the Fika shales from the Pindiga formation were evaluated using major oxides by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Among the major oxides identified, the shales exhibit elevated levels of SiO₂, with Al₂O₃>Fe₂O₃>MgO>CaO> K₂O>TiO₂>MnO>SrO>BaO; whereas the remaining oxides demonstrate low concentrations. This suggests that the shales are predominantly constituted of quartz minerals and were formed in marine settings. The relatively elevated levels of Fe₂O₃ (with an average of 4.35 %) and MgO (with an average of 2.98 %) in the samples indicate that the source rocks are likely to be mafic to ultramafic. The plots of Al₂O₃ against selected major oxides in the samples show strong positive correlation against SiO₂ and weak positive correlations against CaO, K₂O, and MgO. In contrast, it showed negative correlations against other oxides, which probably imply that these major oxides are not only hosted by clay minerals. Also, K₂O, CaO, and MgO showed weak positive correlations on the plots of SiO₂ versus major elements while others are negative which further suggests that they are associated with micaceous and/or clay minerals in the sediments. The ratios of Al₂O₃/TiO₂ and SiO₂/Al₂O₃ in the shales indicated that the sediments were derived from a mixture of felsic igneous to mafic igneous rocks and mixed compositional maturity, respectively. The cross plots of TiO₂ and K₂O against Al₂O₃ show that the mudstones are composed of basalt, granite, and illite minerals. The shales were grouped near the active continental margin on the plots of Fe₂O₃+MgO vs TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃+MgO vs Al₂O₃/SiO₂. This study showed that major oxides were effective in evaluating the provenance and tectonic settings of Fika shales from Pindiga formation in Gongola Basin, Nigeria.

Proximate composition and bioactive compounds present in dichloromethane extracts of Cocusnucifera L (fruits)

U.C. Awarajih — 2025-02-28

This study determined the proximate composition and bioactive compounds present in dichloromethane fruit extract of Cocusnucifera(L) to unknot details behind local wild usages in disease treatment and in diets. The dichloromethane fruit extract of dried C. nucifera(L) was analyzed for its bioactive compounds using gas chromatographic techniques (GC-MS) following standard laboratory procedures. The results revealed presence of 11 bioactive compounds in C. nucifera which include Coumarin (1.40%), Methyl (Methyl 4-0-methyl-alpha-d-mannopyranoside) uronate (6.79%), 3 methyl, decanoic acid (4.41%), 2, 2, 4 – trimethyl – 3 – pentanol (2.45%), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (33.23%), n-hexadecanoic acid (1.89%), cis-vaccenic acid (4.72%), Neophytadiene (11.55%), Methyl stearate (22.33%), Tetracosylheptafluorobutyrate (1.34%), Bis (2 ethylhexyl) phthalic acid (9.80%). The most abundant was shown to be Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (33.23%). These bioactive compounds are known for their anti-helminthic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, and antitumor potentials, hence giving it its ethnomedicinal and therapeutic relevance and usages. The proximate profile gave Moisture content as 38.70%, Protein 5.37%, Ash 2.32%, Fibre 11.47%, Fat 31.00% and Carbohydrate 11.14%. The assayed proximate profile is suggestive that C. nucifera could be a good source of dietary fats, fibre and carbohydrates.

Process evaluation for production of biodiesel using cooking oil

V.A. Usiayo — 2025-02-28

In this study, the fuel qualities of biodiesel made from leftover cooking oil are assessed and contrasted with those of traditional diesel. The waste cooking oil was characterized for moisture, density, acid value, free fatty acid, saponification value while the fuel properties of the biodiesel produced like flash point, cloud point, kinematic viscosity were characterized. Biodiesel was produced using waste cooking oil with the aim of investigating the effect of temperature on the optimal yield 55⁰C, 60⁰C, 65⁰C and 70⁰C at a constant reaction time of 30 min using methanol as solvent was evaluated. The ratio of waste cooking oil to methanol was 4:1. The results obtained revealed that the highest yield of 88.94% was obtained at 55⁰C. The biodiesel yield decreased with an increase in temperature beyond 55⁰C. The characterization results of the waste cooking oil revealed pH (2.29), moisture content (0.25%), density (0.912 g/cm3), acid value (2.86 mgKOH/g), free fatty acid (1.43 %), and saponification value (164.64 mgKOH/g).Flash point (178°C), cloud point (-12°C), kinematic viscosity (2.19 mm²/s), specific gravity (0.88), cetane number (42), calorific value (43 MJ/kg), and ash content (0.01%) are among the important metrics that were examined. The findings show that the biodiesel has good cold flow qualities, a low ash percentage for cleaner burning, and a high flash point for safe handling. The biodiesel exhibits compatibility with diesel engines and satisfies statutory standards for use, while having a little lower cetane number and calorific value than conventional diesel.

Process optimization of temperature and substrate concentration on fermentation of fruit juices for brewery and bio-energy applications

C.O. Ekwe — 2025-02-28

Optimization of fermentation processes on fruit juices as ethanol precursors is an important aspect of fermentation science for high-yield production of ethanol. The fermentation of fruit juices using soursop and sugarcane juices as substrates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) was investigated to ascertain the effect of substrate concentration and temperature on the production of CO₂. Temperature and substrate concentrations were varied between 30-42^oC and 20-80% (v/v) respectively, during the fermentation process. The results show that though there was a range of temperature over which the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was active, there was a narrow range of temperature (34-36^oC) over which its activity was at maximum. The initial increase in volume with temperature is expected to be a function of the increase in the average kinetic energy of the molecules. However, a further increase in temperature beyond 36^oC triggered the breakdown of the enzymatic structure due to increased thermal vibration of the enzyme molecules; decreasing further production of carbon dioxide. The increase in substrate concentration beyond 50% (v/v) with an attendant decline in the volume of CO₂ produced, suggests complete saturation of enzyme active sites at the initial stage of the reaction, such that further increase in substrate concentration could not lead to increased CO₂ production. However, there is a wide range of substrate concentrations over which the enzyme is active. The findings will therefore complement the existing database in the field of fermentation science and help in enzyme fermentation processes for breweries, bio-energy, and other applications.

Bioefficacy performance and meat quality of a commercial feed supplemented with probiotics on broilers

F.S. Ire — 2025-02-28

Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefit and used as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry farming. They have been receiving increasing attention due to its benefits. This study was designed to investigate the synergetic effect of selected probiotics on the immunity, intestinal microbiota and the meat quality of broilers when they are eviscerated. A total of sixty (60) broilers, 1-15 day old birds divided into group A, B, and C were fed with a commercial feed supplemented with Lactobacillus casei (4.7 x 10³CFU/ml), Bacillus subtilis (4.5 x 10⁵CFU/ml), mixed culture of L. casei + B. subtilis, respectively, while the group D received no probiotic (control) for seven weeks. Although the broiler’s feed was contaminated with pathogens, the average weekly feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) steadily increased across the groups during the trial. At week 7, the highest FI (401g) and WG (1045g) involved the control. The broilers in group D had the highest mortality (40 %), while the least involved group A (0%).After 24 hours the broilers were slaughtered, the carcass from group C had the highest protein (22.96%) and least moisture (69.43%) content, while the group D had the least and highest values of 19.21% and 74.76%,respectively.The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by L. casei + B. subtilis against the pathogens isolated from the broiler’s feaces was more effective than the single culture. Overall, itis a probiotic recommended for the broilers based on improved meat quality and growth parameters of the broilers. Therefore, poultry farmers are encouraged to use probiotics to reduce mortality and cost of feeding the birds in order to achieve high productivity,

Prevalence of intestinal parasites among patients attending two hospitals in Umuahia North L.G.A, Abia State, Nigeria

E. Egbuline — 2025-02-28

Infectious intestinal parasites areone of the major health problems in developing countries and affect up to 3.5 billion people worldwide, with a population of 450million believed to be illdue to these infections. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among patients attending two hospitals in Umuahia North L.G.A, Abia State, Nigeria, using direct smear and formol ether concentration techniques to process the fecal samples. A total of 426 patients comprised of 203 males and 223 females between the ages of 1 to 61 years and above had their fecal samples examined, out of which 181 patients (42.49%) were infected. Four species of parasites were encountered namely Ascaris lumbricoides (14.55%), Entamoeba coli (7.04%), Hookworm (1.64%), and Trichuristrichiura (0.94%). Mixed infections were also encountered. The combination of Ascaris lumbricoides (Al), Hookworm (HW) and Entamoeba coli (Ec) were the most common (7.98%). The female patients were more infected (45.74%) than the males (38.92%) but the difference was not statistically significant (P >0.05). Age groups 1-10 years recorded the highest prevalence of 63.26%. Chi-square analysis showed a significant association between infection prevalence and age groups and participants' occupation (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between infection prevalence and the two hospitals examined (P <0.05). There was a significant difference between environmental factors/behavioral habits of the respondents and their infection prevalence (P < 0.05). The most commonly used drug for treatment reported was Albendazole, (54.93%). The findings have provided a base line data on the prevalence of intestinal parasites among the inhabitants of the study area. Treatment of the infections through deworming can also improve the physical wellbeing of the patients. Proper washing of food items especially vegetables before eating is highly recommended.

Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of well AMKP 2-13, shallow offshore Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria

H.G.O. Nwachukwu — 2025-02-28

Calcareous nannofossil studies were carried out on 155 ditch-cutting samples from Well AMKP 2 -13 (interval 2840m to 4360m), offshore Niger Delta basin using the short centrfuging technique. The aim was to identify key bioevents, determine the nannozones and age of the study section. Samples were generally dark to light grey, non-calcareous to mildly calcareous shale and penetrated the shale unit of the Agbada Formation. Biostratigraphic result yielded 400 calcareous nannofossil count, 12 calcareous nannofossil taxa:Helicosphaera cateri, Discoaster pentaradiatus, Ceratolithus spp, Calcidiscus laptoporus, Sphenolithus abies, Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus, Discoaster brouweri, Braarudosphaera biggelowii, Coccolithus pelagicus and discoaster spp, including 2 index fossils- Discoaster quinqueramus and Discoaster beggrenni. Two nannozones were identified: an indeterminate zone characterised by the absence of calcareous nannofossils at 2840m -3530m and an NN11 zone of Martini (1971) at 3530m - 4360m determined by an influx of calcareous nannofossils (ACME) at 3550m dated late Miocene (Messinian) due to the co-occurrence of Discoaster quinqueramus and Discoaster berggreni at 3560m. The base of the zone was not encountered at total depth (TD) due to non-recovery of fossils from intervals 4135m – 4360m (TD) and probably terminated within the Late Miocene NN11 Zone and? older ages of Martini (1971) at TD.

Microbial valorization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) into compost as a cost-effective biofertilizer

I.F. Vincent-Akpu — 2025-02-28

Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is an invasive aquatic weed whose management presents a challenge in water bodies. This study sought to evaluate eco-friendly and cost-effective products from water hyacinth. The efficacy of water hyacinth compost (WHC) product was tested on 3 different plants namely Abelmoschus esculentus, Zea mays and Cucurbita pepo for 60days. Their seeds were planted in 2kg of Agricultural soil mixed with 100g and 200g WHC and controls (without WHC). The microbial counts and physicochemical parameters of the dry water hyacinth compost were assessed using standard methods. The growth of the three plant species was measured at 5 days interval. Results of the microbial count ranged from 2.50 ±1.50×10³ to 1.58±0.43×10⁸ CFU/g for Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), Total Heterotrophic fungi (THF), Total Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (THUB) and Total Hydrocarbon Utilizing fungi (THUF). The nitrate, phosphate, potassium and trace metal concentrations in the water hyacinth compost (WHC) were 8.38, 0.4, 6.75 and 0.003mg/kg respectively. The nitrate, phosphate, potassium and heavy metal concentrations in the soil before planting were 10.56, 2.70, 1.30 and 0.01-0.03 mg/kg respectively. After planting, the microbial count of the treated soil ranged from 3.23 ±2.70x10³ to 2.97 ±1.54×10⁸ CFU/g, representing 56.07% increase; nitrate was 14.04, phosphate 5.30, potassium was 5.00 and heavy metals 0.01mg/kg. There was an overall increase in the growth of the plant. This study has demonstrated that Eichhornia crassipes compost is an appropriate organic amendment for soil conditioning and the potential to benefit the environment and economy from water hyacinth.

Seismic stratigraphy and petrophysical properties in Kala Field, Niger Delta

R.U. Ideozu — 2025-02-28

The study focused on relationship between seismic stratigraphy and petrophysical properties of reservoirs in Kala Field, Eastern Niger Delta. Data used for this research include 3-D Seismic, well logs such as gamma-ray, resistivity, sonic, density and neutron logs to evaluate lithology, porosity, permeability and fluid saturation. This work carried out structural mapping, stratigraphic analysis, seismic facies analysis, lithologic identification, petrophysical analysis, petrophysical modelling, well to well correlation, seismic to well tie and horizon mapping using the petrel software. Based on the results, parasequences were defined for reservoirs E and F within the high stand systems tract (HST). Normal faults in the study area trend NW-SE which have been delineated on seismic. The lateral extent of these reservoirs was determined for reservoirs E and F delineated in blocks A, B and C within the Kala Field has been modelled. Petrophysical analysis results comprise porosity, permeability, net-to-gross, water saturation and stock tank oil initially in place. The average petrophysical values of reservoirs E and F in blocks A, B and C in Kala Field showed that the porosity values in block A is 25%, B is 25%, and C is 23%, permeability (291md (A), 300md (B), 1990md (C)), Net-to-Gross ratio (0.74, (A) 0.80 (B), 0.66 (C)), water saturation (45%,,39%,37%) and Stock tank oil initially in place (54.71mmstb,26.83mmstb, 15.47mmstb,) respectively. The results of the petrophysical properties suggest areas of porosity and permeability values within the reservoirs (HST), indicating they may accumulate significant hydrocarbon. This study has demonstrated the relationship between seismic stratigraphy and petrophysical properties in Kala Field.

Effect of pH on the removal of metal ions associated with produced water on pulverized oyster shells (OS) as adsorbent

G.N. Iwuoha — 2025-02-28

This research aims to investigate the effect of variation of medium pH on Metal ion sorption potentials of pulverized Oyster Shells as adsorbent in produced water from selected flow stations in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Produced water samples were collected from six (6) different oil drilling installations (CC7T, CC8T, WELL 2 GSS, WELL 8 TEB, AZUZUAMA ST 1, AZUZUAMA ST 2) around the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) was used to determine selected metals; Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Calcium (Ca) and Potassium (K) concentrations before and after adjustment of pH of the medium. The results obtained showed that Nickel, Iron and Lead were completely removed from the produced water at a pH of 11.1 while Cobalt, Copper, Calcium and Potassium concentrations were not affected by adjusting the pH either in the acidic or basic ranges. There were small and slight reductions of Nickel, Iron and Lead in the acidic pH of 5.6. The study underscores the need to further compare the above method’s efficiency with other detoxification technologies like Detoxification by chemical reaction (DCR) technology which appears to be more effective, efficient and environmentally friendly.

Some important pollen and spores of the upper miocene–pliocene sediments, Nzam-1 well, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria

A.O. Ola-Buraimo — 2025-02-28

Palynological study of the uppermost section of Nzam-1 Well with interval 113-366 m in Anambra Basin, Nigeria was investigated to determine the geologic age based on the occurrences of pollens and spores, and to compare the result obtained with established ages from other biostratigraphic tool. The methodology of sample preparation involved the logging of the samples in order of depth, litho-description, and laboratory chemical processes. The chemical processes include initial acid decarbonisation of the samples, sample digestion with hydrofluoric acid, sieving of the samples with 10 μm mesh to remove clay particles; and then the oxidation of the organo-debris. The samples were later subjected to heavy liquid separation, using zinc bromide to separate the maceral from the organic debris. The maceral was rinsed with water and ethanol beforebeing mounted on the glass slide with DPX. The stratigraphic interval investigated revealed that it belonged to the Echitricolporites spinosus zone or Zone P800 and subzone P820-P880. It was characterized by the co-occurrences of marker forms such as Cyperaceaepollis sp., Nymphae lotus, Retistephanocolpites gracilis, Echiperiporites estalae, Arecipites sp., and Crototricolpites crotonoisculptus. The interval also contains stratigraphically important geologic age diagnostic pollen such as Podocarpus millanjianus, Multiareolites formosus, Zlivisporites neogenicus, and Zonocostites ramonae. The bio-assemblages were indicative of the Upper Miocene-Pliocene age of the Ogwashi-Asaba Formation. Older forms such as Crassoretitriletes vanraadshooveni, Striamonocolpites rectostriatus, Praedapollis sp., and Perfotricolpites digitatuswere derived fossils which suggested that Ogwashi Asaba Formation was reworked sediment.

Predictive models for malaria & TB using ML: health decision support in Africa

M.O. Musa — 2025-02-28

This research explored application of advanced machine learning techniques in the development of decision support models for enhanced health informatics in Africa. With a focus on two leading diseases in the continent: Malaria and Tuberculosis, the study exploited eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to predict malaria incidence in six endemic countries as well as Frequent Pattern Growth (FP-Growth) algorithm coupled with logistic regression to classify Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) cases. The malaria model accounts for climate variability that has significant effect on malaria prevalence by using climatic data which is integrated into it so as to enhance prediction accuracy and allowing early detection and intervention efforts. The TB model, addressing the challenges of invasive and time-consuming diagnostic methods, identifies hidden patterns in DR-TB symptoms to aid rapid and accurate classification. Performance evaluation using metrics such as (Area Under Curve) AUC of (Receiver Operating Characteristics) ROC, classification accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score demonstrated the superior efficacy of the develoed models compared to existing alternatives. This study aimed at eliminating these life-threatening health concerns in Africa by making well-considered clinical choices that provide knowledge-based decision support system for the care providers, policymakers and health organizations.

Effects of aqueous seed extract of soybeans (glycine max) on mercury chloride-induced toxicity on the cerebrum of adult Wistar rats.

O.G. James — 2025-02-28

Mercury chloride (HgCl₂) is a heavy metal known to cause adverse effects on biological systems, particularly the central nervous system. The cerebrum, which is responsible for cognitive functions, has been reported to be vulnerable to mercury toxicity. Numerous studies have demonstrated that plants and their phytochemicals possess therapeutic potentials. Hence, there is increased attention towards the therapeutic potential of herbal extracts. Soybean (Glycine max), a legume known for its high protein content and rich source of bioactive phytochemicals has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, estrogenic, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective properties. Accordingly, this study investigated the neuroprotective effects of aqueous seed extract of soybeans on mercury chloride-induced toxicity in adult Wistar rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups (n=6): Group A (control) received 1ml distilled water, Group B received 4 mg/kg body weight of HgCl₂, Group C received 1000 mg/kg body weight of aqueous seed extract of soybeans, and Group D received 1000 mg/kg body weight of aqueous seed extract of soybeans 1 hour before 4 mg/kg HgCl₂. All administration via orogastric tube lasted for 28 days. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were weighed and Y-maze test was used to evaluate spontaneous alternation of the experimental rats. Following sacrifice, the cerebrum was harvested for histological assessment. Results obtained shows a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the body weight change of experimental animals in Group B when compared to group A (control) while Groups C and D showed significant increases (p<0.05) in the body weight change when compared to Group B. No significant differences were observed in relative brain and cerebral weights across experimental groups. In the Y-maze test, Group B exhibited a significant decrease (p<0.05) in spontaneous alternation when compared to group A whereas Groups C and D showed significant increase (p<0.05) in spontaneous alternation when compared to Group B. Photomicrographs obtained revealed shrunken neuronal cells with pyknotic nuclei and irregular pia mater in group B when compared to group A. Group C showed fewer dark, shrunken neuronal cells while Group D, several normal pyramidal cells were observed when compared to group B. These findings suggest that aqueous seed extract of soybean possess the potential to mitigate mercury chloride-induced neurotoxicity. Further research is needed to understanding the mechanism of action involved in the neuroprotective potentials exhibited by aqueous seed extract of soybeans.

Synthesis, characterisation, DNA and antibacterial activities of cu(I) complexes of bidentate quinolinyl Schiff base having triphenylphosphine ancillary ligand

O.S. Odulaja — 2025-02-28

This work synthesized new biologically active Cu(I) complexes C1-C3, obtained from the reaction of Cu(I) nitrate with different bidentate quinolinyl Schiff base ligands (E)-N-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(quinolin-2-yl)methanimine, L1 ; (E)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(quinolin-2-yl)methanimine, L2 and (E)-1-(quinolin-2-yl)-N-(p-tolyl)methanimine, L3 with PPh3 ancillary ligand. The metal complexes with general formula [Cu L(PPh3)]NO3, were characterised by UV-Vis, FT-IR, NMR and MS, TGA/DTA and X-ray crystallography. The affinities of complexes to calf thymus-deoxyribuonucleic acid (CT-DNA) were investigated using and UV-Vis spectrometer and in vitro antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Escherichia coli (EC), Klebsiella pneumonia (KP) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) were investigated using agar well diffusion method with ofloxacin as reference. UV-Visible spectra revealed that ligands imino π → π* transition shifted to longer wavelengths consequent upon coordination to the copper centre. FT-IR result showed bathochromic shift in the imino (C=N) frequencies in the complexes further confirming coordination to the metal centre. The TGA results showed high stability, consistent with the mass spectra of the various m/z of all the complexes and PPh₃ fragments. Novel single crystals obtained in complexes C2 and C3 revealed monoclinic crystal systems depicting distorted tetrahedral geometries. Coordination to the metal center was bidentate for all the ligands through the pyridinyl N and imine N in conjunction with triphenylphosphine. In vitro antibacterial studies revealed that all the complexes exhibited stronger antibacterial activity relative to their parent ligands and PPh₃. The study found out that the metal complexes have better DNA binding and antibacterial performances hence could be used as potential chemotherapeutic agents.

Harnessing artificial intelligence for precision agriculture: enhancing crop yield and sustainability

O.C.B. Omankwu — 2025-02-28

Agriculture, a cornerstone of global food security, is undergoing a significant transformation driven by the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into precision agriculture. Precision agriculture leverages data-driven techniques to optimize farming practices, enhance crop yield, and promote sustainability. This manuscript provides an in-depth exploration of AI's role in precision agriculture, focusing on its applications in crop monitoring, pest and disease prediction, resource management, and yield optimization. Through a comprehensive literature review, analysis of current methodologies, and discussion of real-world applications, the paper highlights the profound impact of AI on modern agriculture. The findings underscored the potential of AI to revolutionize farming by making it more efficient, productive, and sustainable, while also addressing the challenges and barriers to widespread adoption. The manuscript concludes with recommendations for future research and practical implementation strategies, aiming to guide stakeholders in harnessing AI for the benefit of global agriculture