Scientia Africana

Effects of bean cake cooked in different packaging materials on hematological indices and kidney function of Wistar albino rats

P.C. Wali — 2024-09-12

This research assessed the effect of bean cake packaged with different materials (Thaumococcus danielle leaf, aluminum foil and plastic plate) on the proximate composition, and the hematological indices and kidney function of Wistar rats. Twenty-five Wistar rats were grouped into five (5 rats per group). Group one was fed with cerelac, group two with commercial rat feed, group three with bean cake packaged in T. danielli leaf, group four with bean cake packaged in aluminum foil and group five fed with bean cake packaged in plastic plate and; all the groups were fed ad libitum for twenty eightdays. The results of the proximate analysis showed that bean cake is rich in carbohydrate (51%), protein (20%) and is a good source of Minerals. There was a significant difference among the Potassium Sodium, Urea and Creatinine levels of the test animals and the control at p<0.05. However, there was no remarkable difference in the haematological indices of the Control and Test groups. The results of this research showed that packaging materials had no significant effect on haematological indices and kidney function of Wistar rats in 28 days and plastic retained more nutrients than other packaging material.

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: a review

O. B. Akinsipo (Oyelaja) — 2024-09-12

Over the last two decades, scientists have become increasingly interested in metallic nanoparticles due to their unique properties, especially in the biomedical field. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a rapidly growing field in nanotechnology due to its viability, reduced toxicity, ecofriendly nature, and ease of preparation. Plants have long been a centre of attraction in the field of medicine because they are a unique source of a variety of bioactive compounds. Silver has been known for its medicinal properties, especially its antibacterial therapeutic effect. Among other metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have taken a special place since it has made a big impact on medical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the biomedical qualities of medicinal plants, as well as an overview of their impact on the synthesis of green silver nanoparticles. Various biomedical applications of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles will also be highlighted.

Chemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from fresh and air-dried leaves of Icacina trichantha (OLIV.)

O. O. Olubomehin — 2024-04-29

We investigated and compared the constituents, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of the essential oils from the fresh and air- dried leaves of Icacina trichantha. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, antimicrobial activities were tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pleisomonas shigellosis, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis by agar diffusion method, while 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used for the antioxidant activities at 6.25-200 μg/mL of the oils compared with ascorbic acid as standard. The fresh and air-dried leaf oils gave 0.39% (w/w) and 0.33% (w/w) corresponding to 17 compounds representing 99.99%, and 10 compounds representing 100% respectively. Major compounds in the fresh leaf oil were 9-oxabicyclo [6.1.0] nonane (15.52%), Methyl isododecanoate(11.91%), Oleic acid (10.51%), 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol,3-methyl-(8.24%) and Phytol (7.70%), while Linoleic acid- (34.61%), Palmitic acid (20.74%), 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)- (12.98%), 9-Octadecenal (Z) (7.96%) and gamma-sitosterol (7.13%) were the major constituents of the air-dried oil. The fresh leaf oil 50 mg/mL, gave the highest zone of inhibition of 12 mm against Candida albicans while the air-dried oil had the highest zone of inhibition of 18 mm with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.20 mg/mL against C. tropicalis. The fresh leaf oil had the highest antioxidant activity of 73.85% at 100 μg/mL, while the air-dried and ascorbic acid had 70.25% and 69.23% respectively at 200 μg/mL. The fresh leaf oil comprised mainly oxygenated hydrocarbons (52.51%) while the air-dried oil had fatty acids (58.44%). Both oils were more antifungal than antibacterial and had a comparable antioxidant activity with ascorbic acid.

Assessment of bacterial and fungal contamination of herbal mixture vended within Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria

S. Shitu — 2024-09-12

The consumption of herbal mixtures among Nigerians have been on the increase in recent years. Many herbal mixtures sold to the general public are likely to be contaminated by a diverse range of potentially pathogenic microorganisms due to lack of good manufacturing practices (GMPs). Therefore, this study is aimed to evaluate the bacterial and fungal profile of herbal mixtures sold within the Kaduna metropolis. A total of twenty samples of herbal mixtures were randomly purchased fromfour distinct locations within the Kaduna metropolis. The samples were subjected to microbiological analysis using standard methods. Bacterial genera isolated from the herbal mixture samples include Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. while the fungal genera were Aspergillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp. Herbal mixture obtained from Mandao and Malali district had the highest (9.68±1.70×10⁵CFU/ml) and lowest (6.60±0.43×10⁵CFU/ml) bacterial load while the corresponding fungal load involved samples obtained from Central market (1.48±11.25×10⁴ CFU/ml) and Tudun Wada (1.48± 3.11 ×10³ CFU/ml), respectively. Bacillus sp. (60%) and Aspergillus sp. (45%) were the dominant bacterial and fungal genera, respectively. Given the substantial microbial contamination of herbal mixtures and the potential pathogenicity of certain isolates, it is imperative to ensure that herbalists are wellinformed about the principles and implementation of GMPs. It is recommended that regular microbiological monitoring of herbal mixtures should be conducted.

Characterization of the phytochemical constituents of methanol extract of Spondias mombin stem bark using high performance-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy

O. Ikponmwosa-Eweka — 2024-09-12

Spondias mombin is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. This study was aimed to analyze the bioactive components of the methanol extract of S. mombin stem by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Quantitative analysis of the extract showed that it had appreciable quantities of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and proanthocyanidins. The HPLC fingerprints of the extract also revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, other phenols, and steroids. The most prevalent flavonoids were the flavones, and the alkaloids present in high concentrations were ribalinidine and linamarin. Some other phenolics, such as resveratrol, ellagic acid, chlorogenic and pyrogallic, were in high concentration. The GC-MS data detected bioactive compounds; notably among them were 9,12 -octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid), n-hexadecanoic acid, and 9-oxo nonanoic acid. This study has established the presence of bioactive chemicals in the methanol extract of S. mombin stem bark, and these phytochemicals could be responsible for the plant’s medicinal properties.

Antifungal activity of fractions and compounds from Pterocarpus erinaceus poir.1804, (Fabaceae) on selected wood fungi

D. O. Ekhuemelo — 2024-09-12

Extract fractions and compounds from the heartwood and stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus were evaluated for antifungal properties. Extraction of the dry and pulverized plant materials was carried out with hexane, ethyl acetate and then methanol. The extracts were fractionated and purified using column chromatography over silica gel to yield p-ethoxylphenylpropanoic acid, angolensin, mixture of sitosterol, stigmasterol and cycloeucalenol from heartwood while friedelane-3-one and lupeol were obtained from the stem bark. The fractions and compounds were active against the test fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Coniophora puteana, Fibroporia vaillantii, Fomitopsis pinicoca, Gloeophyllum sepiarium Phaeolus schweinitzii, Rhizopus sp., Serpula lacrymans and Sclerotium rolfsii) at zone of inhibition ranging from 17 – 24 mm. Fibroporia vaillantii showed resistance to the control antibiotic (Ketoconazole and Fluonazole) but was sensitive to five of the fractions. The minimum inhibitory concentration observed was 50 μg/mL against 9 test fungi while the minimum fungicidal concentration was 200 μg/mL.

Effect of plantain peel ash as an admixture on concrete properties

A. O. David — 2024-09-12

This study investigates the effect of plantain peel ash as an admixture on concrete properties, which is a sustainable alternative to conventional concrete production. The aim is to optimize the mix design of concrete required for improved performance, investigate the effect of the plantain peel ash on the compressive strength of the concrete, and examine the effects of plantain peel ash as a supplementary material on the durability and service life of concrete. The use of plantain peel ash as an admixture for cement in concrete has gained increasing popularity due to its ability to reduce the environmental impact of concrete production. This study contributes to the understanding of the durability and performance of plantain peel ash in concrete which is crucial for sustainable construction practices. The methodology involves mix design according to IS 10262:2009 for M15 grade of concrete with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% plantain peel ash replacement, testing of compressive strength and durability of the concrete samples and also the optimal dosage required, in comparison with conventional concrete. The result of this study shows that the addition of 5% plantain peel ash increases the compressive strength of the concrete with obtained value of 27.30 N/mm² and also has the standard workability for a normal concrete at 45 mm for the control and 60 mm for 5% PPA. The 10%, 15% and 20% shows a decrease in their compressive strength compared to the control mix (0%) with a value of 18.42 N/mm² for 28 days curing. Overall, it can be said that 5% plantain peel ash has provided a strong basis for the use of plantain peel ash in concrete mixtures. The 5% is equivalent to 0.72 kg PPA.

Gross alpha and beta activities of sand sediments and heavy metal concentration in selected rivers of Aniocha South, Delta State

B.O. Ijabor — 2024-09-12

The concentrations of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity were analyzed in Aniocha South LGA of Delta State. Sediments were collected from randomly selected points on three major rivers in the LGA characterized by human activities, overpopulation, and industrialization. Standard methods were deployed for determination of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity ineach sample by using an eight channel gas flow proportional counter and also to determine the concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and As in the water samples were done using chemical fraction method. The results show that the range of gross alpha and gross beta activity in the river sand sediment is 0.00014-0.00020 Bq/kg and 2.68-5.20 Bq/kg respectively. These results appear to be lower when compared with values from previous studies throughout the world, and WHO recommended limit. The results in this study showed that Pb, Cu, and As in the three river water samples are below the WHO recommended limit of 0.05, 1.5 and 0.05 ppm except for the value of Cd which is higher than the recommended limit of 0.005 ppm in one river water respectively. The pH level for the water samples was below World Health Organization (WHO) limit of 8.0. Similarly, the study could be a reference data for future research related to radiological mapping or environmental monitoring in the area.

Stimulation of citric acid production by heat shock promoting Aspergillus niger using nitrogen enriched Dioscorea bulbifera

Ifeanyi Boniface Ezea — 2024-09-12

High cost of substrate and how to stimulate citric acid are among the factors that mitigate citric acid production. Exploiting a cheap substrate for citric acid production will be a viable alternative in order to reduce the cost of citric acid production. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the potential of wild Dioscorea bulbifera tubers for citric acid production. Experimental procedures were designed to determine the effect of different concentrations of wild Dioscorea bulbifera, different nitrogen sources and effect of different concentrations of nitrogen sources on citric acid production. The data obtained were analyzed using one- way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the experiment showed that wild Dioscorea bulbifera tuber was able to produce citric acid. The concentration of acid produced increased from 5 % to 20 % citric acid up to 8.5 ±1.0 g/lafter 96 hours of fermentation. Among the different nitrogen sources used to supplement wild Dioscorea bulbifera, the medium with ammonium nitrate produced the highest citric acid concentration of 10.5 ±1.5 g/l after 96 hours of fermentation. Meanwhile, when the concentration of the amonium nitrate were varied, 0.4 % was the optimum for the maximum citric acid concentration of 14.8 ±2.0 g/l after 96 hours of fermentation (P< 0.05). In conclusion, Dioscorea bulbifera tubers is suitable for citric acid production and supplementation of the medium with ammonium nitrate as a nitrogen source had a positive effect on the yield.

Production and characterization of bacteriocin from lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented food products

L. A. Abiom — 2024-09-12

Bacteriocin is a natal antimicrobial which can be exploited to evade the inevitability of adding chemical preservatives to food products. This study is aimed at the production and characterization of bacteriocin from Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented food products. Sixteen (16) samples of various fermented food products (abacha, fufu, ogi and yoghurt) were screened for the presence of bacteriocin producing LAB using agar well diffusion method. The strain designated C6 was selected for further studies due to its broad inhibitory effect on the growth of all tested organisms (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 33090, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MN 515053, Listeria innocua ATCC 2127, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida spp and Aspergillus terrus MN907795). Molecular characterization spotted C₆ isolated from yoghurt as Lactobacillus fermentum (accession no. MN907811). Purification of the antimicrobial substance was achieved using High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with nisin as Standard which revealed it to be bacteriocin a proteinaceous antimicrobial that is stable to heat and organic solvents. Effect of substrate level on the growth of Lactobacillus fermentum and optimization of physicochemical parameters on bacteriocin production revealed optimum condition of 1.0 % glucose, 0.5 % sodium nitrate, pH of 6.0, incubation temperature of 35°C for 72h. This makes Lactobacillus fermentum and its bacteriocin a good antagonistic agent for exploitation in pharmaceutical and food processing industries as well as in the field of biotechnology.

The evaluation of the effects of different curing methods on concrete

B. O. Orogbade — 2024-09-12

This research explores the impact of various curing methods on the water absorption and compressive strength of concrete. To evaluate these properties, 45 cubes of mix ratio 1:2:4 were tested under different curing methods namely water ponding, sand, polythene sheet coverage, sawdust and water sprinkling. All the cubes were cured at an average laboratory temperature. Water absorption, compressive strength and SEM-EDX tests were conducted on the concrete cubes after curing for 7, 14 and 28 days. The study found that the water absorption and compressive strength values at 7, 14, and 28 curing days ranged from 1.53 to -1.12% and 21.30 to 31.40 N/mm², respectively and varied depending on the curing method used. All the cementitious compositions of the concrete cubes of all the curing methods showed an increase with the increase in curing age and ranged between 0.01 and 81.67, while their SEM images revealed heterogeneous microstructures consisting of aggregates, cement paste, and voids.Sand and sawdust curing produced the highest and lowest compressive strength values, respectively. Based on these findings, sand curing was identified as the most favourablemethod. Further investigation should be carried out.

The effect of using coconut shell ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete

A. O. David — 2024-09-10

The cost of cement, which is used in concrete works, is rising and becoming unaffordable, but as the population grows, so does the need for homes and other structures that require this material. Because Portland cement is produced using a lot of CO₂, it has a major environmental impact. Because it helps to reduce the use of natural raw materials as resources, the use of secondary materials or industrial waste in the production of cement and concrete has been promoted in the building industry. The world's waste output has grown over time as a result of socioeconomic progress, population growth, and socioeconomic activity. Looking at the prospect of waste minimization and reuse is one of the most appealing ways to manage such waste. In this instance, agricultural waste material, coconut shells, which are environmentally polluting, are gathered and burned without oxygen (pyrolysis). The resulting ash from the burning process is then used as pozzolana, partially replacing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of ordinary Portland cement with ash from coconut shells. Concrete grade M20 having a mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 was used in the course of this project and a water cement ratio of 0.55 was maintained. This experiment indicates that the addition of Coconut Shell Ash (CSA)into cement composite does increase the compressive strength but the strength only increases up to certain CSA content. Specimen with 10% CSA gave the highest compressive strength of 28.3 N/mm² and this optimum strength dropped when the CSA content is further increased from 10%-20%. At 7 and 14days, the experiment shows a low compressive strength of specimens compare to the result at 28 days which gave the highest compressive strength.

Body and organ weight changes in male Wistar rats treated with saponins extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Vernonia colorata

C. A. Obike — 2024-09-12

Vernonia amygdalina (VA) and Vernonia colorata (VC) have been reported to have anti-obesity activities attributable to phytochemicals such as saponins. We studied the effect of crude saponin-rich extracts of VA (VACS) and VC (VCCS) on body weight and relative organ weight (ROW) in male Wistar rats fed high-fat diet (HFD). 40 rats were randomly allocated to 8 groups of 5, with average weights of 183g. Group 1; Basal control Diet (BCD), Group 2; HFD only, Group 3 and 4; HFD + 100 mg/kg VACS and HFD + 200 mg/kg VACS respectively, Group 5 and 6; HFD + 100 mg/kg VCCS and HFD + 200 mg/kg VCCS respectively. Group 7; HFD + Orlistat 10mg/kg, Group 8; HFD + Orlistat 10mg/kg + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). All treatments were administered orally for 10 weeks. The HFD-only group had the highest increase in weight. Administration of VCCS and VACS resulted in weight loss relative to the HFD group only. The effect was not dose-dependent but compared favourably with Orlistat (10 mg/kg). 100 mg/kg VACS produced the highest weight reduction of all the saponins -rich extracts treated groups. There was no difference between the ROW of the treatment groups and the BCD group suggesting there was no organ toxicity. crude saponins. Our findings suggest that saponins-rich fractions from VA and VC may be useful in weight management.

Determination of proximate analysis of individual and combined samples of Dioscorea alata, Musa parasidiaca and Xanthosoma sagittifolium peels

G.N. John — 2024-09-12

This study investigates the proximate composition of yam (Dioscorea alata), cocoyam (Musa parasidiaca) and plantain (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) plant wastes, with a focus on evaluating the impact of the individual and combined plant wastes. Tubers of yam (Dioscorea alata), cocoyam (Musa parasidiaca) and plantain (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) used in this study were obtained from Obibi in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Yams are tubers, plantains are fruits, whereas cocoyam is derived from corms, underground stems, and swollen hypocotyls. All these crops can be propagated by vegetative parts and these include tubers (yams), sucker (Plantain) and side shoots, stolons, or corm heads (cocoyam). Peels from the yam tubers were obtained by using a kitchen knife to carefully remove the peels. The peels were then immediately oven dried at 45^oC for 24 hours. The dried peels were then ground through a 40-mesh screen using a Wiley. Analyses conducted isproximate determination using AOAC method. The results highlight the high ash content of Yam and Cocoyam Peel, which contributes to mineral enrichment; the enhanced moisture content of Plantain Peel, which has implications for water retention; and the low fat and oil content of Cocoyam Peel, which suggests that it is appropriate for use as a low-fat organic material. Yam Peel has a high crude fiber level, which indicates that it has the capacity to improve the structure of the soil. On the other hand, Yam and Cocoyam Peel stand out because it has largest protein content, which is essential for the development of plants. Plantain and cocoyam peel have the largest carbohydrate content, making it an excellent source of energy for the bacteria and plants that live in the soil below it. These findings have practical implications for sustainable agriculture by optimizing crop yields in diverse agro ecosystems.

Analytical evaluation of oil and water obtained from demulsification of crude oil using cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nutshell liquid

T.N. Chikwe — 2024-09-12

The physiochemical characteristics of oil and water obtained from the demusifier treatment of crude oil using equal concentrations of Cashew nutshell liquid (CSNL) and a commercial grade demulsifier (DX077) were evaluated. Results obtained shows that basic sediment and water (BSW) of the crude after treatment with CSNL and DXO77 were 17.5 and 17.9 % respectively which was 0.4% apart. The total oil and grease (TOG) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) of the produced water after treatment with CSNL were 24.4 and 21.7 mg/l respectively while results after treatment with DXO77 were 23.7 and 20.5 mg/l respectively. The TOG and TPH of the produced water after demulsifier treatment with CSNL and DX077 were within acceptable limit of < 30.0 mg/l as specified by Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR). Analyses of the same crude oil before demulsifier treatment gave a lower BSW of 9.50 % as well as an emulsion band of 16.2 % indicating improper oil/water separation. The TOG and TPH of the produced water before demulsifier treatment were 42.5 and 38.7 mg/l respectively which were above DPR specification. Disposal of produced water with high TOG and TPH into the environment can lead to the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the ecosystem resulting in environmental pollution as well as other health hazards. Results obtained also show that the water density, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity and chloride of the produced water after demulsifier treatment with CSNL and DX077 were within DPR specification. Reinjecting produced water with high salinity, chloride and conductivity into the reservoir can reduce oil recovery especially from sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. CSNL proved to be an effective demulsifier and is preferrable to the synthetic demulsifier (DX077) because it is more environmentally friendly owing to its green nature.

Surface characterization of biochar from agricultural residues for environmental applications

D. Abolodje — 2024-09-12

Bio-waste materials banana (Musa ealbisiana) leaves, cassava (Manihot esculenta) peels, mango (Mangifera indica) leaves, plantain (Plantago lanceolata) leaves and peels were pyrolyzed at different temperatures; 300, 400, 450, 500 and 600 ^oC using a muffle furnace. The biochar samples obtained were characterized and properties evaluated for their potential application in soil for agronomic and environmental benefits. The measured physico-chemical properties; pH, bulk density, percentage yield and electrical conductivity varied with temperature of pyrolysis and somewhat with the source of the bio-waste. Surface morphology and elemental composition were determined from Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) measurements and showed variations in texture, porosity and elemental composition with pyrolysis temperature. The produced biochar yields were in the range 16.1 to 84.6% and highest for banana leaves (BL) pyrolysed at 300 ^oC. The scanned images showed a remarkable surface morphology for all the biochar samples obtained at temperatures ≥ 450 ^oC. The pH obtained indicate the alkaline nature of the biochars with mean values > 7.5 except for cassava peels (CP) pyrolysed at 300 ^oC having a value of 5.5. From the elemental analysis, the high carbon content (> 60%) at higher temperatures (> 450 ^oC) of the biochars and the molar O/C ratios may suggest the suitability of the biochars in applications for long-term carbon sequestration and also promising candidates for soil amendment due to increase in macro porosity.

Microbiological and nutritional assessment of ‘ncha iwu’ (edible emulsion) vended in selected markets in Umunneochi Lga, Abia State, Nigeria

F.S. Ire — 2024-09-12

‘Ncha iwu’ is commonly used as a sauce in the preparation of ready-to-eat African salad, a wellknown
delicacy among the Igbo tribe in Nigeria. A total number of fifteen (15) samples of ‘ncha iwu’ were randomly purchased from three (3) vendors in Orie Ngodo and Eke Eziama market in Umunneochi Local Government Area of Abia state. The microbiological quality, proximate composition, and mineral content of the samples were determined using Standard Methods. ‘Ncha iwu’ prepared in the laboratory served as the control. The results showed that total bacterial, Staphylococcal, Coliform and fungal counts of the samples ranged from 3.81-4.37, 2.0-3.58, 3.0-3.8, and 2.0-3.0 log10 CFU/g, respectively. The bacterial species isolated and frequency of occurrence were Staphylococcus aureus (28 %), Klebsiella spp. (18 %), Pseudomonas spp. (18 %), Escherichia coli (18 %) while the fungal species were Penicillium spp. (50 %), Aspergillus spp. (40 %), and Candida spp. (10 %). Proximate analysis indicated that ‘ncha iwu’ contains ash (63.93%), moisture (15.88 %), fibre (8.99 %), lipid (7.70 %), protein (3.50 %) and carbohydrate (0.0 %) while minerals content include Fe (3.679 mg/g), Mg (1.055 mg/g), K (1.054 mg/g), Ca (1.030 mg/g), Mn (0.469 mg/g) and Na (0.222 mg/g). Although ‘ncha iwu’ contains beneficial nutrients, majority of the commercial samples were contaminated with potential pathogenic microorganisms which is a public health concern unlike the control. This is as a result of poor handling by the producers and vendors. Good hygienic practices by the handlers, proper packaging and storage of ‘ncha iwu’ will reduce the microbial contamination of the product. Hence, adequate public health awareness campaign, training on food safety, sanitation and hygenic practices should be provided to the local processors and vendors of ‘ncha iwu’.

Extraction, FTIR and GC-MS characterization of palm kernel oil for laundry soap production

A. G. Jacob — 2024-09-12

This study aimed at extracting and characterizing palm kernel oil from oil palm seed for laundry soap production. Palm kernel oil was obtained by Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane. Standard methods were used to determine the physicochemical properties of the kernel oil and laundry soap. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to characterize the oil. Results revealed that the palm kernel seed yielded 45.51±1.10% oil. Relative density, saponification value, acid value, and iodine value of the oil were 0.87±0,034 g/mL, 224.40±3.13 mg KOH/g, 3.25±0.11 mgKOH/g, and 14.72±0.25 gI₂/100g, respectively. FTIR spectrum showed absorption peaks of methylene groups (723, 2855, 2922 cm^–1), carbonyl group (1744 cm^–1), and olefin group (1632 cm^–1) which are characteristics of fatty acids. GC-MS analysis showed oleic acid, trans-13-octadecenoic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid and vaccenic acid. Quality parameters of the white and hard palm kernel oil soap were found to be 9.55±0.43, 5.20±0.48 cm, 9.65±0.97% and 72.50±2.34% for the pH, foam height, moisture content, and total fatty matter, respectively. These findings suggest that FTIR and GC-MS can substantially be used to effectively verify the suitability of a vegetable oil for soap production. Finally, the moderately high oil yield of the kernel seed indicates its potential for large-scale soap production in Nigeria considering the country’s position as the world’s 4th largest producer of palm kernel oil.

The effects of organic waste on the postharvest fungal attack and disease severity on Irvingia gabonensis kernels

K. Dengimo — 2024-09-12

The effects of organic waste, orange peels and charcoal on the postharvest fungal attack and disease severity on Irvingia gabonensis kernels stored for six (6) months was investigated. Irvingia gabonensis kernels were treated with orange peels and charcoal and the fungal load and diversity were determined using standard microbiological techniques. The study revealed that the same fungal species which include Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusniger, Aspergillus terreus and Mucorspp were encountered in both treatment and control. Furthermore, it was observed that disease severity in the treatment sample reduced by 50 % on the average. The kernels stored in bags without treatment was discoloured and lost its market value whereas 86-88% of kernels stored in bags with either dried orange peels or charcoal remained in good condition. It was observed that the fungal load which ranged 1 CFU/g - too many to count in the control was significantly higher than those stored in bottles with treatment (1-3CFU/g). In orange peel treated kernels Aspergillus fumigatus was the most occurring fungal isolate (3 CFU/g). Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor spp. were the most occurring in charcoal treated kernels with 2 CFU/g. while Mucor spp. was the most occurring (25 CFU/g) in the control, closely followed by Aspergillus fumigatus (14 CFU/g). Orange peels and charcoal were effective in reducing fungal spoilage of kernels and would prove useful in reducing postharvest loss.

Geotechnical assessment of subsoils in parts of Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

M.D. Ntuk — 2024-07-17

A pre-construction assessment of the geotechnical properties of subsoils in parts of the main campus of Akwa Ibom State University was carried out to determine the stratigraphy, identify and classify the soils between 0 to 7m. Six boreholes were drilled to 7m each using a hand Auger, while soil samples were extracted for different laboratory classification tests including moisture content, atterberg limit, particle size distribution, compaction and california bearing ratio. The subsurface stratigraphic profile consists of a clayey silty sand topsoil in all the boreholes excluding BH5 where it did not occur throughout the drilled depth and BH6, where it was found from 0-7m. Underlying the topsoil is a sandy silty clay layer at different depths in BH1, BH2, BH3, BH4 and in BH5, where it was found from 0-7m. The clayey silty sands were of low to intermediate plasticity (9% to 17%) with liquid limit and moisture content values of 23% to 40 % and 15% to 41.1% respectively. The sandy silty clays had a higher plasticity index (11% to 32%) and liquid limit (27% to 92%) than the topsoil. Particle size distribution curves of the sands showed poorly graded fine to medium to coarsegrained sands with minimal gravel fractions. The maximum dry densities (1700kg/m³ to 1770kg/m³) fell within the acceptable range for good backfill materials although the optimum moisture content percentages (14.3% to 16.5%) were slightly higher than the acceptable range. Therefore, the soils should be improved and a bearing capacity analysis carried out before construction for an adequate foundation design.

Iv vitro synergistic antimicrobial interactions between the extract of Azadirachta indica and antibiotics against Bacillus subtilis

Maria I Ngwu — 2024-09-12

This study aims to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial interactions between crude aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica and standard antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin. Using checkerboard techniques with Bacillus subtilis as the test microorganism, the synergistic effect of Azadirachta indica and antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin), was determined. The checkerboard assay presented FIC indices indicative of synergy, particularly notable with the combination of A. indica extract and the antibiotics. Specifically, with the 4:6, 8:2, and 9:1 ratios of ciprofloxacin and 1.9 to 9:1 of norfloxacin. These results suggest a potentiation of antibacterial effects when the plant extract is used in conjunction with conventional antibiotics. The synergistic interaction could potentially reduce the required doses of antibiotics, thereby minimizing side effects and the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Spatio-temporal analysis of land use and land cover dynamics in a part of Southern Nigeria

O. Uchegbulam — 2024-09-12

Agriculture, industrialization, transportation, urbanization and other anthropogenic activities have impacted on the natural cover of the earth surface, hence the dual concepts of land use and land cover (LULC). This study analyses spatio-temporal dynamics in LULC in part of southern Nigeria (path 189 and row 056) between 2002 and 2023using satellite imageries: namely, Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ETM+ of 2023, 2014 and 2002. The classification of land coverwas done with the aid of ArcGIS.The study revealed spatial dynamics in LULC over the study period. The percentage of the study area under cultivation increased from 7.96% in 2002, 17.79% in 2014 to 30.67% in 2023. Also, built-up area increased from 4.36% in 2002, 8.29% in 2014 but decreased to 7.06% in 2023. While areas of dense forest were 34.59% in 2002, 21.42% in 2014 and 11.57% in 2023, bare surface was 4.94% in 2014, 1.19% in 2002 and 25.34% in 2023.Oil spill was 6.13% in 2002, 6.42% in 2014 and 2.07% in 2023. Secondary regrowth/Plantation was 0.19%, 4.22% and 5.53% in 2002, 2014 and 2023 respectively. Water bodieswere 3.37% (2002), 7.06% (2002) and 11.27% (2023). The study recommends enactment of an enabling law or enforcement of existing laws governing forest protection and raising awareness and education of inhabitants on the need to preserve the natural land cover.

Gas leakage detection system for domestic and industrial applications

P.O. Alao — 2024-09-12

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a highly inflammable gas used as sources of energy in automobiles, industries and for domestic cooking. Disaster occurs when LPG leaks and is in contact with the source of fire which may claim lives and destroy properties. Hence, its early detection is essential for preventing disaster. This paper presented smart detection of LPG leakage in domestic homes and industries. The system consisted of MQ-2 gas sensor which sensed the presence of the gas in the air and sent signal to the Arduino micro controller. The micro-controller informed the embedded Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module to send message in form of Short Message Service (SMS) to the users to swing into action in a bid to prevent outbreak of fire. Performance tests carried out to evaluate the system showed the capability of the system to concurrently send SMS to different subscribers and produce audible alarm. It was also observed that SMS was sent to users in a timely and efficient manner. The system could be useful in residential homes and industrial premises for preventing fire hazards.

Interference cancellation system of a microwave resonator filter for 4G and 5G applications

F. Onaifo — 2024-09-12

This paper aimed at designing a microwave resonator filter for use in 4G and 5G applications. A band resonator filter was designed and implemented using microstrip technology. Poor performance of a microstrip microwave resonator filter is due to spurious harmonics and unwanted frequencies which are always present and cause interferences of signals hindering effective communication. The coupling matrix was first obtained using polynomial functions of transmission and reflection coefficients. A cost function for optimization was developed and particle swarm optimization techniques were used to optimize the coupling matrix. The transversal matrix was developed and converted to the folded matrix for practical filter implementation. A bandpass filter was designed and simulated using high- frequency structure simulator software. Unwanted frequencies are eliminated by employing a novel square open loop resonator structure. The filter was designed to specification and the results show that unwanted frequencies were eliminated corresponding to the frequency of the outer resonator and therefore performs better than comparable filter.

The use of electrical resistivity tomography method to resolve land boundary disputes in mining areas

S.N. Yusuf — 2024-09-12

This paper presents the use of electrical resistivity tomography data to solve lingering land disputes arising from boundary encroachment by artisanal and small-scale miners in Jos, Plateau State. Seven electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles were employed using the Wenner Alpha array with an electrode spacing of 1m. The 2Delectrical resistivity tomography image showed areas with low resistivity ranging from 1.80 to 250 Ωm that are interpreted as void or saturated mine drift, in contrast, areas with greater than 250 Ωm areas interpreted as dry mine drifts dug by artisanal miners in search of tin. The results revealed 38 mining drifts at depths ranging from 0 to 30m. Evidence from the 2D ERT method proves that underground mine cavities were created by mining drifts at the fringes of landed property. Field evidence of land subsidence appearing as sinkholes on the encroached property is also an indication of underground mining activities within the property. Mining activities within built-up areas damage soil conditions and pose a threat to buildings and infrastructure. The electrical resistivity tomography method employed in this study provides substantial technical proof for resolving land encroachment disputes in mining areas within Jos and its environs.

Micropaleontological and sedimentological analyses of carbonates rocks in parts of Sokoto Basin, Nigeria: implications for paleoecological interpretation and exploration efforts

G.O. Aigbadon — 2024-09-12

This study presents a detailed analysis of the Paleocene and Maastrichtian marine sediments in the Sokoto Basin, Nigeria, using boreholes GSN – BH – 2051 and GSN – BH – 4051, respectively. This study is aimed at integrating sedimentological, micropaleontological and petrographic data in paleoecologic interpretation of depositional environments of the Sokoto Basin. The methods adopted in this research involved the examination of ditch cuttings, carbonate thin sections, and microfossils analyses from the boreholes drilled in Sokoto Basin. The sedimentological data from the borehole showed that the studied stratigraphic unit comprises mainly fine to medium-grained limestone facies, sparitic intraclastic packstone and oolitic-elmicrite wackestone facies. The microfacies obtained from petrography data revealed micro-fossils abundance and diversity associated with the onset of shallow marine transgression which resulted in the deposition of the Dange and Kalambaina Formations, respectively. The assemblages of the larger foraminifera (Opercullnoides bermudezi) and the larger ostracod (Bairdia iIaroensis) in the borehole sections further suggested marginal marine depositional environment for the Kalambaina and Gamba Shale Formations. The paleoecological interpretation suggests varying salinities and dysaerobic conditions during deposition, with implications for understanding basin evolution. The study concludes by highlighting the importance of integrating multiple methods for a detailed understanding of paleoecological and depositional environment of Sokoto sedimentary basin.

Formulation of a carbon-based solid acid catalyst from groundnut husk for the esterification of oleic acid

I. Orji — 2024-09-12

In this research, a biochar was prepared from groundnut husk and sulphuric acid. The biochar was
sulphonated with chlorosulphonic acid to give a carbon-based sulphonated solid acid catalyst (SAC). The catalyst was characterised by N₂ adsorption and desorption at 77K after degassing overnight under vacuum at 250˚ C, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and total acid density measurement. The results of the acid density measurement showed that the sulphonated biochar has a relatively high acid density of 3.2 mmol/g, while that of the non-sulphonated counterpart is 0.56 mmol/g. Comparison of the percentage conversion of oleic acid by esterification with methanol and butanol was carried out under three different conditions, viz: without catalyst, with the non-sulphonated biochar and with the sulphonated biochar, under the same experimental conditions of 5% catalyst weight percent (based on weight of acid), acid-methanol mole ratio of 1:12, reaction temperature of 70 ^oC, and five hours reaction time. Up to 91.6% percentage conversion of oleic acid to methyl oleate and 86.4% for butyl oleate were achieved, proving the effectiveness of the sulphonated biochar in catalysing the esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol and butanol. The results of this study are expected to provide insights into the development of sustainable and cost-effective solid acid catalysts for the synthesis of oleate esters and other value-added materials from renewable feedstocks.

Appraisal on heavy metal contamination in tissues (gills, intestine, liver, and fillet) of Parachanna obscura and the physicochemical properties of Oguta Lake, South-Eastern Nigeria.

E. M. Uzukwu — 2024-09-12

The aim of this study is to provide baseline data on the investigation of concentrations of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in various tissues (gills, intestine, liver, and fillet) of Parachanna obscura in Oguta Lake, and to assess physicochemical properties of Oguta lake to determine level of pollution and contamination. Twenty fish samples in total were collected at the fishermen landing site of the lake and analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Dissolved oxygen and temperature were measured on site using dissolved Oxygen meter (model 5509) and Mercury-in-glass thermometer respectively, while other parameters were analyzed in the laboratory. Results indicated Fe had the highest concentrations (1.479±0.003 mg/kg) especially in the gills, while Mn recorded least concentrations (0.001±0.000) mg/kg) of all metals analyzed. Values for Cu (0.026±0.002 mg/kg), Mn (0.001±0.000 mg/kg), Zn (.782±0.015 mg/kg), and Fe (1.479±0.030 mg/kg) levels were within FAO/WHO permissible limits in all tissues, whereas Pb (1.438±0.015 mg/kg) exceeded standard limits especially in the gills and intestines, indicating potential contamination and threats to aquatic and human health. Heavy metal concentrations in the tissues followed the order: gills > intestine > fillet > liver. The physicochemical properties assessment of Oguta Lake indicated a stable temperature with mean value of (28.02±022 C). The lake's temperature supports aquatic life, but challenges like low transparency (1.22±0.13 m), acidic pH levels (5.83±0.09), elevated ammonium levels (0.63±0.03 mg/l), low nitrate-nitrogen levels (0.0±50.00 mg/l), and fluctuating dissolved oxygen (6.50±0.29 mg/l) levels suggests pollution from agricultural runoff or sewage. The findings proffer effective management through pollution control, enhanced buffering capacity, and rigorous monitoring to safeguard biodiversity and ensure longterm ecological health.

Depositional environment and stratigraphic framework of the NS- 1 well, Coastal Swamp Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin: a foraminiferal perspective

N.S. Igbinigie — 2024-09-12

A comprehensive analysis of 102 ditch-cutting samples from the NS-1 well in Leuma Field, Coastal Swamp Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin, covering depths from 4730 ft to 7790 ft, is presented. Lithologic descriptions revealed eleven lithostratigraphic sub-units within the transitional-paralic sequence of the Agbada Formation, comprising alternating sandstone and shale. The foraminiferal analysis identified 58 species: 14 planktonic, 26 calcareous benthic and 18 agglutinated benthic. Key planktonic index species such as Globigerinoides sp. and Globorotaliacontinuosa indicates a Middle to Late Miocene age. The biozonation correlates with the Blow (1969) Scheme (N7- N9/N10/N11) placing the intervals within the Middle Miocene to Late Miocene epochs. The depositional environment transitioned from Coastal Deltaic to Inner Neritic and Middle Neritic, suggesting a shallow marine setting influenced by a warm, humid climate. The presence of calcareous foraminifera supports a shallow marine deposition above the carbonate compensation depth. This study provides valuable insights into the sedimentological, stratigraphic, and paleoenvironmental history of the NS-1 well during the Miocene.

Exploring agricultural waste substrate for enhancement of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation

Omowanle Oluwole Gbenga — 2024-09-12

The proximate composition of the organic waste substrates used in cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus was analyzed, and the results revealed significant variations in various nutritional components among the substrates. Palm Chaff had the highest ash content (7.14%), followed by Oil Palm Empty Bunch (5.08%), Yam Peel (4.29%), and Saw Dust (1.36%). This indicated that Palm Chaff was the richest in minerals, while sawdust had the lowest mineral content. In addition, Yam Peel had the highest moisture content (8.46%), followed by Palm Chaff (5.87%), Oil Palm Empty Bunch (4.62%), and Saw Dust (2.83%). This suggested that Saw Dust was the driest substrate. Furthermore, Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the highest crude lipid content (1.94%), followed by Palm Chaff (1.38%), Yam Peel (1.13%), and Saw Dust (0.04%). Moreover, Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the highest crude protein content (2.56%), followed by Yam Peel (2.1%) and Palm Chaff (2.02%). Saw Dust had the lowest crude protein content (1.74%). Besides, Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the highest crude fiber content (48.27%), followed by Palm Chaff (36.94%), Saw Dust (26.17%), and Yam Peel (14.36%). In addition, Saw Dust had the highest carbohydrate content (67.86%), followed by Yam Peel (69.64%) and Palm Chaff (46.65%). Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the lowest carbohydrate content (37.58%). These findings offered valuable insights into the suitability of each substrate for cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus Additionally, it enabled growers to make informed decisions about substrate selection based on the specific nutritional needs and growth requirements of the mushrooms. The impact of various organic waste substrates on the growth dynamics of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom), revealed significant variations in several key parameters. In primordial Formation, the number of early-stage fruiting bodies formed varied between 12 and 36 across different substrate formulations. The highest primordial formation was observed in treatment A + B + C + D (36), while treatments involving individual substrates or their combinations had the lowest primordial formation (12). Furthermore, in Fruiting Body Production, the number of mature mushrooms produced varied across treatments. Treatment A + C resulted in the highest number of fruiting bodies (26), while treatments involving combinations of substrates (B + C + D, A + B + C, A + B + C + D, C + D) had the lowest number of fruiting bodies (3). Overall, the findings highlight the influence of specific substrate combinations on various aspects of mushroom growth dynamics. However, the choice of growth substrates did not significantly impact the overall weight and biological efficiency of Pleurotus ostreatus in this study. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing mushroom cultivation practices.

Multicriteria evaluations for sand production potentials: a case study from a producing oil field in the Niger Delta Basin (Nigeria)

E.U. Nnurum — 2024-09-12

Geomechanical evaluation of three wells in an onshore Niger Delta Oil Field in which some reservoirs have histories of free water production was carried out to predict their potential for sand production. The mechanical characteristics of the reservoirs, such as the Poisson ratio (v), shear modulus (G), elastic modulus (E), bulk modulus (Kb), and bulk compressibility, were calculated using petrophysical parameters such as s-velocity (Vs), p-velocity (Vp), gamma ray index (IGR), the volume of shale (Vsh), porosity (), and pseudo factor (q) derived from wireline logs (Cb). Five geomechanical techniques—porosity, acoustic wave travel time, sand production index, Schlumberger sand production index, and shear modulus to bulk compressibility ratio (G/Cb) were used to forecast the potential for sand production in the reservoirs. The porosity values varied from 14 to 27%, which is below the threshold value of 30% for sand production. The acoustic wave travel time ranged from 81.59 to 89.91s/ft, which is below the threshold value of 104s/ft for sand production. The threshold value for the sand production index was < 2.9 ×106psi. The values for the sand production index fell between 11x 10⁶psi and 12.4 x 10⁶psi, which is below the limits for the onset of sanding. The G/Cb values in the reservoirs across the three wells fell between 1.15 x 10¹²psi² and 1.43 x 10¹²psi² while the threshold value for the Schlumberger sand production index fell between 1.15 x 10¹²psi² and 1.43 x 10¹²psi². Only the Schlumberger criterion predicted the potential for likely sand production.

Parasites of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultured in selected homestead ponds in Rivers State, Nigeria

M. N. Wogu — 2024-09-12

Fish are a major source of protein to humans and one of the constraints to improved fish production in Nigeria are parasites/parasitic diseases. A study to evaluate the parasites of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) cultured in selected homestead ponds in Rivers State, Nigeria was conducted from January to June, 2023. One hundred and twenty catfish were randomly selected from two homestead ponds (sixty fish per pond) and categorized (sex, weight and length); each fish was analyzed for parasites (ecto and endo) using standard parasitological techniques. Descriptive analyses (mean and percentages) were used to represent data obtained and chi-square test was used to determine the level of significance with a P<0.05 considered significant. An overall parasite prevalence of 30 (25.0%) was recorded in this study (P<0.05) and four parasites were observed; Ichthiphitrius 14 (11.7%), Chilodinella 6 (5.0%), Trichodina 6 (5.0%) and Crytobia 4 (3.3%). Male and female fish had parasite prevalence of 8 (16.0%) and 22 (31.4%) respectively (P>0.05).According to weight, parasite prevalence values of 4 (16.0%), 4 (17.4%), 8 (28.6%), 8 (30.8%) and 6 (33.3%) were recorded for 140 – 160g, 161 – 180g, 181 – 200g, 201 – 220g and 221 – 240g respectively while according to length, parasite prevalence values of 8 (21.1%), 10 (24.4%), 7 (26.9%) and 5 (33.3%) were recorded for 20 – 22cm, 23 – 25cm, 26 – 28cm and 29 – 31cm respectively (P>0.05). Proper management practices should be adhered to in aquaculture to increase yield and reduce the detrimental effects of fish parasites.

Evaluation of the chemical constituents and toxicological potentials of Asystasia vogeliana benth. leaf extract

O.O. Odekanyin — 2024-08-01

Majority of the tradomedicinal uses of Asystasia vogeliana lack scientific backing. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the phytochemical constituents and the toxicological potentials of methanolic leaf extract of Asystasia vogeliana in Swiss albino mice. Air-dried pulverized leaves (1248 g) of Asystasia vogeliana were extracted with methanol for 48 h. The extract was concentrated using rotary evaporator to obtain crude methanol extract (99.8 g). The extract was screened for phytochemicalconstituents and partitioned with n-exane and dichloromethane (DCM). The two fractions were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Acute toxicity study was conducted in Swiss albino mice based on standard procedures. Biochemical parameters were determined in the liver, kidney and blood of the animals. Flavonoids, steroids, saponins and triterpenes were detected in the extract. GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction showed presence of n-hexadecanioc acid (24.01%) and 6-octadecenioc acid (36.68%) as major constituents while oxypurinol (15.68%), and 2,2- dimethylcyclohexan-1,3- dione dioxime (11.21%) were the main constituents in dichloromethane fraction. No mortality was recorded in the acute toxicity study. Liver and blood serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities increased across the group. The creatinine and urea content in the kidney and blood serum increased. The insignificant increase in creatinine and urea levels in the kidney and blood showed mild toxicity. Also, increase in AST and ALT level was noticed in the blood which showed liver injury. Therefore, the study concluded that the extract at the tested concentration is mildly nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic.

Assessment of microbial contamination on generator surfaces: a case study at the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

E.C. Ago — 2024-09-12

Microorganisms pervade the atmosphere, with inert surfaces serving as secondary repositories for the transmission of bacteria and fungi, posing public health concerns. This study aimed to assess the microbial burden on top surfaces and handles of specific generators at the University of Port Harcourt. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria counts ranged from 5.0 to 8.13 log CFU/ml, with the highest count observed on the handle of a generator at Ematex and the lowest on the top of a generator at the SSLT building. Total Fungi counts ranged from 5.0 to 6.45 log CFU/ml, with the highest count on the handle of a generator at English House and the lowest on the handle of a generator at Ofrima and the top of a generator at SSLT. Identified organisms include Staphylococcus spp, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, as well as Aspergillius spp., Penicillium spp., Chysosporium spp., Fussarium spp., Muccur spp., and Candida spp. Microorganisms on generator handles exceeded those on the top, and the microbial profiles of handles were similar across the generator sets. Improved personal hygiene and regular handwashing is advised to mitigate bacterial presence on hands, which can be transferred from generator surfaces and handles.

Helicobacter pylori and Treponema pallidum (syphilis) co-infection among HIV patients attending a private clinic in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria

H. C. Innocent-Adiele — 2024-09-12

This delve examined the periodicity of polyinfection of Helicobacter pylori and Treponema pallidum in HIV-infected individuals who visited Capitol Hills Clinic in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Syphilis and H. pylori infections are major worldwide health issues that have diverse clinical presentations and consequences. It is essential to comprehend the co-infestation rates of syphilis and H. pylori in HIV patients to effectively manage patient care, given the resurgence of syphilis and the ongoing incidence of H. pylori. A study employing a cross-sectional design was carried out, which included a hundred individuals living with HIV who were receiving medical treatment at Capitol Hills Clinic. Blood samples were obtained and examined using fast diagnostic test kits to spot the existence of H. pylori and Treponema pallidum. The study involved the analysis of demographic characteristics, such as occupation, age, marital status, religion, and sex, to discover how these components are related to the prevalence of co-infestation. Results from the study showed that 67% of HIV-infected patients had a significant co-infection incidence of H. pylori, but no cases of Treponema pallidum were observed. The incidence of H. pylori differed among various age groups, with the greatest incidence seen among those aged 21-40 years (71%). Gender-wise, males showed a somewhat greater prevalence (69%) compared to females (65%). Marital status seems to have an impact on the prevalence, as married persons exhibited a greater prevalence rate of 71% compared to singles, who had a prevalence rate of 64%. The findings underscore the significance of frequent screening for H. pylori and syphilis co-illnesses among HIV patients, especially in places with a high burden of both infections like Nigeria. These co-infections might complicate the clinical management of HIV, potentially leading to increased morbidity and mortality.

Demonstrating the staining ability of Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa as replacement to Eosin Y in EA50

G.I. Iyare — 2024-09-12

Nicholas Papanicolaou developed the Pap stain, a combination of three major stains used for cervical smears. Eosin-Azure (EA50), one of these stains, includes Eosin Y, Light Green SF, and Bismarck brown. This study explores the use of Curcuma longa extract as a substitute for Eosin Y in EA50. Cervical smears from premenopausal women were collected and stained using both the standard Papanicolaou stain and a modified version where Eosin Y was replaced with Curcuma longa extract. The modified stain's effectiveness was assessed based on the quality of staining of superficial cells. The modified stain (T.A- extract) successfully stained and highlighted superficial cells, while the Zingiber officinale extract (Z.A) performed poorly in staining the nuclei and cytoplasm. The staining ability of the Curcuma longa extract was found to be 100% comparable to the traditional Papanicolaou stain. Staining aims to clearly demonstrate cellular components for diagnostic purposes, and many existing stains are long-established but require modifications for better application. Using local alternatives can enhance availability and affordability. Curcuma longa is readily available and, based on our findings, can effectively replace Eosin Y in Eosin-Azure stains. Further research into the dye components of herbal products and their staining capabilities could lead to cost-effective, locally sourced alternatives to imported stains.

Enhancing crop resistance to root nematodes through advanced breeding techniques

A.O. Ukpene — 2024-09-12

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using nematode-resistant maize and cassava in Nigeria to improve farmers' sustainability and reduce pest pressures. Nematodes significantly impact global crop yield and availability, necessitating the development of resistant cultivars to reduce yield losses and reliance on chemical control measures. Field experiments were conducted in Agbor-Nta, Nigeria, using Resistant Variety A and Resistant Variety D developed from CRISPRCas9 and Marker Assisted Selection. The study found that Resistant Variety A reduced nematode count by 80%, increased yields, and higher net profits. Resistant Variety D also showed reasonable nematode control and economic returns, significantly reducing the nematode population to 12 per gram, achieving a 76% reduction. The adoption rate of CRISPR-Cas9 developed Resistant Variety A reached 50% by 2024. The study underscored the importance of advanced breeding technologies in producing nematode-resistant crops for farming sustainability and economies. The application of germplasm from CRISPR-Cas9 and MAS techniques successfully improved genetic improvement, reduced pest pressures, and enhanced yields. These findings align with efforts to improve agricultural sustainability by promoting reliable crop types to maintain food supply and economic stability in agricultural-dependent areas.

A CNN based model for heart disease detection

K. I. Chibueze — 2024-09-12

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a formidable global health challenge, claiming millions of lives annually. Despite advancements in healthcare, heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality, especially in developing nations. Early detection of cardiac abnormalities through predictive models is crucial for effective intervention. This research leverages machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on deep learning, to enhance diagnostic capabilities. Unlike previous studies, this work introduced caffeine as a potential risk factor often overlooked in datasets. The study utilized Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) datasets from Enugu State University Teaching Hospital and Kaggle, comprising 90,500 samples, with specific attention to high caffeine intake cases. Data preprocessing involved resizing, normalization, color adjustments, and augmentation to optimize model training. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture with four convolutional layers was employed for classification. The CNN model achieved a remarkable accuracy of 94% and low loss values, and demonstrated proficiency in categorizing heart MRI data. Ten-fold cross-validation reaffirmed the model's high success rate with an average accuracy of 94.13% and minimal loss function. Comparative analysis showcased the effectiveness of the developed CNN model, outperforming several existing models in heart disease classification.

Relevance of surface characterization of Bambusa vulgaris (l.) leaf extract doped iron nanoparticle

C.F. Anioke — 2024-09-12

In the present study, green nano scaled zero-valent irons (nZVI) were synthesized from Bambusa vulgaris leaf extract at room temperature. The plant extract was evaluated for the presence of reducing agents (bioactive compounds) phytochemically using standard methods. nZVI was systematically characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) techniques. The SEM and XRD results showed that after the reduction process for 4 hr at 25^oC, the iron powder obtained was a single phase of lamellar or platy α-Fe crystals with the presence of medium nanoparticles (10-100 nm) having crystal size, L ranging from 40-46 nm (42.2 nm) and particle size, D ranging from 53-70 nm (56.1 nm) for both 0.3 M and 0.9 M B. vulgaris-nZVI. It has been demonstrated that B. vulgaris leaf extract was capable of producing iron nanoparticles that shows good stability in solution and under the UV-Visible wavelength, nanoparticles exhibited quite good surface plasmon resonance behavior in the range of 220-740 nm. The FT-1R spectra revealed that the vibrational bands at 3722.76 cm^-1 and 3706.4 cm^-1 represented the O-H stretching due to the presence of polyphenol as a functional group in addition to tannins, saponins, and others which may be responsible for the eduction of ferrous ion (Fe³⁺) to zero-valent iron (Fe^o). This study reveals that B. vulgaris-nZVI possessing short-time synthesis protocol, anisotropism, and eco-benignity could be promising lowcost matrix for remediation (both soil and water), adsorption, catalysis, and other applications.

Microbiological quality assessment of exposed Garri sold in selected markets in Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria

E.T. Adesemoye — 2024-09-12

A common Nigerian fermented staple meal, garri can become contaminated during manufacturing, marketing and storage by a variety of germs, which could be harmful to consumers' health. In this work, isolates from garri sold in Oye-Ekiti Local Government Area were phenotypically and molecularly characterized. Nine samples were purchased from three different markets using sterile paper bags and examined in the laboratory. Based on morphological characteristics and biochemical
tests, the organisms isolated and their frequency of occurrence were Staphylococcus spp. (15 %), Bacillus spp. (70 %) and Enterobacter spp. (15 %) and Aspergillus spp. (100 %). Molecular characterization of two distinct Bacillus spp. identified them as Bacillus subtilis and Brevibacillus brevis exhibiting 85.9 % and 98.8 % percentage similarities, respectively. In order to minimize the level of contamination of garri by hazardous microorganisms, local processors of the product should be trained and retrained on food handling, food packaging, sanitation and hygienic practices.

Petrography of basement rocks in parts of Ikom and Iso – Bendeghia, Southeastern Nigeria

H. C. Nule — 2024-09-12

The petrography of somepetrography of basement rocks in parts of Ikom and Iso – Bendeghia, in Cross Rivers State, Southeastern Nigeria were evaluated. The rock samples collected from the study area were subjected to field observation delineate the parameters for their field names and petrographic evaluation to decipher in common mineral composition of the rock samples. Thin sections were prepared from rock samples collected from the sample points in the area to estimate the percentage composition of minerals. This petrographic study was able to decipher rock type within the study area. The basement rocks found in the area include igneous rocks (pegmatites, granites, dolerites/basalts, charnockites) and the metamorphic rocks (schists, gneisses, granite gneiss, quartzites). The average modal composition of minerals in granite, pegmatites, dolerites, charnockites and gneiss was obtained from the modal composition of the rock samples. Some of the schistsfrom Iso – Bendeghia area were weathered rock bodies and the gneisses were mainly granite gneiss.

Histological changes in the bronchi of the adult Wistar rat following exposure to cement dust

M.B. Ehi-Omosun — 2024-09-12

Cement dust is a harmful air pollutant. Previous research has linked cement dust to respiratory disease, but its effects on bronchi are poorly understood. The present study examined the impact of cement dust on body weight and bronchial function in Wistar rats. Twenty four Wistar rats between250g and 280g were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group A rats were placed in a cement dust free chamber while Group B - D animals were exposed to cement dust dispersed from 5g, 10g and 20g of cement, respectively via dust distributor glass-chamber of dimensions 32.5 cm3 × 32.5 cm3 × 16.5 cm3 for 1 hour daily for 30 days. The weights of the rats were taken weekly and the difference between them and previous weights were noted. After 28 days, animals were euthanized and bronchiwere collected for histology. Body weight significantly increased (P<0.05) in all groups. The control group had the highest eight gain compared to the exposed groups. The histological sections of the bronchi of rats in Group A revealed normal bronchi. There were observable histological variations in the bronchial architecture of the exposed rats (Group B-D) which include mucosal ulceration, mucosal infiltrates of inflammatory cells, activated lymphoid follicles and luminal haemorrhage. Histological findings are consistent with usual histological features in bronchiectasis. Cement dust had histomorphological effects on the bronchiwhich are capable of compromising the health of the research animals.

Effects of aqueous seed extract of Garcinia kola on spray paint-induced histological changes in the lungs of Wistar rats

M.B. Ehi-Omosun — 2024-09-12

The most common cause of lung diseases among people with spray paint-related occupations is hydrocarbon poisoning which has significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous seed extract of Garcinia kola on spray paint-induced interstitial pneumonitis in the adult Wistar rats. Thirty adult Wistar rats weighing between 240 g and 270 g were divided into five groups of six rats each. Animals in group A were placed on feed and water only. Animals in group B were exposed to 100 ml of spray paintfumes via inhalation. Animals in group C received 500mg/kg body weight per day of Garcinia kola. Animals in group D were exposed to 100 ml of spray paint fumes via inhalation and received 250mg/kg body weight per day of Garcinia kola. Animals in group E were exposed to 100 ml of spray paint fumes via inhalation and received 500mg/kg body weight per day of Garcinia kola. The extract was administered for 30 consecutive days via an orogastric tube. Groups A, C, D and E revealed normal histoarchitecture of the lung; normal alveoli and normal interstitial space. There were observable histological variations in the lung tissues of Group B rats which include severe alveolar dilation, interstitial haemorrhage, interstitial infiltrates of inflammatory cells, severe vascular ulceration and congestion (evidence of interstitial pneumonitis). It is concluded that Garcinia kolahasan ameliorative effect on spray paint-induced histological changes in the lungs of Wistar rats.

Financial requisition system: adopting agile techniques in solving corporate financial management challenge

M. A. Cole — 2024-09-12

This paper addresses a longstanding problem in corporate financial management by introducing a financial requisition system (FRS) using the Agile software programming methodology. While various branches of financial management, including procurement, have evolved their requisition processes, the financial requisition process has lagged in efficiency and transparency. Recognizing this gap, this paper focuses on developing an advanced tool specifically tailored to the financial requisition as an aspect of the financial management system. The proposed financial requisition system integrates user-friendly interfaces and robust backend functionalities, acknowledging the unique complexities of financial requisitions. By learning from the evolution of other branches of financial management, this paper aims to adopt agile transparency, and establish an advanced framework for managing financial needs. The paper contributes to the evolution of financial requisition processes, providing stakeholders and indeed all players in the financial industry with a dedicated and effective solution for managing financial workflows.

Fixed point of discrete dynamical system of Lotka Volterra model

M. Osei Fokuo — 2024-12-10

Fixed point theorem is one of the theories in mathematics that has make many proofs been in existence. Lotka-Volterra model is a widely used pair of first-order nonlinear differential equations used to interpret the dynamics of two species that is a predator and a prey. The paper employs the contraction mapping and the Banach Fixed point theory on the Discrete Dynamical type of the LotkaVolterra to see the outcome of its behavior. The Banach Fixed Theory is used in determining the fixed point of discrete dynamical system of Lotka Volterra model. The following solutions (0,0), have all be discovered and they are fixed points of Lotka Volterra Model. The fixed point serving as the limiting behavior of Lotka Volterra is continuous and convergent.