Yellow Fever in Nigeria: A Review of Past, Current, and Future Strides

Abstract

Since 1985, there has been resurgence of yellow fever in Africa with outbreaks occurring in more than 33 countries. From that time, thousands of cases have occurred in Nigeria which is the most populous country in Africa. Semi-urban and urban centres across the country are densely populated, with numerous sparsely populated rural settings in every State, some of which contain heavy forests. A wide-range of vegetation zones exists which lead to smooth transition of several tropical climates. As a result, there is preponderance of Aedes species in many parts of the country especially during the rainy season when relative humidity is high. Vector control is not applicable to jungle yellow fever, but infection in human population can be prevented by vaccination. Yellow fever deaths were recently reported in Nigeria, causing panic and public outcry. This review highlights the epidemiological trajectory of yellow fever, the past, and the present and future efforts in the country with a view to providing in-depth knowledge of yellow fever activities in order to enhance public health.