Getting Ahead of the "Game": The Reclassification of Wild Animals Contained in Protected Areas as Res Publicae

Abstract

The common law "escape rule" determines that if a wild animal escapes from its controlled environment and reverts to its natural state  of freedom, it is res nullius and may be acquired by another party by occupatio. To place the owners of game in a more favourable  position when their game escapes from its enclosure, the aforementioned common law rule was amended by the Game Theft Act 105 of  1991 (GTA). Sections of the Game Theft Act 105 of 1991 came under discussion in Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency v Medbury  (Pty) Ltd (Wildlife Ranching South Africa amicus curiae) 2016 4 SA 457 (ECG) and later in Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency v  Medbury (Pty) Ltd t/a Crown River Safari 2018 4 SA 206 (SCA). Two separate issues came before the courts. First, whether a certificate in  terms of section 2(2)(a) of the GTA is a prerequisite for the operation of section (2)(1)(a) of the GTA; and second, whether the common  law must be developed to provide that wild animals that are sufficiently contained in a protected area managed by an organ of state charged with the management thereof in terms of relevant nature conservation legislation in order to promote conservation, are res  publicae owned by such organ of state. Neither one of the cases thoroughly considered the second issue before the court. Therefore, the  purpose of this contribution is to investigate the possibility of developing the common law to provide that wild animals that are sufficiently contained in a protected area managed by an organ of state charged with the management thereof in terms of relevant  nature conservation legislation in order to promote conservation are res publicae owned by such organ of state. In Roman Law res  publicae were classified as public things that were out of commerce and intended for public use. They are often referred to as state  property, but they belong to the entire civil community and their common interests in these things are safeguarded by the state. This  proposed development bears some resemblance to the international environmental law principle known as the public trust doctrine. The  public trust doctrine determines that a country's sovereign acts as the guardian of the public interest in natural resources by holding  them in trust for the benefit of the nation as a whole. The article provides a theoretical analysis of the proposed development of the common law by exploring (a) the significance of biodiversity conservation and protected areas in South Africa; (b) the application of the  GTA in the context of protected areas; (c) the concepts of res nullius, res publicae and the public trust doctrine and (d) the development  of the common law in South Africa.