The effect of road traffic noise on primary schools in Southern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study on insomnia and daytime hypersomnia

Abstract

Introduction: road traffic noise has been recognized as a significant environmental stressor with potential health implications, particularly  in the context of sleep disturbances among students. This study aimed to investigate the association between road traffic  noise exposures and sleep patterns among school students in Iringa municipality, considering various demographic and lifestyle factors. 

Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 425 students from different primary schools, categorized based on their exposure to road traffic noise, 139 in the high-exposure group, 144 in the low-exposure group, and 142 in the control group.  Demographic characteristics, noise levels, and sleep patterns were assessed using self-reported surveys, noise measurements, and  validated sleep assessment tools. Statistical analyses, including multiple logistic regression models, were employed to explore the  relationships between noise exposures and sleep disturbances while adjusting for relevant variables. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)  and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaires were used to evaluate sleep disturbance.

Results: the mean ISI and ESS scores were  7.5 ± 6.1 and 6.2 ± 4.7, respectively, and the average scores were significantly greater in the road traffic noise exposure group, as  compared to the non-exposure group. The percentage of the subjects with insomnia and hypersomnia, was also significantly greater in  the exposure group, as compared to the control group. The odd ratios for insomnia and daytime hypersomnia were approximately 2  times higher in the noise exposure group, as compared to the control group. The analysis also identified gender, age, class level, and  regular exercise as significant factors influencing sleep disturbances. Females, older students, and those in higher class levels exhibited  increased vulnerability to sleep disturbances, while engagement in regular exercise demonstrated a protective effect.

Conclusion: the  findings highlight the critical impact of road traffic noise on students' sleep quality, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to  mitigate noise exposure, especially in school environments. Collaboration with local authorities for effective traffic management strategies and further research employing objective sleep evaluation methods are recommended to enhance the understanding of this  complex relationship. Addressing road traffic noise can contribute to the well-being and academic performance of students, highlighting the importance of creating noise-conscious environments in educational settings.