Hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission in the Eastern Region of Ghana: a cross-sectional pilot study

Abstract

Introduction: hepatitis B is a major health concern in Ghana, where prevalence of the virus remains high and most chronic patients are infected
during childhood or at birth. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and main factors associated with mother-to-child transmission of
hepatitis B in the context of Ghana. Methods: in this cross-sectional pilot study, we tested infants born to hepatitis B positive mothers at a hospital
in the Eastern Region of Ghana to determine the prevalence of mother-to-child transmission. A questionnaire was completed by hepatitis B positive
mothers to investigate the association between factors surrounding the birth of the child and whether transmission had occurred. These factors were
analyzed independently using Fisher's exact test. To investigate the relationship between mother's age at the time of delivery and viral transmission,
a univariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: the prevalence of mother-to-child transmission was 5.9%, with 51 hepatitis B
positive mothers included in the study and three infants testing positive. A majority of infants received the standard hepatitis B vaccination schedule
(96.1%) while two-thirds received the birth dose. There was no significant association observed between the clinical interventions reported in the
study and mother-to-child transmission. No significant association was observed between the age of the mother at the time of delivery and viral
transmission (OR: 1.077, 95% CI: 0.828 - 1.403, p = 0.58). Viral marker testing during pregnancy was absent in the population and could not be
reliably assessed. Conclusion: there was a low prevalence of HBV mother-to-child transmission observed despite a clear absence of viral marker
and viral load testing. It is recommended that viral profile analysis is performed for hepatitis B positive pregnancies to identify high risk cases.