The magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors in HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy in southern zone Tigray, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Introduction: greater than twenty known opportunistic infections have been associated with HIV infection and usually patients experience co-infections during the stage of illness, HIV-related opportunistic infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Methods: a hospital-based retrospective study was conducted in HIV-infected adult patients on antiretroviral (ART) from April to June 2017; secondary data were collected from review of clinical records. A total of 400 study participants selected through a systematic sampling technique and a pre-tested checklist was used to collect data from records of study subjects. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22.

Results: a total of 400 patients included in the study, in which more than half (51.0%) were females. The mean age of patients was 34 (standard deviation [SD] ±1.96) years. The overall of opportunistic infections (OIs) among HIV/AIDS patients on ART was 55.3%. The highest rates of OIs observed were oral candidacies 11.0%, followed by herpes zoster (10.8%) and tuberculosis (TB) (9.5%). The odds of having college and above educational levels were less likely to developed OIs compared to illiterate (AOR=0.007; 95% CI=0.053, 0.634). The odds of having OIs in WHO clinical stage I were less likely to have OIs compared to WHO clinical stage III and V (AOR=0.001; 95% CI=0.000, 0.015 and AOR=0.00; 95%CI=0.00 respectively).

Conclusion: there was a high prevalence of OIs observed in this study. Illiterate educational level and advanced WHO clinical stages were found to be predictors of OIs. Interventions were aimed at promoting early HIV testing and ART enrollment of HIV-infected.