Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of highly active antiretroviral Treatment-Naïve human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients in Uyo, Nigeria: Are the demographics changing?

Abstract

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection poses a great health and economic burden, especially in developing nations where a high burden of disease has been described. A previous study in Uyo shows that some characteristics associated with a higher prevalence of HIV infection include female gender, exposure to tertiary level of education, and late disease presentation. This study aimed at determining the sociodemographic and the clinical characteristics of highly active antiretroviral treatment‑naïve (HAART‑naïve) HIV‑seropositive patients at Uyo, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross‑sectional comparative study of 210 respondents, composed of 105 HAART‑naïve HIV‑seropositive patients (subjects) and an equal number of sex‑ and age‑matched HIV‑negative individuals (controls). Data were collected using pretested interviewer‑administered questionnaires and hospital records. Anthropometry and blood pressure (BP) were measured for all the respondents, while clinical and immunologic staging were done for subjects. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS v 20. P ≤ 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 34.5 ± 9.2 years, and the male‑to‑female ratio was 1:2.3, with no difference between the subjects and controls (P = 0.880 for age and P = 0.943 for gender). Mean body mass index and mean diastolic BP were significantly lower in the subjects (P < 0.001 and 0.037, respectively). Female gender, secondary level of educational attainment, and unskilled employment were significantly associated with HIV infection. Majority of the respondents presented in clinical Stage 1 or 2 disease, with CD4 count >350 cells/ml. Conclusion: The burden of HIV infection is higher in females and in those with sociodemographic characteristics suggestive of lower socioeconomic status, however, majority of these appeared to present in early disease.