Nigerian Journal of Parasitology

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Leishmania infection in Dogs in Al Gadarif State, Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Study

N.A. Abass — 2024-09-17

Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an endemic disease in eastern Sudan, particularly in Al Gadarif State, causing significant morbidity and fatality rates. This disease is induced by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. Several studies have suggested that dogs (Canis familiaris), which are known for being the primary reservoir hosts of L. infantum (causing canine leishmaniasis), may play a vital role in transmitting human VL caused by L. donovani. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of leishmaniasis in general and L. donovani, particularly in dogs, and to investigate the potential risk factors associated with the disease in Al Gadarif State. Blood samples were collected from 151 dogs from five localities and examined using Giemsa-stained blood smears and PCR. The overall prevalence was 44.4% based on microscopic examination. Significant variation in the prevalence of leishmaniasis was observed among the localities (p = 0.000), where the highest prevalence was reported in Algurreisha (85%) and the lowest was observed in Alhawata (4.2%). Dog type was another risk factor that was shown to be significantly associated with infection (p = 0.041). The highest prevalence was reported in household dogs (47.7%) compared to stray dogs (23.8%). The analysis revealed that factors such as the use of dogs, sex, and age were not statistically linked to the disease. However, among household dogs, the highest prevalence was reported in pet dogs (59.7%), males (49.1%) compared to females (32.6%), and young dogs (50%) compared to older dogs (40.9%). All blood samples tested negative for L. donovani by PCR, thus requiring further investigation to identify the causative species in dogs and their possible roles in the epidemiology of zoonotic leishmaniasis in Sudan.

Night-time Biting Behaviour of Malaria Vectors in selected Agrarian Communities of Kano State, Northwest Nigeria

F.O. Darda — 2024-09-17

Understanding the biting behaviour of vectors is essential for determining their vectorial potential and, hence, their role in disease transmission. The study was a two-year entomological survey of malaria vectors in three agrarian communities of Kano state designated as large irrigation (LIC), urban irrigation (UIC) and nonirrigation (NIC) communities. Human-baited Centre for Disease Control (CDC) light traps collected outdoor and indoor biting adult mosquitoes overnight. The collected female Anophelesspecies were morphologically identified to the species level using standard keys. A total of six hundred and thirty-seven (637) female Anopheles species were trapped of which 322 (50.55%) were collected indoors and 315 (49.45%) were collected outdoors. LIC and NIC had more Anopheles mosquitoes collected outdoors (51.08% and 66.04% respectively) than indoors (48.92% and 33.96% respectively) while UIC had more Anopheles mosquitoes collected indoors (67.77%) than outdoors (32,23%). Mosquito biting activity was higher in the wet season than in the dry season but did not differ significantly indoors (F-value = 3.310, p = 0.84) and outdoors (F = 0.651, p = 0.532). Statistical differences were recorded in the mean outdoor Anopheles abundance (F = 4.51 and p = 0.044) across the communities. Single, bimodal, and multiple biting peaks were observed in the study. Early biting peaks (1800-1900 hours) were observed outdoors (wet season) in NIC and indoors in UIC (dry season). The early outdoor biting activities of Anopheles species established in this study suggest the possibility of continued malarial transmission despite household use of bed nets. This implies that this control measure might be insufficient for malaria control in the region, and thus integrated methods for controlling malaria vectors should be considered.

A Survey of Zoonotic Parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia species presented in Veterinary Clinics of Faisalabad, Pakistan

M. Shafeeq — 2024-09-17

Toxoplasmosis has a major public health significance because of its social and economic influence on the public. A protozoan parasite causes gastrointestinal problems characterised by acute or chronic diarrhoea, commonly known as giardiasis. The occurrence of giardiasis in dogs and cats has consequences for clinical and public health. Instead of being a potential threat to public health, no study has been planned to detect the occurrence of these important zoonotic parasites in pets of Faisalabad or Pakistan. Therefore, keeping in mind the importance, the current study was planned with the objectives of finding the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia in owned dogs and cats of Faisalabad and to find information about how much the owners know and are concerned about zoonosis. For this purpose, 150 (each for dogs and cats) faecal and blood samples were collected from 150 dogs and cats from pets that were presented to different veterinary clinics. Direct microscopy was used to screen for Giardia, while Toxoplasma was detected using the Toxoplasmosis Latex Kit (ANTEC Diagnostic®, UK). A questionnaire was completed to reveal the associated risk factors and awareness of zoonosis. The generated data were analysed using the chi-squared test. In dogs, an overall prevalence of 42% for Giardia and 37% for Toxoplasma gondii was found. The corresponding values for cats were 36% and 39.33%, respectively. These findings indicated a statistically non-significant (P>0.05) difference in the prevalence of these parasites in both species. Moreover, the findings of the study clearly illustrate that cats and dogs being kept as pet animals pose a serious threat to human beings, and owners are not aware of this alarming situation.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Female Students at the Bouaké Medical Sciences Training and Research Unit, Bouaké, Cȏte d'Ivoire

A.S.J. Kouakou — 2024-09-17

Toxoplasmosis is a common cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Most often asymptomatic, toxoplasmosis can be serious for the foetus if it occurs during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among female students to contribute to the knowledge of the epidemiology of this disease. We conducted a cross-sectional study on female medical students in Bouake. The students were included after obtaining informed consent and were interviewed about their socio-demographic characteristics, gynaeco-obstetric history, factors favouring toxoplasmosis, and blood samples were collected. The samples were analysed by ELISA at the Bouake University Hospital laboratory. The collected data were entered and analysed using Word, Excel 2013, and Epi Info 7. The 168 female students included had an average age of 24 years, were married (6%), had a history of pregnancy (23.8%), were nulliparous (91.7%), had a cat (39.3%), and ate undercooked meat (72%).An overall seroprevalence of 67.9% was observed, of which 66.7% was IgG and 3.6% IgM. There was a statistically significant relationship between anti-toxoplasma seropositivity, age and the presence of a cat in the family. The overall seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among female students at the Bouake Medical Sciences training and research unit was high. Therefore, students whose serology was negative should be made aware of the need to have a check-up in the event of pregnancy, so that appropriate measures can be taken as soon as possible.

Antibacterial Activities of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) with Ciprofloxacin on Selected Bacteria

Y.C. Azuamah — 2024-09-17

Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf, is a widely grown plant in Africa that has several health benefits. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial activities of ciprofloxacin with those of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on selected bacteria. Swabs were collected from patients presenting with bacterial conjunctivitis at the Eye Clinic, Department of Optometry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri. The samples were transported to the Microbiology Laboratory at the Federal University Teaching Hospital, Owerri, for culturing and identification of microorganisms using standard microbiological methods. The zones of inhibition of ciprofloxacin on selected bacteria isolated from the swab samples were compared with those of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. Four bacteria were isolated from the samples: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. At concentrations of 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/ml respectively, there were significant differences (p˂0.05) in the zones of inhibition between ciprofloxacin and the ethanolic and aqueous extracts against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes. With 12.5 mg/ml concentration, the extracts showed no significant differences (p>0.05) in the zone of inhibition. Ciprofloxacin showed significantly higher (p˂0.05) zones of inhibition, followed by Vernonia amygdalina ethanolic extract (p˂0.05) and Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract (p˂0.05). The zones of inhibition produced by Vernonia amygdalina ethanolic extract on both grampositive and gram-negative bacteria highlight its antibacterial effect and its potential as an alternative treatment option for bacterial infections.

Survey of Helminth Eggs in the Playgrounds of Pupils in Bwari Area Council, Abuja Nigeria

C.O. Chukwudike — 2024-09-17

Parasitic helminth infections are of public health importance and resulting morbidities mostly affect school-aged children. This study was conducted in Bwari Area Council, Abuja, aimed to assess levels of contamination of preprimary and primary school playgrounds by helminth eggs. Twenty schools were randomly selected, 10 private and 10 public-owned pre/primary schools. Using floatation method, direct smear, and formal-ether sedimentation techniques, eggs were recovered from soil samples. Overall, 6607 eggs were obtained from 400 soil samples of which 4836 were geo-helminth and 239(59.8%) were positive for helminth eggs. The distribution is as follows: Taenia eggs(18.5%), Toxocara eggs(14.4%), Fasciola eggs(1.2%), Strongyle eggs(2.5%), Hookworm eggs (16.0%), Schistosome eggs(0.1%), Trichuris eggs(2.9%), Strongyloides eggs(8.2)%, Coccidian eggs(21.8%) and Mite eggs (14.5%) were also recorded. There was no significant association between the occurrence of helminth eggs and 2 the schools (χ² = 0.6434, p = 0.4225). There was no significant association between the occurrence of geo-helminth eggs and the soil samples from primary and pre-primary school playgrounds (χ² = 2.751, p = 0.0972). This study revealed that the soils of pre-primary school playgrounds in Bwari Area Council were contaminated with helminth eggs. School-based chemotherapy and public enlightenment programmes should be encouraged.

Effects of Physicochemical Parameters on Prevalence of Geohelminths in Mkpat Enin Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

L.E. Udofia — 2024-09-17

Geohelminths (soil-transmitted helminths) tend to thrive in moist soil conditions, and the poor hygiene systems of underdeveloped countries have enhanced their transmission at an alarming rate. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the effects of soil type, pH, and temperature on geohelminths found in soil samples from Mkpat Enin LGA, Akwa Ibom State. The soil samples were examined using the centrifugal floatation method for geohelminth eggs and larvae. Among the 200 soil samples examined, an overall prevalence of 67.0% was recorded. Geohelminths recovered were Ascaris lumbricoides, which contaminated 38 (28.36%), Trichuris trichiura 27(20.15 %), hookworms 26(19.40 %), Strongyloides stercoralis 24(17.91 %), and Toxocara canis 19(14.18 %) soil samples. Soil samples obtained from farmlands and toilets had a higher contamination rate (82 %) than those from schools and roadsides (68.0% and 36.0%, respectively). Loamy soil recorded 77(66.38%) contaminated soil o samples at a mean temperature of 28.7 C ± 0.1, and pH of 6.9 ± 0.03, compared to o sandy soil with 32(69.57 %) at a mean temperature of (27.5 C ± 0.3) and pH of 5.7 o ± 0.04, then clayey soil with 25(65.79 %) at a mean temperature of 27.0 C ± 0.1 and pH of 5.3 ± 0.04. There was no significant correlation between the prevalence of each geohelminth and soil type, temperature, or pH. The type of soil, soil temperature within the measured range, and soil alkalinity as measured do not appear to be major factors influencing the overall prevalence of geohelminths. The analysis also showed that these factors do not have a strong influence on the prevalence of individual geohelminth species. The eggs of these geohelminths were more abundant than their larvae. Periodic deworming programmes, health education, and improved sanitation will ultimately reduce the transmission of geohelminths.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, Haematological and Biochemical Changes Associated with Haemotropic Mycoplasma Infection of Dogs in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

F.M. Mshelbwala — 2024-09-17

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, risk factors, haematological and biochemical changes associated with haemotropic Mycoplasma infection in dogs presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, ederal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta UNAAB). A total of 70 dogs were examined; their ages, breeds and sexes were recorded. Blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical analysis. Data was summarized as mean ± standard deviation. Association between risk factors and infection was determined using Chi Square while difference between mean values in infected and non-infected dogs was tested using student’s t-test. The overall prevalence of 14 (20%) was recorded. The prevalence was slightly higher 9 (20.9%) in adult dogs, as well as in females 8 (22.2%%) and the breed Samoyed 2 (40.0%). The mean PCV in infected dogs was 33.4±7.60 while that of non-infected dogs was 35.1±9.21. There was no significant difference in the haematological values between infected and non-infected dogs. There were also no significant values in most of the biochemical parameters between infected and non-infected dogs, except for potassium which was 2.85±0.96 in infected and 3.97±0.58 in noninfected dogs; chlorine (81.93±16.82) and (98.95±11.82); glucose (87.91±25.82) and (115.33±32.21) as well as urea (21.45±10.84) and (14.83±4.01) in infected and non-infected dogs, respectively. However, in both cases, the leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes count as well as urea concentration were higher than normal values. While only potassium and chlorine concentration were lower than normal in the infected dogs, when compared to those in the reference values. In conclusion, the prevalence of Mycoplasma infection was high in the study area. Dogs are at risk of infection by Mycoplasma organisms. Mycoplasma infection did not cause haematological and biochemical changes, but haematological parameters suggested chronic diseases other than mycoplasmosis.

Species Diversity of Ectoparasites of Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Northern and Central zones of Ebonyi State, SouthEastern Nigeria

I.A. Ude — 2024-09-17

A study was conducted on the species diversity of ectoparasites of cattle, sheep, and goats in the Northern and Central zones of Ebonyi State, Southeastern Nigeria. A total of 710 livestock (280 cattle, 200 sheep, and 230 goats) were examined in the two zones using standard entomological methods and a half-body tick count technique to determine the whole-body tick burden. The results showed that out of 440 animals in Ebonyi, 336 (76.3%) were infected, and out of 270 animals in Ebonyi Central, 234 (86.6%) were infected. The Ectoparasite infestation showed that 170 (85.0%) white Fulani cattle, 63 (31.5%) sheep, and 103 goats (51.5 %) were infested with different species of ectoparasites. A total of 709 visible individual ectoparasites were collected from the northern Ebonyi area. Hyalomma dromedarii 188 (26.5%) had the highest number of counts, whereas, in Ebonyi central, 171 ticks were collected from local breed cattle. Ambylomma variegatum 59 (34.5%) had the highest number of counts. Rhipicephalus appendiculatum had the highest diversity (1.60) in Ebonyi North, whereas Ambylomma variegatum and Ambylomma hebraeum shared similar diversity (1.37) in Ebonyi Central. The results obtained from this study helped in determining the ectoparasite species abundance in this area and were added to the entomological database which will help in the control of ectoparasites and tick-borne diseases of livestock in Nigeria.

The Effect of Trichomonas vaginalis and some Urogenital Bacteria on Male Fertility in Maysan Province, Iraq

U.A. Jabr — 2024-09-17

Trichomonas vaginalis and associated bacteria are important urogenital pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the effect of T. vaginalis and its associated bacteria on semen and sperm parameters related to male fertility. Urine and semen samples were collected from 97 males, whose ages between 18-50 years. Semen and sperm parameters, such as semen volume, sperm count, sperm concentration, sperm motility, leucocytes/pus cells, and erythrocytes, were evaluated according to the WHO instructions. Conventional- PCR and real-time quantitative PCR were used to detect T. vaginalis infection. Amie's-transport, blood-agar, MacConkey-agar, Chocolate- agar, Thayer-Martin-agar, and Mannitol-salt-agar were used to culture bacteria in urine, and the Vitek2 system was used to differentiate bacteria. Samples that showed positive microscopic examination for bacteria but were not culturable were diagnosed using PCR. T. vaginalis and bacterial infection rates were 31.8% and 17.5%, respectively. T. vaginalis, bacteria, and both together caused a decrease in some qualitative and quantitative parameters of semen and sperm such as a decline in sperm total count by 46.5, 63.46, and 65.67% respectively, sperm concentration by 6.27, 15.37, and 44.27% respectively, sperm motility by 67.63, 66.18 and 66.75% respectively, semen volume by 42.2, 36.4 and 63.86% respectively. They caused increases of 100.92, 16.89, and 84.56%, respectively, and sperm death by 36.58, 80.0%, 93%, and 60.77%, respectively. In addition, they caused an increase in WBCs/pus cells and RBCs in the semen and urine. Four bacteria species, Pantoea spp., Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Methylobacterium spp. were detected in urine, and 10 species, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas putida, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Aeromonas sobria, Burkholderia cepacia, Staphylococcus aureus, Aerococcus viridans, Pseudomonas androgens and Staphylococcus epidermidis were detected in semen. In addition, PCR identified three unculturable species: one in urine (Holomonas spp.), and two in semen (Lactobacillus jensenii and Holomonas spp.), S. aureus had the highest frequency in urine and semen of (32%).

Comparative Study between Slide Microscopy and Urine Test in the Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum among AMSH Patients, Ekiti State, Nigeria

J.F. Akinseye — 2024-09-17

Malaria is a common disease in the sub-Saharan region of Africa, including Nigeria. It is a dangerous illness caused by the parasite, Plasmodium. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of urine tests compared to slide microscopy using the Giemsa stain in the diagnosis of malaria among students of Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti (ABUAD) who attended a multi-system hospital. This study aimed to determine simpler methods for easy detection of malaria parasites using urine samples and to compare the efficiency and efficacy of the method with the slide microscopy Giemsa stain among patients of Afe Babalola University AdoEkiti (ABUAD) attending a multi-system hospital. The study involved collecting 200 blood and urine samples from both admitted and outpatient students attending the ABUAD Multisystem Hospital (AMSH). Blood samples were analysed in the laboratory using Giemsa stain, whereas urine samples were analysed using urine malaria test kits, which contain immunochromatographic materials impregnated with monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium species to detect elevated levels of Histidine Rich Protein-2 (HRP-2). Of the 200 patients diagnosed, blood microscopy revealed that 47 (23.5%) had parasite loads of 1+ and 2+, while 67 (33.5%) and 25 (12.5%) had parasite loads of 3+ and 4+, respectively, and 18 (9%) were negative. The results of blood microscopy showed that more than 90% of the samples were positive for different malaria parasite loads, especially the 3 + category, whereas urine malaria tests (UMT) revealed that only 55% of the samples studied were positive for Plasmodium falciparum. Moderate agreement between the UMT kit and blood smear microscopy was demonstrated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC). This study suggests that despite the drawbacks of microscopy, it is still the Gold Standard for the detection of P. falciparum and should be used as frequently as feasible in the fight against this deadly disease. However, the urine test kit can be adopted as a method of diagnosing malaria.

Diagnostic Performances of Non-Invasive Tests compared with Microscopy for Malaria Parasite Detection among Children in Nnewi, Southeast, Nigeria

K.O. Obieze — 2024-09-17

Current malaria diagnostic methods require blood collection, which may be associated with pain and the risk of transmitting blood-borne pathogens, and often create poor compliance when repeated sampling is needed. This study determined the potential use of non- invasive methods (saliva and urine specimens) as alternative sample sources for the diagnosis of malaria infection using real-time polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) among children below five years in Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria. Biomarkers (18S rRNA) were captured and concentrated from saliva and urine samples using a magnetic bead-based method. DNA recovered from the saliva and urine samples was amplified using qPCR. The results revealed that, out of the 552 participants recruited in this study, the malaria prevalence based on blood microscopy was 55.1%. The prevalence of malaria among children based on the qPCR of saliva specimens was 343 (62.1%), out of which 301 (87.7%) were true positives (TP) and 42 (12.3%) were false positives (FP) when compared with microscopy. Moreover, the prevalence of malaria among children based on qPCR of urine specimens was 269 (48.7%), of which 237 (88.1%) were true positive (TP) and 32 (11.9%) were false positive (FP). When the qPCR method was compared to thick blood film-microscopy as the reference standard, saliva qPCR had a sensitivity of 98.7%, specificity of 80.0%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 87.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.8%; urine qPCR had a sensitivity of 88.1%, specificity of 84.3%, PPV of 88.5%, and NPV of 83.8%. Saliva and urine samples are therefore promising non-invasive approaches for malaria diagnosis, and their qPCR has a sensitivity comparable to that of blood microscopy, despite the limitations of cost and turnaround time.

Historical Review of Human African Trypanosomiasis and Specific Need for Surveillance Strengthening in Abraka Delta State, Nigeria

F.N.C. Enwezor — 2024-09-17

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is a major public health problem, with epidemics occurring during the early part of the 20th century. Control activities of case-finding, treatment, and vector eradication across northern Nigeria with national and international support drastically reduced the prevalence from 14% between 1931 and 1940 to below 1% by 1980. With these successes, the Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR) became underfunded and stopped regular active surveys. In 1985, a new HAT- endemic Abraka focus in Delta State emerged, and the Institute strengthened its surveillance there and in Benue State. In 1988, all outstations were closed, except for the Sleeping Sickness Reference Diagnostic Centre, Gboko, and Benue State. To date, only the Abraka focus has reported HAT case (s) to the WHO in 2012 and 2013. From 2014 to 2017, the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), in collaboration with NITR and Ministries of Health, introduced intensive passive surveillance in 51 health centres in Delta State aimed at accelerating the control of HAT using rapid diagnostic tools (RDTs), LEDfluorescent microscopy, and molecular methods of LAMPprovided free of charge by FIND. The results indicated 157 sero-positives out of 10,093 patients with HAT suspicion index screened but failed to confirm any HAT case by microscopy or molecular analysis. Of interest was the case of HAT exported to the United Kingdom from the Abraka area in 2017, suggesting continuing transmission. To achieve the 2030 HAT global elimination goal, surveillance programmes with sufficient diagnostic capacities must be implemented in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. This is not only important, but will also help in generating additional data and information useful in validating the future status of HAT in Abraka, Delta State Nigeria.

Abundance and Seasonal Composition of Adult Indoor Resting Culicine Mosquitoes in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria

A.A. Hamza — 2024-09-17

Abundance and seasonal composition of adult indoor resting Culicine mosquitoes in Dutse were studied between April to September 2021. Culex pipiens complex and Aedes species has been proven as the potential vectors of public health importance. However, their abundance and seasonal composition has not been adequately studied in Dutse, Northwest Nigeria to document their vectorial profile. This study was designed to fill the gap. Adult indoor resting mosquitoes were collected using Pyrethrum Spray catch (PSC) from April – September 2021 and were morphologically and molecularly identified using keys and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data generated were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). 2656 mosquitoes, comprising Culex quinquefasciatus (2507) and Aedes species (149) were collected. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most abundant species (94.4%) collected while the least were Aedes species (5.6%). The results revealed that in Jidawa, more Culex quinquefasciatus (80) were collected in August while the least were collected in June (25). For Aedes mosquitoes, higher collection (75) was realised in April while July recorded zero collection. The monthly variation of the mosquitoes showed the peak in the month of April (690) and May (300) in Jidawa when compared to Kargo (430) and (100) respectively. In the dry season, more mosquitoes were collected In Jidawa while in Kargo more were collected during the wet seasons. The result of the molecular identification of the Culex pipiens complex reveals Culex quinquefasciatus as the only sibling species in both Jigawa and Kargo. The occurrence of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes species is an indication of the signal against lymphatic filariasis, dengue fever, arbovirus and yellow fever in the area. Therefore, there is need for vector control programmes and public orientation on the drivers of mosquito abundance in the study area, taking into cognisance the seasonality variation of the mosquitoes.

Survey of Gastro-intestinal and Ectoparasites of Games in Ogun State, Nigeria

F.A. Akande — 2024-09-17

Games are wild animals often referred to as “bushmeat” when killed, primarily for personal consumption and/or monetary exchange. Parasites of games, such as protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites, have not always been reported; however, they are essentially zoonotic, thereby putting animal and human populations at risk whenever present. The lack of information on these parasites, as well as the danger of their presence, necessitated this study to provide baseline data regarding the area, as well as information on possible zoonosis at the human-animalenvironment interface. Physical examination was conducted on animals brought from hunting sprees to the “bushmeat” market during which all visible ectoparasites were harvested and were kept in 70% ethanol, samples were harvested from portions of the gastrointestinal tract of freshly killed games and transferred into well-labelled containers by ligation of each portion to assay for Gastrointestinal Parasites (GIP). The samples were analysed using centrifugal flotation for GIP and morphology for ectoparasite identification. Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) and Antelope (Maxwell’s duiker, Philantomba maxwellii) were examined during the study period, with 90.9% and 66.7% mixed and 9% and 25% mono infections, respectively. GIPeggs were Strongyle (36.4%, 25%), Trichuris (45.5%, 16.7%), Haemonchus (18.2%, 16.7%), Strongyloides (18.2%, 16.7%), Ascaridia (9%, 16.7%), and Eimeria (63.6%, 75%) in Grasscutter and Antelope, respectively, whereas Moniezia (25%), Taenia (16,7%), and Hookworm (18.2%) occurred only in the antelope, with the highest infection in the ileum and colon (63.6%), and rectum (83%) of Grasscutter and antelope, respectively. Four genera of ticks were identified: Amblyomma (41%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (20.5%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (17.9%), Haemaphysalis (12.8%), and Hyalomma (7.7%). The presence of zoonotic GIP and ticks, which are known vectors of various diseases, calls for further studies, education, and awareness among the hunting community.

Distribution of Simuliids Larvae and Physio-chemical Parameters of Breeding sites along Contiguous Tributaries of an Onchocerciasis Hyper-endemic focus in Gashaka, Taraba State, Nigeria

O.J. Olamiju — 2024-09-17

Taraba State, located in the north-eastern part of Nigeria harbours some of the hyper endemic onchocerciasis sites in the country. The distribution of simuliids larvae along the river contiguous with these sites has been documented but unpublished. Larval sampling was conducted along the tributaries adjoining the hyper-endemic focus in Gashaka Local Government Area of Taraba State, between December 2006 and January 2007. This study therefore presents the distribution of simuliid species and physico-chemical parameters of the breeding sites along the tributaries of the endemic foci in Gashaka LGAof Taraba State. The physico-chemical parameters of breeding sites were measured using standardized equipment, and larvae of various Simulium species were collected, fixed in Carnoy’s solution and subsequently identified in the laboratory. Eleven tributaries were examined, with only 3(25.0%) serving as breeding sites during the collection period. A total of 552 simuliids larvae were identified; Simulium damnosum, 490 (86.96%); S. medusaeforme hargreavesi, 51(9.24%); S. colas belcouri, 11(1.99%); S. vorax, 7(1.27%) and S. bovis, 3(0.54%). S. damnosum were the most predominant, collected from all breeding sites, with 95.95% (284/296) in Ngam Ngam, 100% (90/90) in Kam, and 63.86% (106/166) in Mayo Selbe. The physico- chemical parameters of the tributaries range from 6.6-6.9 for pH, 45- o 82µs/cm for conductivity, 140-157m/s for water velocity, 20-22 C for temperature, 146-246m for river width, 185-455m for altitude and clear turbidity across the sampling sites. Larvae of S. damnosum, S. medusaeforme, S. colas, S. 2 vorax, and S. bovis had strong positive correlations (r = 0.5-1.0) with pH and altitude parameters of breeding sites. This study provides baseline data on the identity and abundance of simuliid larvae, which are useful for comparative assessments with recent entomological surveys across breeding sites in the focus.

Malaria Awareness and Prevalence among Individuals Suspected to have Uncomplicated Cases in Rural Southwest Nigeria

O.T. Ayanbamiji — 2024-09-17

Malaria continues to be a public health concern in Nigeria. Factors that predispose individuals to malaria include environmental, socio- demographic, and climatic conditions, which may favour the development of malaria vectors. The incidence of malaria has been significantly reduced by several intervention methods. This study aimed to assess the awareness of febrile individuals attending State Hospital Iwo in Osun State, Nigeria regarding malaria. This study was conducted in 2022 from June to August. Two hundred and sixty-two individuals with signs and symptoms suggestive of malaria were included in this cross-sectional study. On the same slide, Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood films were prepared using approximately 2μL and 6μL of blood, respectively. A structured and tested questionnaire was used to collect the participant data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. Of the 262 individuals tested, 23 (8.8%) were positive for malaria parasite infection. Loss of appetite and tiredness (35.9%, n = 94) were the major symptoms reported. Patients aged 0–5 and 11–15 years had the highest prevalence (30.0%) of malaria (P > 0.05). Knowledge about malaria and malaria prevention comprised 90.8 % awareness, 56.5 % and 52.7 % ownership and usage of insecticide-treated nets, respectively, and 65.6 % of mosquitoes were vectors of malaria parasites. There were significant associations between the participants’ educational level and the causes of malaria, malaria transmission, and malaria prevention. The level of malaria prevalence and awareness in this study necessitated regular studies to track changes and provide adequate health education to enlighten the community.

Onchocerciasis Knowledge among Crop Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria

R.N. Ojide — 2024-09-17

Onchocerciasis is an endemic disease in Enugu State that imposes a debilitating medical and economic burden on crop farmers. This study assessed crop farmers’ knowledge of Enugu State. A cross-sectional survey of 372 farmers, selected through a multistage sampling technique, was conducted using the Onchocerciasis Knowledge Questionnaire (OKQ). It elicited responses regarding the causes, signs and symptoms, preventive measures, and treatment/treatment options. The results indicated that farmers had poor knowledge (46.4%). The respondents had good knowledge of causation (68.5%) and treatment options (56.7%) but exhibited poor knowledge of signs and symptoms (30.1%) and preventive measures (33.1%). They also exhibited substantial misconceptions about Onchocerciasis. The study also found that females (77.5%) were more knowledgeable than males (68.7%), that those with only primary education (88.9 %) were more knowledgeable, and that older farmers (75.4%) were more knowledgeable than younger farmers. Independent bivariate logistic regression indicated that a statistically significant association existed between marital status and knowledge and between level of education and knowledge, while the association between gender and knowledge, and age and knowledge was not significant at a significance level of 0.05. It was recommended that health education programmes be mounted by requisite State Ministries and Parastatals to arm residents with the knowledge for personal protection and to contribute effectively to ongoing intervention programmes in Enugu State.

Toxoplasmosis and Metabolic Disorders among Children with Autism

K.T. Fityan — 2024-09-17

It has recently come to light that toxoplasmosis may be linked to a number of neurological and developmental conditions, including autism, and the current study aimed to screen for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in children with autism and metabolic changes that may be related to toxoplasmosis. The study was conducted from November 2023 to February 2024 in Baghdad, Iraq. A total of 88 children between the ages of 2-11 years participated in this study. A psychopathologist diagnosed 44 of them with autism, while the remaining 44 were regarded as the control group because they did not exhibit any autistic symptoms. Each child had serum samples drawn and analysed for the following: lipid profile, anthropometric measurements, anti-Toxoplasma antibodies, adiponectin, leptin, chemerine, and Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (AFABP). Metabolic syndrome was assessed in each participant. Of the patients with autism, 31.82% showed anti-Toxoplasma antibodies compared to only 11.36% in the control group. A significant correlation (p<0.01) was found between the seropositivity rates of T. gondii and autism. Four subgroups were established based on previous findings: Autism-Toxoplasma- positive, Autism-Toxoplasma-negative, controlToxoplasma-positive, and control-Toxoplasma-negative. There was no statistically significant difference in body mass index (BMI) between the control group and the autistic patients, whereas the control group with Toxoplasma +ve had the highest BMI value when compared to the other groups. Cholesterol levels were significantly lower than the control, while no significant differences were observed in cholesterol levels among the four subgroups. No significant differences were observed in HDL levels among the four subgroups. The results also revealed that leptin was the only adipokine that was significantly increased in patients with autism. In contrast, adiponectine, chemerine, and AFABPlevels did not significantly vary among the subgroups. Finally, metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with autism (P< 0.05).

Used Female Underwear as Potential Carriers of Multi-drug Resistant and Beta-Lactamase Producing Bacteria causing Urinary Tract Infections: Efficacy of Hot Water Treatment

F.N. Afiukwa — 2024-09-17

This study examined used female underwear for the presence of multidrugresistant and beta-lactamase-producing bacteria causing urinary tract infection and the efficacy of hot water treatment. Atotal of 60 samples (30 each of baby and adult female underwear) were bought from different selling points in the international market, Abakaliki. The samples were analysed using standard microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates were determined using the Disc Diffusion method, and the isolates obtained were screened for beta-lactamase production using nitrocefin sticks. The results showed that a total of 60 isolates (10 Escherichia coli, 24 Klebsiella species, and 26 Staphylococcus species) were obtained before treatment with hot water, whereas only 12 isolates (8 Klebsiella species, 4 S. aureus, and no Escherichia coli) were obtained after treatment. Hot water reduced bacterial load by 80%. The antibiotic susceptibility test showed that the E. coliisolates were 100% susceptible to imipenem, whereas Klebsiella species and S. aureus were 87.33% and 73.07% usceptible to imipenem, respectively. The isolates were 100% resistant to all other antibiotics except meropenem and treonam (for E. coli and Klebsiella species), and trimetoprime and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (for S. aureus). Of the 60 isolates screened for beta-lactamase production (10 E. coli, 24 Klebsiella spp., and 26 S. aureus), 28 (46.7%), including (3 E. coli, 11 Klebsiella spp., and 14 S. aureus) were positive. In conclusion, this study reports that used underwear are potential carriers of beta-lactamase-producing urinary tract infection-causing bacteria and that treatment with hot water alone before use may not eliminate the pathogens. Therefore, we recommend that used clothes, especially underwear, be washed with hot water in combination with disinfectants to eliminate pathogens and avoid exotic infections that may be difficult to treat with commonly used antibiotics.

Enhancing Pediculicidal Activity Against Pediculus humanus capitis Using Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Formulations of some Plant Extracts and Acetic Acid Solution

J.M. Zainab — 2024-09-17

Infestations of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) continue to be a major public health concern. There have been instances of lice developing resistance to traditional chemical pediculicides. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify new and effective alternatives. The purpose of this study was to use a filter paper contact bioassay to determine the toxicity of three plant extracts (Azadirachta indica, Nigella sativa, and Sesamum indicum) on head lice, both alone and in combination with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ Nps), at a concentration of 20 mg L^-1. The pediculicidal activity of A. indica oil was 88% at 3 μl/cm , whereas that of acetic acid solution (white vinegar) was 81% within 12 h, both without nanoparticles. With the addition of iron oxide nanoparticles, the toxicity was significantly amplified, and within 6-12 hours, A. indica and acetic acid killed all lice. When exposed to Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, N. sativa died after 12 h. When 3 4 exposed to Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, S. indicum exhibited moderate toxicity (35% 3 4 mortality) compared with its harmless effects. Within 12 h, A. indica eradicated all lice at a concentration of 6 μl/cm², whereas an acetic acid solution resulted in 82% mortality. A. indica mixed with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, caused complete death within 1h and with acetic acid within 6h. N. sativa exhibited a death rate of 72% when exposed to Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles at 12 h. These results show that formulations based on iron oxide nanoparticles, combined with A. indica and acetic acid, have great promise as pediculicidal agents to fight head lice infestations.

A Retrospective prevalence Study of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Nelson Mandela Bay Health District from 2014 to 2018

S.D. Hambury — 2024-09-17

In South Africa (SA) more than 25.7 million people are at risk of infection and over four million people are expected to be infected with the disease. Using secondary data, the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was determined retrospectively in KwaNobuhle between 2014 and 2018. Data were obtained from the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) of Nelson Mandela Bay Health District (NMBHD). The findings revealed that there was no significant difference between prevalence and year (p=0.092). The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in 2014 was 14 (13%), which increased to 18 (17%), 24 (22%), and 31 (29%) in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively; however, it declined to 20 (19%) in 2018. It was further observed that there was a significant (p=<0.0005, V= 0.33 medium) difference found in the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis infection among males and females from KwaNobuhle. Urinary schistosomiasis infection was higher among males 99 (93%) than females 6 (6%). Furthermore, the highest rate of disease infection was found in individuals between the ages of 10 and 19 years (p<0.0005, V=0.43 medium). There was no significant difference (p=0.156) in the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis relative to the season over the five years. The results revealed that the rate of urinary schistosomiasis infections within the study area, although not statistically significant, showed an increase from 2014 to 2017 but declined in 2018. It was further found that males had a higher percentage of infections than females, and the highest rate of infections was found in individuals between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Therefore, effective prevention, control, and intervention programs are urgently needed to eliminate schistosomiasis from the study area and avoid possible resurgence.

In-vitro, anthelminthic effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Mallotus philippinensis (Kamala), and Melia azedarach (Bakain) leave extract against Ascaridia galli

H. Sadia — 2024-09-17

The present study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Mallotus philippinensis (Kamala), Melia azedarach (Bakain), and their combination as herbal extracts against Ascaridia galli infection. To determine efficacy, egg hatch test (EHT) and adult motility assay (AMS) were performed using increasing concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml of aqueous plant extracts, in conjunction with 7.5 mg/ml Albendazole as the positive control and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as the negative control for up to 15 h. There was 100% mortality achieved with the combined herbal extract (LC₅₀ = 36.7 µg/ml), whereas mortality with extract from Mallotus philippinensis (LC₅₀ = 41.4 µg/ml), Melia azedarach (LC₅₀ = 147 µg/ml), and Azadirachta indica (LC₅₀ = 189 µg/ml) were 87.5%, 62.5%, and 50% respectively, at 15 hours post-exposure. These findings suggest that Azadirachta indica, Mallotus philippinensis, Melia azedarach herbal extracts, or their combination, should be further exploited to control Ascaridia galliinfection.

A Case Report on Ascaridia galli-induced Gizzard Atrophy in Broiler Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

M.I. Udonkang — 2024-09-17

Ascaridia galli, a nematode parasite, is the most prevalent nematode that causes gastrointestinal infections in birds. Some reports have stated that this nematode affects the intestines of birds; however, there is a lack of data on the effects of A. galli on gizzards. This study aimed to provide information on the presence of this parasite in the gizzards of broiler chickens. Three-months-old chicken (n=2) were purchased from a poultry farm. During evisceration, the gizzard of one bird was smaller in size. Further investigation showed that the small-sized gizzard was infected with A. galli upon necropsy. Ulcerative lesions were also observed in the mucosal layer. In conclusion, A. galli can attach to the walls of chicken gizzards to cause gizzard ulcers and atrophy

Case Report: A Rare Case of Scabies Balanitis

T.O. Oluwole — 2024-09-17

This report explored cases of scabies balanitis involving the glans penis in five men. All the patients complained of genital itching with an associated rash on the penis. Examination revealed an erythematous papular rash on the glans penis in three of the men, while two of them had an erythematous, firm, nodular rash on the glans penis. Scabies balanitis was diagnosed in all cases. The treatment included topical benzyl benzoate (25%) and antihistamines. The lesions resolved after a single application of benzyl benzoate in all cases, except for one patient who had repeated applications of benzyl benzoate (25%) before symptom resolution. The main predisposing factors were unprotected heterosexual intercourse and poor hygiene practices.