Gestational age-related neonatal survival at a tertiary health institution in Nigeria: The age of fetal viability dilemma

Abstract

Background: Although the official age of fetal viability in Nigeria is 28 weeks, there are pockets of reports some anecdotal, of survival of babies  delivered at younger gestational age (GA) from different parts of the country. The routine resuscitation and management of premature infants born before the official age of fetal viability (28 weeks) is likely to generate important ethical and medical concerns that are bound to influence our  approach to the management of such infants.

Aim: To determine the GAspecific neonatal mortality and survival among preterm deliveries at the National Hospital Abuja.

Subjects and Methods: A retrospective review of relevant data from the National Hospital Neonatal Registry Database based on the Research Electronic Data Capture software (REDCap) was undertaken to determine the mortality rate of preterm babies managed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from January 2017 to February 2018. Disaggregated GA specific mortality rates were also computed to determine the fetal age at which extra uterine neonatal survival rate was at least 50%. Gestational age estimation was based on mothers’ last menstrual period (LMP) in over  96% of cases.
Results: Sixty-three (63) of 305 preterm babies admitted died during hospitalization giving a mortality rate of 20.7%. This was significantly higher than the mortality rate among term babies (7.5%, P=0.01) hospitalized over the same period. Antenatal corticosteroid use was low (11.2%), 188  (25.8%) received CPAP for Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), and none of the babies received surfactant or mechanical ventilation. There were no survivors among babies delivered at GA of 22-25 weeks (11, 3.6%). However, the survival rate at 26 weeks gestation was 53.8%, and this  subsequently increased, reaching a peak of 96.5% survival at 35 weeks. RDS accounted for 53.9% of all deaths.

Conclusion: It is concluded that the survival rate (53.8%) of babies at GA of 26 weeks despite minimal antenatal interventions and limited postnatal  respiratory support was reasonably high, and this could serve the basis for discussions for a downward review of the age of fetal viability in Nigeria.

Key words: Gestational age. Fetal viability