Nigeria Agricultural Journal

Assessment of Yield, Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Ten Genotypes of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in South-East Nigeria

L.N. Chinatu, P. Chimezie, C. Adedoyin, E.C.M. Davids — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Ten genotypes of Groundnut (A. hypogaea) were assessed for yield and yield components in a randomized complete block design with three replicates at the Research Farm of the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in 2018 and 2019. In each year, the experiment consisted of 30 plots, each measuring 1m by 1m with a distance of 1m separating the plots and blocks. Seeds were planted at intra and inter-row spacing of 0.5m to give a population of 40,000 plants^-1. Data were collected on the number of leaves plant^-1, number of branches plant^-1, length of branches plant^-1, days to flowering plant^-1, number of pods plant^-1, the weight of pods plant^-1, number of seeds plant^-1, the weight of seeds plant^-1, 100 seed weight, pod yield^-1 and seed yield^-1. Analysis of variance showed that the genotypes were significantly different (P<0.01) in all the characters studied. In both years the number of leaves plant^-1, number of seeds plant^-1, 100 seed weight, the weight of seeds plant^-1 and pod yield^-1 were positive and highly significant (p<0.01) with seed yield^-1. Enormous variability existed among the genotypes of A. hypogaea as shown by the genetic component analysis. Genotypes with a high genotypic coefficient of variation, a high broad sense heritability estimates and a high genetic advance for the number of leaves plant^-1, the number of seeds plant^-1, 100 seed weight, the weight of seedplant^-1, pod yield^-1 and seed yield^-1 could be selected for improvement in seed yield of A. hypogaea. High genetic gain (faster progress) could be expected from selection based on the number of leaves plant^-1, the number of branches plant^-1 and the weight of seeds plant^-1 because they are predominantly under the control of addictive genes.

Analyses of Quail Production, Management and Constraints in Ondo State, Nigeria

Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Quail farming is increasingly being practiced in Nigeria and many parts of the world as a viable poultry production agribusiness. The study examined quail production, management and constraints in Ondo State, Nigeria. It described farmers’ socio-economic characteristics; evaluated effects of inputs were on quail production, identified management practices and constraints faced by farmers. Multi-stage sampling technique was applied in selecting 40 quail farmers. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression and mean score. The results showed that most (42.5%) of the respondents were within their productive age, with mean age of 50 years and mean household family size of 9 persons. The results of regression analysis showed that feeds (1.803), drugs (0.638) and vaccines (7.611) had significant effects on quail production. In inadequate capital (=2.78), high cost of feed (= 2.72), high cost of equipment (=2.70), high cost of drugs and vaccine (= 2.60) and diseases and pests outbreak (=2.40) were the constraints faced by farmers in the area. Therefore, government should assist animal breeders to come out with quail breeds that are highly prolific and disease resistance. Also, quail farmers should source for credit from financial institution (formal and informal) to expand the scope of their production.

Productivity and Marketing of Poultry Products in Ebonyi State

O.O. Ekwe, C.C. Nwali, A.C. Nwogbaga, C.O. Okereke, O.O. Effiong, P.O. Ozung — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A study was conducted to determine the Productivity and Marketing of Poultry products in Ebonyi State. Data for this study were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The Primary source was collected through the use of interview schedules while the secondary source was collected from Agricultural Daily Farm Records of the various farms visited. Relevant tools such as Frequency distribution Table, Mean and Percentages were used. A four-point Likert scale and Gross Margin analysis were used in analyzing specific objectives. It was observed from the study that male poultry farmers and marketers were 70% while 30% were females. It was also found that 59% of respondents had little or no education. Moreover, the study reveals that a lack of substantial capital advancement affected management system of poultry production. Poor quality feed, birds and high labour cost were the major factors militating against efficient management of poultry farms in the study areas. Result reveals that the problem of diseases, high labour cost, high cost of feed and medication, poor management system and the inability of the poultry farmers to influence the price of their products contributed to the farmer’s low productivity. Results reveal that the poultry farmers operated at subsistence levels. Constraints such as low capital, a lack of improved management system, and high interest rates on loans among others were major factors militating against their management in poultry farming. Based on these results, provision of interest-free loans, improve management and service delivery, storage facilities and establishments of good marketing network would be a sine qua non towards achieving effective and efficient production and marketing system in the study areas.

Prospects of Increased Production of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through Heterosis

L.N. Chinatu, C. Adedoyin, M.S. James — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Twelve varieties of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) were evaluated for yield and yield components in a randomized complete block design replicated three times at the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in 2020 and 2021. Data were collected on the length of the main vine, the number of leaves plant^-1, number of vines plant^-1, number of fruits plant^-1, fruit diameter, the weight of fruit plant^-1, length of fruit and fruit yield^-1. Analysis of variance showed that the varieties differed significantly (P<0.05) in all the attributes studied. Thai 986, Thai 999 and Cu 4315, recorded superior vegetative and reproductive characters performance, and also recorded higher fruit yield in both 2020 and 2021. Except for the length of fruit, all the vegetative and reproductive characters had positive and significant associations with fruit yield ha^-1. The number and weight of fruit plant^-1 were the major direct contributors to fruit yield. In 2020, a crossing block was also established and crosses made between the parents to raise F₁ seeds. The F₁ seeds were planted alongside the parents in a randomized complete block design. Heterosis was studied on fruit yield and yield components. The following crosses (Thai 999 x Thai 986, Thai 986 x Thai 999, Marketer x poitsett76, Pointsett76x Marketer, Marketmore76 x Marketmore and Marketmore x Marketmore76 recorded heteroses of 28.24, 46.56, 94.99, 97.17, 86.12 and 88.40% and 32.51, 51.45, 98.86, 101.07, 91.91and 93.07% over their better and mid parents respectively. These crosses could be exploited for an increase in fruit yield through the use of their F₁ seeds.

Determinants of the Decision to Plant Trees on Farmland among Rural Farmers in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State

D.O. Oke, O.O. Olugbire, E.O. Obafunsho, O.F. Akanni, F.A. Odediran — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Tree planting plays an important role in improving the livelihoods of rural farmers, through soil enrichment, leading to improved crop productivity among the farmers. It also a substitute source for income generation to farmers. Consequent upon this, the study attempted to assess the factors that influenced the decision of rural farmers to engage in tree planting in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to choose the respondents from the study area. Descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages as well as inferential statistics such as Logistic Regression Analysis were applied in the study to analyze the collected data. It was revealed that some socioeconomic variables such as age, gender, farm size, education as well as the availability of planting materials significantly influenced the decision of rural farmers in the study area to embark on tree planting on their farmland. In addition, the study also revealed that several constraints were opposing the decision of the farmers to engage in tree planting in the study area. Some of the stated constraints by the farmers included lack of knowledge and required skills on tree planting, the long gestation period of trees, and insufficient land for tree planting, lack of planting materials among others.

Response of Finisher Broiler Chickens Fed Graded Levels Of Bovine Blood Meal Diets On Growth And Blood Chemistry

O.O. Ekwe, C.C. Nwali, A.C. Nwogbaga, O.O. Effiong, P.O. Ozung — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A total of sixty (60) broiler chickens 4 weeks old were used in a 28-day study. The chickens were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each dietary treatment was replicated three times and each replicate had 5 chickens. T1 (Control diet) contained 0% BBM while T2, T3, and T4 contained 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively. Data were collected on the feed intake and weight gain. Feed conversion ratio, daily Protein intake, and Protein efficiency ratio were calculated. Haemoglobin counts, packed cell volume, red blood cell, white blood cell, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils were analyzed. Feed cost/kg, feed cost/kg weight gain/bird/treatment, total cost of production, net returns, total revenue and Cost-benefit ratios were derived from the Analysis. Data collected were subjected to Statistical Analysis using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Statistical mean differences were separated using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). Results show that all the haematological indices of the chickens in different treatment groups were not significantly (P>0.05) different. There was no significant ((P>0.05) difference in all the growth performance parameters of the chickens except the total feed intake and average daily weight gain. The cost-benefit Analysis results show that feed cost/kg gain and total cost of production decreased as the levels of BBM increased. It is therefore concluded that a 15% optimal dietary inclusion of BBM is adequate to enhance growth without any adverse effect on the health of broiler chickens.

Formulation of Cosmetics Using Selected Fruits of Medicinal Plants: Persea americana (Avocado pear) and Azadirachtha indica (Neem)

N.O. Ochor, C.P. Ngwuli, P.C. Ogbonna, B.O. Ahiarakwem — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The use of herbal cosmetics has been practised by ancient people and cultures because of their perceived minimal to zero negative effects. This study was aimed at producing soap from Persea americana and Azadirachtha indica determining the percentage yield of their extract and identifying bacterial strains in them using standard methods. The result showed that avocados generated a higher yield extract (28.20%) while neem had 19.40%. The result of the zone of inhibition of soap formulated from neem at 100mg/ml concentration revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the test organisms ranging from 5.65 to 8.40 mm. The result of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of neem-formulated soap showed activity at a concentration of 0.50 mg/dl against all the test organisms, while MIC of avocado soap showed activity against all the test organisms at 0.50 mg/dl concentration. However, when the concentration was increased to 1.00 mg/dl, the activity of the soap sample was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Listera monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumonia, but the soap sample showed no action at increased concentrations of 1.50 and 2.00 mg/dl respectively. The inhibitory properties of soap samples against gram-positive and negative bacteria are attributed to the concentration of the bioactive compounds present in the plant materials used to formulate the soap. Therefore, it is recommended that people should be using herbal cosmetics since it has bioactive compounds that inhibit the activities of bacteria.

Seedbank Composition and Periodicity of Seedling Emergence at Two Locations in Southeast Nigeria

O. Ukwoma-Eke, F. Ekeleme — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In a bid to improve the timing and efficacy of weed management, the population and composition of weed seedbanks, above-ground weed flora, and pattern of weed seedling emergence were investigated in fields previously under four years fallow and fields continuously cultivated for four years, at two different locations in southeast Nigeria. The fields were in Amaoba-Ime town, Abia State and Ohaji-Mgbidichi town, Imo State. The results suggest that only four years of fallow reduced the weed seedbank populations by 96 % in Amaoba-Ime and 75 % in Ohaji-Mgbidichi compared to the continuously cultivated fields. Likewise, the above-ground weed populations in the fallowed fields were 84 % and 80 % less than in continuously cropped fields in Amaoba-Ime and Ohaji-Mgbidichi, respectively. Continuous cropping favoured the spread of annuals, while perennials dominated fallowed fields. The results suggest that weed seeds emerging from four years of fallow were dormant for the first 21 days after exposure to light. Highest weed seedling emergence was observed on the 2nd and 4th weeks in the continuously cropped and fallowed fields, respectively.

Challenges of Women’s Involvement in Post Harvest Fishery Activities in Emohua Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria

C.D. Uche, F.N. Aboajah — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research investigated the challenges of women's involvement in post-harvest fishery activities in Emohua Local Government area of Rivers State. Precisely, the study examined how poor road networks, inadequate processing and storage equipment, insecurity, poor access to low-interest loans/facilities, and insufficient processing and marketing/sales skills hinder women's involvement in fishery activities in the area. Only post-harvest fishery activities (processing and marketing) were considered in this study. Fifteen women involved in post-harvest fishery activities were selected from eight communities in the area using a pure random sampling technique. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were used. A total of one hundred and twenty copies of validated questionnaires were administered, ninety-five copies were retrieved, and seventy-eight copies provided data for the analysis. This gave a response rate of 79.16 percent. The analysis was done using chi-square test statistic. The study showed that poor road networks, inadequate modern processing and storage equipment, insecurity, poor access to low-interest loans/facilities, and insufficient processing and marketing skills were the major challenges in the area. It is concluded that although the venture is highly profitable and has high prospects, there are a lot of challenges confronting women in obtaining optimal performance. It is therefore recommended that women need training, especially in the areas of processing, storage, and marketing/sales of fish. Moreover, the government should strengthen the area's security measures and assist women to obtain low-interest loans/facilities as these will enhance their performance.

Determinants of Farmers’ Utilization of Post-Harvest Management Practices in Rice-Producing Areas of Abia State, Nigeria

C.U. Nwaobiala, O.C. Azubuike, H.O. Godwin — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The socio-economic determinants of farmers’ utilization of post-harvest management practices in rice producing areas (Ikwuano and Unuahia North Local Government Areas) of Abia State, Nigeria was studied and analysed in 2023. The study adopted a multistage random sampling procedure to select 90 rice farmers for the study. Data for the study were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire and analysed using both descriptive and multiple regression analysis. Result revealed that 72.22% of the rice farmers were males, 62.22% acquired secondary education having a mean household size is 6 persons with mean annual farm income of N853, 978.00 and annual non-farm income (N515, 224) as against 5,33 years membership of social organization. Result showed that farmers had high utilization and constraints to rice post-harvest management practices, with mean scores of 2.7. Multiple regression result showed that the coefficients for sex (β=0.0157), education (β=0.0126), social organization (β=0.0173) and farm income (β=0.0165) were determinants of utilization of post-harvest management practices by farmers. The study concluded that farmers had high utilization of post-harvest management practices. The study recommended that rice farmers should belong to cooperative groups, engage in literacy and training programmes in order to benefit from the use of appropriate post-harvest management practices involved in rice production in the study area.

Consumer’s Acceptability of Fresh and Smoked Catfish in Ogun State, Nigeria

S.S. Ashley-Dejo, S.O. Sule, A.F. Durojaiye, O.T. Oyetunji, A.R. Giwa — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the consumer’s acceptability of fresh and smoked catfish in Abeokuta Ogun, State. The study has three specific objectives, which include assessing the demographic characteristics of consumers, determining the consumer’s consumption perception and to determine the consumer’s choice of acceptability on fresh and smoked catfish. The study employed a multi-stage sampling method in randomizing a total population size of one hundred (100) respondents for this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Majority (76%) of the respondents were female, with an age range of 14 – 52 years. The mean age was 35.8years, this showed that youth consume catfish a lot in the study. However, the results of the t-test mean comparison indicate that there is a significant difference between the mean preferability score of smoked catfish and fresh catfish. The t-value for smoked catfish (56.973) and fresh catfish (52.169) are both much higher than the critical value of 1.96. Additionally, the p-value for both tests is less than 0.05, indicating that the difference in means is statistically significant. The mean difference for smoked catfish (13.78) is higher than the mean difference for fresh catfish (10.15), which suggests that consumers have a stronger preference for smoked catfish. More so, these results suggest that there are significant differences in consumer preferences between smoked catfish and fresh catfish, with smoked catfish being the more preferred option.

Impact of herdsmen-farmers crisis on women and girls in Benue State, Nigeria

J.G. Emerald, S.C. Nwafor — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study evaluated the impact of herdsmen-farmers crisis on women and girls in Benue State, Nigeria. It was carried out in the major areas that experienced incessant attacks from herdsmen, namely; Guma, Agatu and Gwer west LGAs of Benue State. The study adopted the environmental/resource scarcity and eco-survivalism theories in explaining the nature of the conflict in the study area with references to explanatory insights presented by different scholars. Primary data were obtained from 120 women and girls through personal interviews, focused group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interview (KII). The result showed that the main livelihood activities of women and girls were farming (production of crops and rearing of livestock), processing and sale of farm produce, with a few engaging in petty trading as well. Beyond other causes identified, the result holds that the conflict in the area was politically orchestrated. Considering the average mean score, lack of access to health care, displacement, psychological trauma and loss of lives of family members and loved ones stood out as major impacts of herdsmen-farmer conflicts in Benue State. It ascertained the socio-economic status of women and girls, identified causes of herdsmen-farmer conflict, determined the effect of herdsmen-farmer conflict on women and girls, and their coping strategies during and after conflicts and identified interventions, resources and support services needed to ameliorate the effect of herdsmen-farmer conflict on women and girls in the State. Unanimously, the women and girls solicited for intervention in medical/health services and empowerment in the form of skill acquisition and low or no interest loans.

Phytochemical and Nutritional Compositions of Fresh and Dry Gongronema latifolium Leaves: Possible Health Benefits

A.A. Nneoyi-Egbe, E. Onyenweaku, A. Akpanuko, D.D. Sale — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Gongronema latifolium, commonly known as utazi, is a tropical rainforest plant used as a spice and vegetable in traditional medicine. This study investigated the phytochemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of utazi leaves, comparing fresh and dry samples using standard analytical methods. Phytochemical analysis revealed that fresh leaves had higher alkaloid (7.40 ± 0.06mg/100g) and tannin (4.58 ± 0.09 mg/100g) concentrations compared to dry leaves (7.00 ± 0.06mg/100g and 3.24 ± 0.10mg/100g, respectively). At the same time, flavonoid levels were marginally higher in dry leaves (31.06 ± 0.17mg/100g) than in fresh leaves (30.02 ± 0.23mg/100g). The proximate analysis demonstrated that drying significantly reduced moisture content from 78.60% in fresh leaves to 13.2% in dry leaves and concentrated proteins from 2.43% to 25.98%, ash from 2.80% to 8.54%, fibre from 2.40% to 12.33%, fat from 1.20% to 1.97%, and carbohydrates from 12.57% to 45.57%. Vitamin analysis indicated slight variations in beta-carotene (478.2 mg/100g in fresh leaves compared to 477.1 mg/100g in dry leaves), vitamin C (43.68 mg/100g in fresh leaves compared to 44.27 mg/100g in dry leaves), vitamin E (0.57 mg/100g in fresh leaves compared to 0.46 mg/100g in dry leaves), and vitamin B₁ (0.29 mg/100g in fresh leaves compared to 0.24 mg/100g in dry leaves). The study underscored utazi's potential as a functional food rich in bioactive compounds, with drying enhancing its nutritional content by concentrating key nutrients. These findings provide a basis for the culinary and medicinal applications of utazi, highlighting its value in traditional medicine and its potential as a health-promoting ingredient.

Nutritional and Chemical Components of Ethanol Extract of Hunteria Umbellata Seeds

E.E. Anani, S. Shalem, U.C. Akpan, E. David-Okwu — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Hunteria umbellata, a tropical rainforest tree commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa, is known for its medicinal properties, particularly in treating diabetes, obesity, and anaemia. This study, a beacon of hope, investigated the nutritional and chemical composition of the ethanol extract of Hunteria umbellata seeds. The research, conducted with unwavering dedication, focused on proximate, phytochemical, vitamin, and mineral analyses of the seed extract, all of which were analysed using standard analytical procedures. The proximate analysis revealed that carbohydrates were the most abundant component (56.73±0.24%), followed by moisture (16.20±0.16%) and crude protein (13.92±0.01%). Fibre content was 8.03±0.41%, with a calorific value of 1277.43±3.18 KJ/100g. Ash and lipid content were the lowest at 2.53±0.06% and 2.59±0.02%, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis identified the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, phytates and oxalates. Quantitative analysis highlighted high concentrations of flavonoids (383.50±0.24 mg/100g) and tannins (14.02±0.01 mg/100g). GC-MS identified 20 compounds, with phenol 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethyl ethyl) predominant (37.72%). Vitamin analysis indicated substantial amounts of vitamin K (135.00±0.14 IU/100g), vitamin A (21.95±0.01 IU/100g), and vitamin D (8.30±0.14 IU/100g). The B complex vitamins included thiamine-B1, folic acid-B9, biotin-B7, pyridoxine-B6, riboflavin-B2, and cobalamin-B12. Mineral analysis showed significant amounts of zinc (7.08±0.11 mg/L), iron (3.51±0.02 mg/L), calcium (7.74±0.08 mg/L), magnesium (4.22±0.21 mg/L), phosphorus (3.31±0.01 mg/L), potassium (9.37±0.22 mg/L), and sodium (80.59±0.66 mg/L), with sodium being the highest. These findings, a ray of hope, provided valuable insights into the nutritional and chemical properties of Hunteria umbellata seed extract, thereby supporting its potential health benefits and therapeutic applications. Further studies are recommended to explore its therapeutic applications and clinical efficacy, which are promising prospects for the future.

Maize Supply Response To Cross Price Change In Nigeria (1990-2020)

H.S. Umar, E.C. Ogbanje, F.M. Kigbu — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study examined maize supply response to cross price changes in Nigeria. Time series data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization between 1990 and 2020. Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillip Peron tests were used to ascertain the stationarity status of the series. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was used to analyze the data. Validity of the estimates was confirmed through normality and structural stability tests. Findings showed that the normalized coefficients of sorghum and millet prices were negative and statistically significant (p<0.05), suggesting that these crops were competitive with maize. Conversely, the normalized coefficient of rice was statistically significant (p<0.05) but positively signed, indicating that rice was supplementary to maize in supply. Findings further showed that there was unidirectional causality from sorghum price to maize price and from maize price to rice price. Study concluded that as competitive crops to maize, increase in sorghum and millet prices can induce crowd-out effect on maize enterprise. It is therefore recommended that maize dealers keep a close watch and respond appropriately to price change in sorghum and millet crops in order to achieve sustainable maize production and subsequent supply.

Assessment of the Effect of Soaking Duration on Germination and Seedling Growth of Tomato-82-B Variety (Solanum lycopersicum l.)

O.F. Udogu, D.N. Njoku, F.E. Akanwa, B.N. Uwalaka — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The research was carried out to evaluate the effect of soaking duration on the germination and seedling growth of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Tomato-82-B variety. The treatment had four soaking durations of 6 hours, 12 hours, and 18 hours. 24 hours, and the control (zero hour) replicated three times. The results indicated a significant increase in germination percentage. The 24-hour treatment was observed to record the highest germination percentage (98%) while the control had the lowest germination percentage (78%). There was a significant increase in the plant height between the various treatments and the control. The 24-hour treatment had the highest plant height (115 cm), while the control (72 cm) was the least. The result obtained from the number of leaves showed that 24 hours of soaking duration (139) had the highest, while the control (107) had the lowest. The results from stem girth and plant canopy showed a similar result, 24 hours gave the highest result, while the control was the lowest. The seed soaked for 24 hours recorded the highest stem girth (1.17 cm) when compared to other treatments, while the control (0.99 cm) had the least value. Data collected on plant canopy showed that the seed soaked for 24 hours had the highest plant canopy (63 cm), while the control (29 cm) had the lowest value. Results from plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and plant canopy showed significant differences (p≤0.05). We recommend that farmers soak their tomato seeds for 24 hour duration before planting for optimum vegetative growth.

Functional Properties and Heavy Metal Content of Some Swallows made from Edible Flours

E.O. Onyenweaku — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The globally reported increase in the incidence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers has prompted the search for more diet alternatives which could be incorporated in the prevention and management of these conditions. In Nigeria, many indigenous menus include swallows, which are usually consumed alongside native soups. This study aimed at determining the functional properties and heavy metal content of some swallows made from cereal flours-finger millet (Eleusine coracana), black fonio (Digitaria iburua), and rye (Secale cereale) and also cassava (Manihot esculenta) flour. The cereal samples were purchased from local markets, sorted, washed, dried and prepared for analyses; the cassava flour was purchased as a finished product. The flours were then used to prepare swallows by pouring them into boiling water. Standard methods were used to investigate the functional properties and heavy metals present in the food samples. Laboratory results were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show that rye swallow had significantly (p<0.05) higher bulk density (0.63g/ml) than the others. Cassava flour had the highest water absorption capacity (2.24±0.06 ml/g) while black fonio flour had the lowest (1.85±0.00 ml/g). Gelatinization temperatures in degrees centigrade ranged from 64.67±0.08 (rye) to 70.58±0.04 (black fonio). The heavy metals were present in very minimal amounts, with aluminium having slightly higher values, although all the values were within safe limits. Consequently, with appropriate preparation methods, adoption of these cereal flours as swallows is recommended for improved nutrition outcomes.

Analysis of Efficiency between Traditional and Modern Maize Storage Techniques among Farmers in Savanna Nigeria

I.O. Ogunwande — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The survey was carried out to compare the efficiency of traditional and modern maize storage techniques among farmers in guinea and derived savanna, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used in the selection of 400 active maize farmers, consisting of 200 respondents for each of the storage techniques in the off season of 2022 planting season. Copies of a well-structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used to collect the cross-sectional data used for the study. The average socio-economic variable results revealed age (47 years), farming experience (25 years), years of education (6 years) and household size (12 members). Silos and rhombus were identified as more prominent modern and traditional storage equipments respectively. Traditional storage facility was found to be more efficient than the modern type with the efficiency ratios of 0.72 (72%) and 0.64 (64%) respectively. The quantity of maize stored annually was significantly influenced by the quantity of maize harvested and years of experience. It is recommended that more awareness be created for farmers to adopt modern storage technique, despite its relative inefficiency.

Appraising the Monthly Variation in Physicochemical Characteristics of Effluent Discharge from Abia Shoprite and Its Influence on Environmental Media

U.N. Abaraogu, I.P. Ikechukwu, O.C. Egesi, P.C. Ogbonna — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Appraising effluent characteristics is crucial to maintaining the integrity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Representative samples of water, soil, and sediment were abstracted from Abia Shoprite during the wet season (August, September, and October) and dry season (November, December, and January). Effluent water samples, taken from three discharge points during wet and dry seasons, were analyzed for physicochemical parameters while sediment and soil samples were analyzed for chemical properties using standard methods. The highest values obtained in effluent water during the wet and the dry seasons were 8.20±0.10 and 6.70±0.17 for pH, 66.77±2.45 and 38.00±2.19 μS/cm for EC, 1.82±0.01 and 3.03±0.15 mg/L for DO, 193.00±2.00 and 162.67±0.58 mg/L for BOD, 241.67±1.53 and 190.67±1.53 mg/L for COD, 90.87±1.63 and 80.17±0.12 mg/L for TDS, 72.70±2.21 and 51.17±0.45 mg/L for TSS, 18.90±0.36 and 13.17±0.90 mg/L for total alkalinity, 5.10±0.10 and 2.90±0.20 mg/L for total hardness, 4.77±0.15 and 1.77±0.15 NTU for Turbidity, and 29.23±0.15 and 31.60±0.20 °C for Temperature during October. Similarly, maximum pH values (7.13±0.21 and 7.20±0.26), organic carbon (0.10±0.01 and 0.25±0.03 %), organic matter (0.17±0.02 and 0.43±0.04 %), and electrical conductivity (37.67±1.53 and 50.00±1.00 µs/cm) were recorded in October for sediment and soil. A very strong positive relationship exists between physicochemical parameters in the wet and dry seasons. Indeed, the values of Temperature, BOD, and COD in effluent water reached unsuitable quality limits according to FAO/WHO standards. It is recommended that regular assessment of effluent release from Abia Shoprite should be carried out to protect the ecosystems.

Breed Response to Different Dietary Energy-Protein Ratios in Weaner Pigs in the Tropics

O.M. Jesuyon, O.M. Bello — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study was conducted to determine response of the Pig breed to three dietary energy-protein ratios (EPR) in feed. A total of 27 weaned piglets, eight weeks old, of three breeds consisting of 9 piglets per breed, were used in a four-week feeding trial. Three piglets were randomly allocated from each breed to pen and replicated thrice. Two standard EPR diets: 151:1 and 163:1, were compared with the existing farm diet of 123:1. Pigs were fed at 5% of previous week’s body weight to prevent excessive feeding. Water was provided ad-libitum with automatic waterers. Traits examined were average daily feed intake (ADI, g/day), average daily gain (ADG, g/day), feed efficiency ratio (FER, %), and economic efficiency of meat production (EEM, ₦/Kg), body length (BL, cm), neck circumference (NCF, cm), heart girth (HGH, cm), pouch girth (PGH, cm), wither’s width (WTW, cm), Withers to tail length (WTL, cm), Canon bone circumference (CBC, cm) and height at wither (HTW, cm). The Completely Randomized Design in factorial treatment arrangement was used. The General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS^®version 8.0 along with Dunette’s Test _(α=0.05)was employed. Landrace performed best on productivity and body traits (P <0.05). EPR 163:1 diet produced most superior body development as ADG, FER, NFC, WTL, HGH, PGH, and HWT were significantly (P <0.05) higher than on other diets. Interaction of breed and EPR revealed that Large white reported highest ADG and FER at least EEM on diet 123:1. Landrace and Camborough produced superior ADG and FER on 163:1 EPR diet (P <0.05). Breeds expressed best body traits development on the 151:1 diet.

Technical Efficiency of Snail Production in Rivers State, Nigeria

C.C. Chidindu, K.C. Igwe, J.C. Efedua, L.U. Igwe — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the technical efficiency of snail farming in Rivers State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select the one hundred and twenty (120) snail farmers in five local government areas (LGA) from the three agricultural zones in Rivers State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected using questionnaires and personal interviews. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cost and returns analysis, multiple regression analysis, and stochastic frontier production function. Snail farming was profitable in the study area with a Total Revenue (TR) of N1,344,856.50. They had a Net Farm Income of N758,391.74 per selling season. The factors influencing the net return of snail farmers in the study area were age, education, farming experience, cooperative society, access to credit, and stock size. Technical efficiency distribution of snail farming was computed from frontier 4.1 MLE/Survey Data, 2021 with a mean of 0.798. The result showed that of most snail farmers, about 75.8% were operating between the technical efficiency ranges of 70%-100%. Snail farmers can increase their output by improving their technical efficiency level. This study recommends that the government or the extension workers should sensitize snail farmers concerning the right use of input combinations which can help improve the technical efficiency level of snail farming in the study area; The policymakers should create an awareness for the training of youths and the unemployed on snail farming which is a lucrative business when the technical knowledge is put in place.

Adoption of Improved Production Technologies among Rice Farmers in Wase Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria

Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study assessed the adoption of improved production technologies among rice farmers in Wase Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used in the selection of 160 respondents for the study. Descriptive statistics, a four-point Likert scale and Logit regression were used to achieve the objectives of the study. Findings from the study revealed the farmers were 40 years old on average. A greater percentage (67%) of the farmers was men and 91% of them were married. About 44% of the respondents attained secondary level of education and had a mean farming experience of 8 years. More than half (64%) of the respondents major occupation was farming, which they practiced on average farm sizes of 1.6 hectares. The mean annual income of the farmers was estimated at N 202, 356. Improved rice production technologies, such as appropriate time of harvesting (3.44), land preparation by tractors (3.42), recommended time of weeding (3.41), appropriate planting dates (3.25), use of herbicides (3.24), improved seed varieties (3.11), application of recommended fertilizer (3.05), nursery practice and transplanting (2.73) all had high levels of awareness and adoption respectively among the farmers. Age, educational status, farming experience, farm size, extension contact and annual income were significant determinants of adoption of improved rice production technologies. High cost of technology (69%), inadequate extension contact (61%), and inadequate credit access (48%) and lack of accessibility of some technologies (28.0) were identified as the major constraints to the adoption of improved rice production technologies. The study recommended the subsidization of inputs (improved seeds, fertilizers and agro-chemicals) by the government to reduce the cost of production.

Economic Analysis of Bell Pepper Cultivated under Screen House Production System in Ondo State, Nigeria

A.J. Ajayi, G.O. Ajayi, L.O. Omoniyi — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Production under protected cultivation systems such as greenhouses and screen houses is a technique for regulating the environmental factors for the benefit of the plants (bell pepper) under a controlled atmosphere situation. This study assessed the economic feasibility of bell pepper production under the screen house system, focusing on cost analysis and profitability indicators. Data were obtained from farm records and the operational system of a screen house production system in the Akure North area of Ondo State. Data collated were obtained from four production cycles during two years (2022 and 2023 production seasons). The findings reveal that while the initial investment in infrastructure represents a significant portion of total costs, the overall net benefit and efficiency of the production system are favorable. With an average investment of N3,417,500 per production unit, the annual total cost of production was N1,447,417, resulting in a net benefit of N5,752,583.33 per unit and an impressive profit margin of 80%. The Benefit to Cost Ratio (BCR) exceeding 1 indicates the efficiency of the system, with every N1 invested yielding a N4.97 return. Recommendations include policymakers incentivizing infrastructure investments, reducing variable costs through targeted support programs, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices. By leveraging the positive economic indicators and profitability of the screen house system, policymakers can implement interventions such as subsidies, credit access, and technical assistance to facilitate the adoption and scaling up of similar high-value crop production systems, ultimately enhancing agricultural productivity, farmer income, and food security.

Assessment of Laboratory and Field Germination Percentages for Sugargraze and Columbus Grass Seeds

M. Dahiru, S.L. Abdurrahaman, A.L. Muhammad, A.S. Muhammad, A.U. Kabir — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The experiment was conducted to assess the laboratory and field germination percentages of the two forage sorghum. The laboratory assessment was conducted in the Animal Science Laboratory, Federal University Dutse, whereas the filed experiments were conducted in two (2) distinct locations; Binyaminu Usman Polytechnic and Federal University Dutse, Teaching and Research Farms (BUPoly and FUD farms) in the year 2023 rainy season. The data collected from the laboratory assessment was subjected to T-test using Microsoft excel (10th Edition) for the determination of germination percentages, while the field trial was arranged in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) in factorial layout consisting of two factors; Forage sorghum cultivars (Sugargraze and Columbus grass) and Planting spacing (10 x 30 cm, 15 x 45 cm and 25 x 75 cm); these were combined and replicated four (4) times. The data collected from field germination assessment were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Genstat Statistical package (17th Edition), and means differences were separated using Student-Newman Keuls Test (SNK) at a 5% level of significance. In laboratory seed germination two hundred (200) seeds each of the cultivars were used, replicated ten times with twenty (20) seeds per Glass Petri dish and kept at (28 – 30 0C) for a week. The petri dishes were monitored daily, counted and recorded for the sprouted seeds for determination of percentage germination rate in each replication. The results of the germination percentages of Sugargraze and Columbus grass seeds were 92.50% and 81.50%, respectively. In the field germination, observation, counting and recording were carried out daily from the sowing date until constant numbers of the germinated planted seeds were counted within seven (7) days in each treatments and replicates. In both research locations (BUPoly and FUD farms), there were significantly (P<0.05) higher percentages of germination in Sugargraze (99.29% and 98.76%) compared to Columbus grass (93.07% and 89.69%). About the effect of spacing, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in field germination in either location.

4-Nitrobenzoic Acid and Azaperone from Thaumatococcus daniellii Leaves as Potential Green Preservative Against Fungal Infestation of Cereals with Molecular Docking Studies

Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The pursuit of sustainable and eco-friendly preservatives against fungal infestation in cereals has prompted an investigation into the use of Thaumatococcus daniellii leaves, used traditionally as a food wrap for cooked cereal like corn pap. Previous studies have demonstrated that food stored with these leaves exhibited better preservation compared to non-wrapped food. Fresh leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii were obtained from Ilorin metropolis in Nigeria. The leaves were dried, pulverized and extracted with methanol by means of soxhlet extraction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the crude extract. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the leaves revealed the presence of saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, triterpenes, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, phenolics and terpenoids. The quantitative phytochemical profile of the leaves indicates a high proportion of phenolics, attributed to be responsible for antimicrobial activity. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the methanolic extract of the leaves revealed over 40 compounds. From the molecular docking, two hit compounds- 4-nitrobenzoic acid and azaperone showed a higher binding affinity with lanosterol-14α-demethylase than propiconazole, the standard antifungal drug. This implies a very promising antifungal activity of these compounds for further in-vitro and in-vivo studies.

Growth and Forage Crops Yield and Mixture Productivity in Pearl Millet-Cowpea Intercropping System in Humid SouthWest Nigeria

A.J. Ajayi, G.O. Ajayi, W.A. Oloriegbe — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The experiment aims to evaluate the growth and forage yield of component crops in a pearl millet-cowpea in a replacement intercropping system. The research was undertaken at the experimental site of the Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal College of Agriculture Akure, Nigeria between June and November 2019. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The intercropping experiment is based on the percentage of substitution of one of the intercrop components with the other. The treatments were sole pearl millet, sole cowpea, Intercrop of 50 % pearl millet + 50% cowpea, 75% pear millet+25% cowpea, 25% pearl millet+75% cowpea, 15% pearl millet + 85% cowpea. Seeds of the component crops were drilled into well-tilled plots each measuring 2 x 3m (6m²). Growth parameters for pearl millet were measured at 3 and 5 weeks after planting while forage yields of component crops were evaluated at 8 and 16 weeks after planting and the crop mixture productivity was estimated. Data collected were analyzed using SAS version 9. The growth of component crops in the pearl millet-cowpea intercropping were mostly not significant (p=0.05). The crop mixture productivity indices were not significantly influenced when harvested at 8WAP. The relative yield total obtained was less than one (<1) which implied yield disadvantage in intercropping component crops at that stage of harvest. Harvesting at 16WAP resulted in significant crop mixture productivity with a more positive contribution and significant relative yield of cowpea in intercropped plots. The relative yield total obtained was greater than (>1) which is an indicative of yield advantage when forage mixtures were harvested at 16WAP. Crop mixture productivity was enhanced with delayed harvesting. Pearl-cowpea mixture for forage production at 25% pearl millet + 75% cowpea and 15 % pearl millet +85% cowpea are recommended with delayed harvesting up to 16WAP.

Climate variability effect on the yield of arable crops in South-East Nigeria and role of Extension workers in ameliorating the effect

N.O. Ogbonna, B.O. Ovwigho, M.O. Olaolu, A.F. Urhibo — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study investigated the effects of climate variability on yield of maize, yam, and cassava in South east Nigeria and the role of agricultural extension on climate variability mitigation and adaptation measures Secondary and primary data were used. Secondary data on climate variables and yield were collected for twenty years (1995-2014) from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency Enugu and from National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) respectively. Primary data were collected from the Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) of the three selected states of South East Nigeria by use of structured questionnaire. The list of expected role of extension agent was measured by the use of a four-point likert-type scale. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting Agricultural zones and blocks. Data on climate variability was measured by nominal values of yes (2) and no (1) and was analyzed with crop yield by use of Mean, Multiple Regression, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Analysis of Variance respectively. Data on the role of Extension workers were analyzed by the mean score and standard deviation. The study revealed that climate variables significantly accounted for the yield of yam (R2= 55.7%) and cassava (R²= 51.1%). Temperature minimum and solar radiation have significant effect on the yield of maize. The relationship between climate variability and yield of arable crops was established. There was significant difference between the yield of cassava, yam, and maize in the three States, with F-values = 62.497, 249.722 and 36.37 respectively. It was found that the significant role of extension workers includes production of publication on the cause of climate change (= 2.23) and village transect walk and study of the environment in relation to climate change (= 2.23). The advisory role of extension agents in climate variability mitigation and adaptation measures was inadequate. The study recommended the planting of arable crops should be done at the onset of the rains. It is recommended that extension agents be trained on their role in climate change variability mitigation and adaptation measures, and also be updated with information on Climate variability from meteorological Agencies.

Attitude of Youth towards Agricultural Empowerment Programmes: Evidence from Delta State

E.O. Eromedoghene, U.G. Amafade, N.E. Omosigho, O. Owigho — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The paper investigated the attitudes of youth towards the agricultural empowerment programme in Delta State, Nigeria. The paper examined the respondents’ educational backgrounds, farm size and other socioeconomic characteristics. The YAGEP recipients from 2015 down to 2018 were included in the research. The research included 441 YAGEP beneficiaries as a sample. Both descriptive & inferential statistics were introduced to address the research objectives. Men comprise 86.4% of the survey. Thirty was the average age of the respondents. 52.6% of respondents were single. 97% of the beneficiaries are Christians. From the survey, 55.3% of Respondents had higher educational qualifications such as a BSc or HND. The average farm size was 1.2 hectares. The recipients' average tenure in agriculture was five years. The YAGEP recipients are impressed with the programme. Also, the fish production company's YAGEP participants had the highest socioeconomic level both before (average = 147.6471) & after (average = 148.9765). Lastly, respondents differ significantly in terms of their socioeconomic status before (F value = 3.106; p<5%) & after (F value = 2.759; p<5%) the program. Considering the positive effects of the program on participants' quality of life, the paper submits that, more individuals should be given the opportunity to enjoy the empowerment programmes.

Genetic Diversity and Cluster Analysis of Selected M6 Ofada Rice Mutants and Parents For Agronomic and Yield-Related Traits

Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Ofada rice is one of the indigenous rice extensively cultivated in South-Western Nigeria where its prominence in the last few decades is possibly due to its peculiar taste, natural flavour, higher nutritive value and higher fibre compared to polished rice. Efforts towards its improvement for yield indices have nonetheless been minimal; hence yield is the basis of this research. Twenty-five genotypes comprising twenty-three (23) promising M₆Ofada rice selections from a mutation breeding programme and 2 parent lines were planted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to assess genetic variation as a guide for distinctness, hybridization and further selection. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) variation among genotypes for all the studied traits. Mean plant height ranged between 112.33cm (OG13608_300) to 133.00cm (OW13615_100). The highest mean tiller number (18.33) was from OG13605_200 while 0G13606_250 had the least mean value for days to 50% flowering (74) and days to maturity (92). The highest mean number of days to maturity (108 days) was recorded by (FUNAABOR 2 and OW13614_100. OW13620_250 had the highest grain weight per/panicle (10.87g) and the highest grain weight per plant (104.93g). The dendrogram grouped the genotypes into 3 clusters and recorded a high level of diversity. Cluster I incorporated the highest number of selections with the highest cluster mean for grain weight per panicle (9.46g) Cluster III entries had the highest mean for tiller number (13), panicle length (28.85cm) and grain weight per plant (64.84g). Therefore, hybridization of promising selections from Cluster I with appropriate members from Cluster III could offer higher heterosis among the ensuing progenies.

Effect of Farmyard manure, Seedling age and Spacing on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under System of Rice Intensification in Sudan savanna ecological zone, Nigeria

D.A. Ibrahim, A.A. Mukthar, A.A. Muhammad, S.T. Abu, M.A. Mahadi — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Field trials were conducted at Irrigation Research Station, Kadawa, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and Bakalori Irrigation Project, Birnin Tudu, Talata Mafara, both in the Sudan savanna ecological zone of Nigeria during 2018 and 2019 dry seasons, to investigate the effect of farmyard manure, seedling age and spacing on the performance of FARO 44 (Sipi 692033), under system of rice intensification (SRI). Treatments consisted of four levels each of farmyard manure (FYM) (0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 t ha^-1); seedling age (A); (9, 15, 21 and 27 days old) and three spacing (S) (15 x 15cm, 25cm x 25cm and 35cm x 35cm). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design and replicated three times. Data were collected on shoot dry weight, number of tillers per plant, panicle weight per plant and paddy yield. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means partitioned using Duncan’s Multiple Range test (1955) at 5% level of probability. The results revealed that application of 12.5 t ha^-1 FYM, transplanting of younger seedlings at 9-15 days old and plants spaced wider at at 25 x 25cm, significantly produced heaviest shoot dry weight, with the highest number of tillers per plant and highest paddy yield per hectare in 2018 and 2019 at Kadawa and Talata Mafara. It was concluded that the SRI practice enhances rice performance and productivity. It is therefore recommended that rice farmers in the study areas imbibe the practice towards increasing rice yield.

Chemical, Carcass and Sensory Characteristics of Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Meat Fed Different Plant Protein Source

B.M. Munza, K. Tahir, D.Y. Salihu, M.B. Bislava, B.R. Gandi, A.G. Zungum — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A study was conducted to evaluate the carcass, chemical and sensory characteristics of meat from rabbits fed different plant protein sources. Twenty (20) rabbits of mixed breeds and sex with an average initial weight of 847.20 g were allocated to four dietary treatments (groundnut cake as T1, Moringa leave meal as T2, cowpea husk as T3 and groundnut haulms as T4) with five rabbits per treatment each standing as a replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Experimental diets were formulated such that groundnut cake, moringa leave meal, cowpea husk and groundnut haulms were included at 30% on weight basis. Data were obtained on carcass characteristics (live weight, slaughter weight, dressing percentage, body length, rack, loin, shoulder, thigh, heart, lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, head, caecum length, caecum weight, large intestine length, large intestine weight, small intestine length, small intestine weight, stomach, fore feet, hind feet, shank, skin, and tail), sensory characteristics( palatability, juiciness, tenderness, colour, aroma, and acceptability) and chemical composition (water, protein, fat, fibre, and ash). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in carcass characteristics among the treatments for live weight, slaughter weight, dressed weight, dressing percentage and body length. Prime cut and carcass by-products also revealed significant differences (P<0.05) however, heart, kidney, stomach and small intestine weight resulted in non-significant differences (P>0.05) among treatments. Chemical composition was determined according to standard methods. The basic chemical composition (water, protein, fat, fibre, and ash) of rabbit meat revealed significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments. Sensory characteristics showed a significant differences (P>0.05) among the treatments for palatability, tenderness, colour and aroma while Juiciness and acceptability indicated a non-significant differences (P>0.05) among treatments. Based on the performance of the animals, the diet containing 30% cowpea husk yields high live weight, slaughter weight and dressed weight while a diet containing 30% groundnut cake is preferred by the panellists in terms of organoleptic properties and yields high dressing percentage.

Growth and Haemato-Biochemical Response of Buck Rabbits Fed Aspilia africana (African Marigold) Supplemented with Zinc Gluconate

J. Ezea, J.C. Ezike, C.G. Nwoko, O.O. Ekwe, M.A. Oguike — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Growth performance, haematological and serum chemistry indices were studied in 24 buck rabbits fed Aspilia africana supplemented with Zinc gluconate, in a 56-day experimental period. The bucks were divided into 4 treatment groups. The treatments were replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was constituted by conventional forage mixture. Treatments 2, 3 and 4 were made up of Aspilia africana+0.00mgZG, Aspilia africana+100.00mgZG and Aspilia africana+150.00mgZG, respectively. Average daily feed intake was highest (P<0.05) in bucks fed Asp+150mgZG while average daily weight gain was similar (P>0.05) among bucks fed CFM, Asp+0.00mgZG and Asp+ 150mgZG and higher (P<0.05) than in bucks fed 100mgZG. The lowest/best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was obtained in bucks given Asp+0.00mgZG. Haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and red blood cell count were highest (P<0.05) in bucks fed Asp+0.00mgZG and CFM. Hb and PCV decreased (P<0.05) with increase in ZG. White blood cell count (WBC) was highest (P<0.05) at 100mgZG. Mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin(MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were highest (P<0.05) at Asp+0.00mgZG and Asp+100mgZG. Lymphocytes were highest (P<0.05) at 100mgZG. ZG resulted in significant increase in serum protein, while glucose was raised outside the reference range in bucks fed 150mgZG. It is concluded that 150mgZG stimulated feed intake and weight gain per buck per day. Aspilia africana without ZG enhanced best feed utilization, encouraged HB, PCV and RBC production while MCV, MCH and MCHC were increased at 100mg in the bucks. ZG supplementation at both levels decreased Hb and PCV but increased serum protein. Glucose was raised outside the reference range with CFM and 150mgZG. ZG evoked significant increase in lymphocytes at 100mg.

Comparative Analysis of Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profiles in Mammalian (goat, sheep, cow and pig) Milk

Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Milk contains various bioactive components, including proteins and lipids, contributing to its nutritional value and potential health benefits. The study aimed to compare the amino acid and fatty acid profiles in the milk of goats, sheep, cows, and pigs. Raw milk samples from goats, cows, sheep, and pigs were collected from different local farmers, and their fatty acid and amino acid compositions were determined using standard methods. The fatty acid composition of milk from these mammals revealed variations in the levels of specific fatty acids, including heptadecanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, caprylic acid, lauric acid, myristoleic acid, caproic acid, and butyric acid. The amino acid composition of milk showed significant differences (p<0.05) among the animals, with significant variations (p<0.05) in essential amino acids like leucine, phenylalanine, valine, and methionine. Knowing the relationship between milk composition and its physiological effects can inform dietary recommendations and product development strategies to promote human health and well-being.

Use of Bulking Rate as a Selection Index for Early Maturity in Sweet Potato Genotypes Grown in South-East Nigeria

O. Uche — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Seven sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam) genotypes were evaluated for early bulking rate in a field experiment conducted at the National Root Crop Research Institute, Umudike. The sweet potato genotypes (Centennial, Umuspo 3 (Mother's Delight), TIS 8164, Ex-Igbariam, TIS 87/0087, Umuspo 1 (King J) and Solomon 2 were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Data was collected to assess the bulking rate at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 WAP weeks after planting (WAP), total number of tubers per plot, and fresh root tuber yield. The results showed significant (P<0.05) variations among the seven sweet potato genotypes at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 WAP. The final harvest of the tuber was done at 16WAP. Umuspo 1 (King J) exhibited the highest bulking rate in both cropping seasons. The total number of tubers per plot was highest for Umuspo 1 (King J) at 72.8 kg/ha and 57.8 kg/ha, followed by TIS 87/0087 at 41.2 kg/ha and 41.5 kg/ha in 2014 and 2015, respectively. In terms of fresh root tuber yield, Umuspo 1 (King J) also showed the highest significance (P<0.05) with 31.2 t/ha in 2014 and 28.73 t/ha in 2015, closely followed by TIS 87/0087. Centennial had the lowest tuber yield at 2.10 t/ha in 2014 and 3.55 t/ha in 2015 cropping seasons, indicating a lower yield compared to Umuspo 1 (King J) by 93.26% and 92.33% in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Based on the results, Umuspo 1 (King J) and TIS 87/0087 demonstrated early bulking rates and could be used in developing early maturing varieties of sweet potato, enabling more than two plantings in a year.

Seasonal Changes in Nutrient Composition and Biochemical Markers of Toxicity of Fish Samples from Urashi River, Nigeria

D. Akachukwu, S.O. Onoja, J.C. Nnaji, P.C. Ojimelukwe — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Oil and gas prospecting generate pollutants that are toxic to aquatic organisms. Orashi/Urashi River flows along the oil prospecting sites of the Niger Delta region in Nigeria. Effects of petroleum pollution on two fish species (Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus) from Urashi River which flows along four communities (Mmahu, Abacheke, Opuoma communities in Ohaji/Egbema L.G.A) and Anambra (Ogwuaniocha, Ogbaru L.G.A) states of Nigeria, were evaluated in both wet and dry seasons, using liver function parameters, lipid profile indices and histopathology of selected organs. Standard biochemical and histopathological procedures were employed for all the analyses. Nutrient composition of the fish samples showed that crude protein, carbohydrate, and energy values were: 21.25%, 22.27% and 186.97 Kcal respectively for wet-season C. gariepinus from Ogwuaniocha. The values were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of all other fish samples. A marker of liver damage-Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity (35.05;123.93; and 144.33 U/L) of fish samples was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the dry season. Aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) activities of C. gariepinus (144.33U/L) and O. niloticus (123.93 U/L) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the dry season relative to the rainy season. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, and globulin concentrations did not vary significantly (p>0.05) in all the fish samples. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), levels of O. niloticus were significantly (p>0.05) lower in the wet season. The gill, muscle and liver histology showed mild to marked lymphocyte and fibroblast infiltrations. In contrast, the gill showed diffused lamellar absence, marked necrosis, and depletion of epithelial cells lining the filaments, which were more prominent in the dry season. The toxic impact of the petroleum hydrocarbon on the fish samples were higher during the dry season. This could be due to the increased hydrocarbon concentration occasioned by reduced water volume in the dry season.

Growth Response of Heterobranchus longifilis juveniles Fed Leucena leucocephala Leaf Meal Supplemented diets as Replacement for Soyabean

A.N. Agbo — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

It is important to explore alternative protein-rich resources to supplement traditional feed sources so as to lower feeding costs. Leucaena leaf meal (LLM) stands out as a viable option, sourced from the plant Leucaena leucocephala. L. leucocephala leaves are available year-round and can be gathered at minimal expense. This study conducted a 56-day feeding trial to assess the growth response of Heterobranchus longifilis juveniles (22.33-28.6g) fed varying levels of Leucaena leaf meal to replace soyabean. The Leucaena leaves were prepared by soaking in water for three days, followed by sun-drying. Experimental diets were formulated using a completely randomized design with five treatments: 0% (SWC), 10% (SW10), 20% (SW20), 30% (SW30), and 40% (SW40) Leucaena leaf meal. Results showed that fishes fed with 30% Leucaena leaf meal (SW30) exhibited the highest mean weight gain (MWG) of 25.47g±6.08, while those on the control diet (SWC) displayed the lowest MWG of 12.47 ± 2.77. Significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed among treatments for MWG, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and specific growth rate (SGR). Furthermore, carcass analysis revealed significant variations, with protein content being notably higher in fish fed with diet SW30 (46.35±0.99%) compared to those on diets SWC and SW10 (43.89±0.50%). This research underscores the potential of Leucaena leaf meal to partially replace soybean meal at a 30% inclusion level, in the diet of H. longifilis juveniles.

Growth and Principal Component Analysis of Some Selected Sweet Potato Genotypes Grown in Southeast Nigeria

O. Uche — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted at the National Root Crops Research Institute Umudike to determine the growth and path analysis (PCA) of some selected sweet potato genotypes in south-east Nigeria. The sweet potato genotypes (Centennial, Umuspo 3 (Mother’s Delight), TIS 8164, Ex-Igbariam, TIS 87/0087, Umuspo 1(King J ), Solomon 2) were fitted into a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Principal component analysis revealed that PC1, PC2, and PC3 with eigenvector value loads above unity accounted for the cumulative variance of 84.10 %, indicating the degree of influence the associated growth parameters had on fresh storage root yield of sweet potato in both cropping seasons. In PC1, Leaf area ratio (LAR) and Specific leaf area (SLA) with the vector loading of 0.44605 and 0.39781 (2014) and 0.38409 and 0.36831 (2015), cropping seasons accounted for 47.54% variability among the genotype. PC2 with the same plant character also gave the highest vector load in the 2015 cropping season. In PC4, except for the relative growth rate (2014) and leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and net assimilation rate (2015), the other principal components influenced the tuber root yield of sweet potatoes. In PC4 CGR, LAR, SLA, TDW, NAR 2014 CGR, RGR, and TDW 2015 influenced the tuber root yield of sweet potato. The results further suggested that the improvement of sweet potato could be achieved through these characteristics that have a positive magnitude effect on tuber root yield. Umuspo 1 (King J ) gave the highest tuber yield among other sweet potato genotypes and therefore can be recommended for farmers.

Response of Root Knot Nematode to Three Systemic Herbicides and Their Effect on the Growth and Yield of Cowpea Grown in Umuahia South LGA, Abia State

C.P. Umeh, C.C. Ononuju — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The effect of herbicides (pendimethaline, imazamox and atarazine) on root-knot nematode (Meliondogynespp) and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were compared in the field and pot experiments (August-October 2021 and September-Novermber 2022). The pot experiment was arranged in a Completely randomized design using plastic buckets with four treatments replicated three times including the control. Each bucket was inoculated with 2,000 nematode eggs. The treatments included: two pre-emergence (Pendimethalin and atrazine) herbicides and one post-emergence herbicide (Imazamox). The pendimethaline, imazamox and atrazine were applied using a knapsack at 250ml/16l. Data collected included: grain yield (number of seeds per pod and weight of seeds), root parameter (fresh root weight and number of root nodules), nematode galls and population (gall index, number of eggs and number of juveniles). The field experiments (the two seasons) were conducted on land naturally infested with root-knot nematode and were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatments including the control (no application). Similar treatments in the pot experiment were used. The herbicides were applied at the same rate as in pots. Data similar to those in the pot experiment were taken. The data collected in the experiments were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) at a 5% probability level (P<0.05). Results obtained at the end of the experiments showed that pendimethalin significantly reduced the nematode population and increased the yield of cowpea.

Evaluation of Some Natural Products for the Control of Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp) Infestation on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L)

O.C. Nwosu, C.C. Ononuju, O.F. Uzoigwe — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Field experiments were conducted at Amakama Ikputu in Umuahia South LGA, Abia State, Nigeria in 2021 and 2022 cropping seasons to evaluate the effect of some natural products (Azadirachta indica (Neem leaf), Tetracarpiduim conophorum (Wallnut leaf), Pleurotus tuberiegium (usu), Alchornea cordifolia (christmas bush leaf), Cassava peels (CP), Poultry droppings in the control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) population on the growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech). The experiments were laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design with seven treatments replicated three times including the controls. The treatments were applied at the rate of 30 grams per plant. Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of pods per plant, weight of pod, fresh root weight, dry shoot weight, fruit yield, number of galls and final nematode population. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated using Fishers Least Significance Difference (F-LSD) at a 5% level of probability. Okra plants treated with neem leaves (867.00) [63.00] and (900.00) [133.00] recorded the highest Meloidogyne spp reduction, followed closely by okra plants treated with poultry droppings (967.00) [82.00] and (900.00) [165.00] and cassava peels (800.00) [97.00] and (900.00) [169.00] while the least reduction was recorded by the controls (900.00) [418.00] and (887.00) [1000.00] in 2021 and 2022 cropping seasons respectively. In terms of fruit yield, okra plants treated with neem leaves recorded the highest fruit yield (6.60 kg/ha) (3.20 kg/ha), closely followed by the okra plants treated with poultry droppings (5.40 kg/ha) (2.60 kg/ha) and okra plants treated with cassava peels (5.40 kg/ha) (2.30 kg/ha) among others while the control plots recorded the lowest yield ((2.80 kg/ha) (2.20 kg/ha) in 2021 and 2022 cropping seasons respectively. Results obtained revealed that there were significant differences between the okra plants treated with the natural products and the controls. However, okra plants treated with neem leaves, poultry droppings and cassava peels proved to be more effective compared to the other natural products and the controls in the reduction/control of root-knot nematodes as well as an increase in the yield of okra plant.

Production and Evaluation of Complementary Foods Made From Selected Local Food Materials

N.U. Arisa, K.O. Olutayo, C.C. Igbokwe, K.I. Abba — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Malnutrition is prevalent in infants during complementary feeding in parts of developing countries. This is especially so, due to the high cost of infant formulas and other weaning foods in this region. This study compounded and evaluated some quality characteristics of complementary foods made from combinations of an underutilized root crop (trifoliate yam) and some readily available food materials. The complementary foods were made from trifoliate yam, kidney beans, tilapia fish, vegetable oil, sugar and either date and carrot (TKDC) or tiger nut and pawpaw (TKTP) in ratios of 60:10:10:5:5:7:3 or 60:10:10:5:5:5:5, cooked in stainless steel pot, dried, milled and analyzed for proximate, minerals, beta-carotene, tannin, amino acids profile, characteristics and impact on growth upon consumption. Proximate, minerals, vitamin, tannin and amino acid profile and sensory characteristics of complementary foods varied significantly (P<0.05) from one another with TKTP having higher protein (12.32%), fats (21.87 %), ash (5.2 %) contents than TKDC. However, in terms of overall acceptability (8.10) taste (8.10) and aroma (8.00), TKDC was better accepted than TKTP. Feeding of test animals with complementary foods resulted in weight gains of between 60.96g to 113.62g (TKTP) and 57.32 to 105.92 (TKDC). The complementary foods were comparatively nutritious and acceptable.

Growth Performance of Tomato Varieties as Influenced by Rates and Time of Poultry Manure Application in the Savanna Zone of Nigeria

N.Y. Tama, A.G. Adesoji, J. Sanusi — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Badole and Danja in the Sudan and Northern Guinea Savanna zones of Nigeria, respectively, to assess the influence of rates and time of poultry manure application on the growth performance of two tomato varieties. The treatments made of factorial combinations of two tomato varieties (UTC GRAPTOR and SUDANA), four rates of poultry manure (0, 5, 10, and 15t ha^-1), and three times of poultry manure applications (two weeks before transplanting, at transplanting, and two weeks after transplanting). The design for the experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and the experiment was replicated three times. The varietal effect was significant (P<0.05) on growth parameters measured where UTC GRAPTOR variety produced significantly (P<0.05) higher growth performance than SUDANA variety. Application of poultry manure significantly (P<0.05) increased growth parameters, such as number of leaves, branches, plant height, stem girth, dry weight, and leaf area index, where application of 15t ha^-1 of poultry manure produced significantly (P<0.05) higher values of the growth parameters than other rates of poultry manure. Time of poultry manure application significantly (P<0.05) increased growth parameters measured where applying poultry manure at two weeks before transplanting gave significantly (P<0.05) higher values of these measured parameters than other times of poultry manure application. Conclusively, the application of 15t ha^-1 of poultry manure at two weeks before transplanting on soil grown with UTC GRAPTOR variety of tomato was the most suitable for the study areas.

Quality Evaluation of Noodles Produced from Wheat Flour (Triticum spp.), Sorghum Flour (Sorghum bicolar) and Pumpkin Seed Flour (Cucurbita pepo) Enriched with Eggyolk Powder

J.K. Agomuo, C.O. Ifeka, R. Ibilaye — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research was carried out to evaluate the quality of noodles produced from wheat, sorghum and pumpkin seed composite flour. The flour and the noodles sample were produced using the standard method. The products were subjected to chemical and sensory analysis. The result obtained showed that the proximate analysis value for protein content increased significantly from 12.36%-14.84%, fiber, fat and energy also increased from 1.33%-2.56% and 14.09%-24.06% and 402.59k/cal-455.25k/cal respectively with an increase in substitution of wheat with sorghum and pumpkin seed, while a decrease in moisture content and carbohydrate from 12.80%-11.40% and 52.89%-45.68%. Calcium, iron, potassium and zinc ranged from 125.68-170.06mg/L, 2.12-3.85mg/L, 308.8-360.5mg/L and 10.58-16.15mg/L respectively. Vitamin A and C ranged from 7.97-8.07µg/100g and 2.64-2.69µg/100g respectively. In conclusion, Sorghum and pumpkin seed can be substituted in noodles production as this would improve noodles' nutrients and variety and reduce dependency on wheat importation.

Organ Weight and Histomorphological Changes in Buck Rabbits Fed Aspilia africana (African Marigold) Leaves Supplemented With Zinc Gluconate

J. Ezea, J.C. Ezike, O.O. Ekwe, E.A. Utokalandu — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This work was carried out to evaluate organ weight and histological changes in 24 buck rabbits subjected to Aspilia africana leaves supplemented with zinc gluconate. The bucks were divided into four equal groups. Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Treatment group one (T₁) was fed concentrate plus conventional forages with 0.0mg zinc gluconate. Treatments 2, 3 and 4 were fed concentrate with 0.0mg zinc gluconate, 100mg zinc gluconate and 150mg zinc gluconate, respectively. Aspilia africana with zinc gluconate supplementation significantly increased the relative weights of the liver, lungs, heart and gastrointestinal tracts. There was no pathological change in the kidneys of bucks fed A. africana with or without supplementation compared to those fed conventional forages. Mature spermatid density was reduced in the testes of bucks fed A. africana without zinc gluconate. The density of spermatids per tubule, however, increased with the two levels of zinc gluconate. Severe portal inflammation with interface necrosis was observed in bucks fed 0.0mg zinc gluconate and 100mg zinc gluconate, respectively. The inflammation became mild with 150mg zinc gluconate without necrosis. Fresh leaves of Aspilia africana without zinc supplementation reduced the efficiency of spermatogenesis by lowering spermatid density. It also caused severe portal inflammation. Zinc gluconate supplementation at both levels increased the spermatid density per tubule; and at 150mg ameliorated the inflammation and eliminated necrosis of the liver cells.

Influence of Rate and Time of Poultry Manure Application on Yield and Yield Components of Tomato Varieties in the Semi-Arid Environment of Nigeria

N.Y. Tama, A.G. Adesoji, J. Sanusi — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A Field trial was carried out in the Nigerian savanna at the Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Teaching and Research Farm, Badole, and Danja. The two trials were conducted in the dry season of 2019/2020 to assess the influence of applying poultry manure at different rates and times on tomato varieties' yield and yield components. The treatments consisted of two tomato varieties (UTC GRAPTOR and SUDANA), four poultry manure application rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha-¹), and three poultry manure application times (two weeks before transplanting, at transplanting, and two weeks after transplanting). The experiment was laid out using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. UTC GRAPTOR (13500 Kg ha-¹) gave a significantly higher fruit yield than SUDANA (12480 Kg ha-¹) at Badole only. Application of 15 t poultry manure ha^-1 performed significantly (P<0.05) higher than other poultry manure rates on tomato yield components. Application of 15t ha^-1 poultry manure produced significantly (P<0.05) higher tomato fruit yield, 13500 and 13440 Kg ha^-1, for Badole and Danja, respectively, than what was obtained with application of either 0, 5, or 10t ha^-1poultry manure. Poultry manure application at two weeks before transplanting gave significantly (P<0.05) higher tomato fruit yield and yield components except fruit diameter. Hence, applying of 15t poultry manure ha^-1 to soil grown with UTC GRAPTOR tomato variety at two weeks before transplanting is the most appropriate for production of tomato in the study areas.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Farmers’ Awareness on Modern and Traditional Family Planning Methods in Abia State, Nigeria

E.V. Anyanwu, S.N. Akwada — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study assessed the socio-economic determinant of farmers’ awareness of modern and traditional family planning methods in Abia State, Nigeria. Specifically, the following objectives were used to; describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, identify the respondents’ sources of information on family planning methods and assess farmers’ level of awareness of family planning methods. Purposive and multi-stage random sampling techniques were used to select a sample size of 144 respondents. They were randomly selected across two communities each from nine Local Government Areas from the three agricultural zones of Abia State. The study employed primary data and secondary information. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results showed that 72% of the respondents were married, 56% had farming as their primary occupation, 94% had one formal education or another and the mean age of 40. The respondents’ main sources of information on family planning methods were radio, television, friends and government health workers. About 97% of the respondents were aware of one method of family planning or another. Multiple regression analysis showed that sex at 5%, education at 5%, occupation at 5%, and household size at 5% influenced the awareness of family planning methods significantly. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the farmers’ level of awareness of family planning methods was moderate. The study, therefore, recommended among others the provision of more educational opportunities in the rural areas to teach family planning methods.

Accuracy of Indigenous Knowledge for Predicting Farming Seasons among Crop Farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria

Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study assessed the accuracy of indigenous knowledge for predicting farming seasons among crop farmers in Ogun State by employing a cross-sectional survey research design. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 250 crop farmers from the four extension zones in Ogun State. Additionally, two key informant interviews (KII) and one focus group discussion (FGD) were held in each farming community. Quantitative data were obtained using an interview schedule, while qualitative data were obtained using checklists for KII and FGD. Quantitative data were subjected to frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviations, and thematic analysis. Results revealed that 55.6% and 51.2% of the farmers cultivated annual crops and were not involved in livestock rearing, respectively. The incidence of the dry season was predicted mostly by the dropping of leaves from the fig tree (73.2%), almond leaves (70.4%) and sprouting of the Lantana plant (61.6%). Heavy budding of the acacia tree (70.0%), sprouting of Aloe ferax in the mountain (70.8%), and development of young leaves and grasses in the field (76.0%) were some of the indicators used in predicting the rainy season. Some translational meanings derived from the qualitative data are that the appearance of rainbirds and chameleons predicts the onset of the rainy season. At the same time, the defoliation of almond trees and African teaks indicates the start of the dry season. Furthermore, farmers' predictions of farming seasons were relatively consistent with science-based climate information. The study concluded that indigenous knowledge indicators are relatively accurate in predicting farming seasons compared to science-based climate information.

Resource Productivity and Allocative Efficiency on Improved Cassava-Based Mixed Cropping System in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

C.C. Nwakpu — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study examined the resource productivity and allocative efficiency in an improved cassava-based mixed cropping system in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 120 respondents (comprising 60 adopters and 60 non-adopters of improved cassava-based mixed cropping system) to whom structured questionnaires were administered. Inferential statistics involving the Cobb-Douglas production function and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The regression results revealed that all five resource inputs including land, labour, cassava stem cuttings, agrochemicals and miscellaneous variable capital inputs for the adopters and four resource inputs including land, labour, cassava stem cuttings and miscellaneous variable capital inputs for the non-adopters of the improved cassava-based mixed cropping system positively contributed to output of the respondents in the area. The results further showed that except for labour input, other resource inputs were of higher productivity (contribution to output) under the adopters than the non-adopters. The results also showed that whereas the adopter sunder utilized land, labour, cassava stem cuttings and agrochemicals, but overutilized only the miscellaneous variable capital inputs, the non-adopters underutilized land and cassava stem cuttings, but overutilized labour and miscellaneous variable capital inputs. The result of the deviation from unity (one) of the ratio of the Marginal Value Product (MVP) to Marginal Factor Cost (MFC) revealed that the adopters were more efficient in the allocation of land, cassava stem cuttings and miscellaneous variable capital inputs than the non-adopters of the improved cassava-based mixing cropping system in the area. Major constraints to increased cassava production in the area include lack of finance, high cost of farm inputs, lack of cassava processing/storage facilities, scarcity and high cost of improved cassava cuttings among others. Policy measures aimed at liberalization of agricultural credit schemes to enhance farmers’ access to finance, effective planning and implementation of inputs distribution programmes and introduction of labour-saving techniques to farmers among others were recommended towards increased cassava production and profitable cassava value chain business in Nigeria.

Economics of Palm oil Marketing and Processing in Abia State, Nigeria

K.R. Osondu, F.A. Nse, B.O. Okpara, C. Egwuonwu — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The research explored the economics of palm oil marketing and processing in Abia State, Nigeria, with the following key objectives: analyzing the market structure, assessing the performance regarding costs and returns, and identifying factors influencing the marketers' net returns. Primary data was gathered through structured questionnaires administered to respondents. A multi-stage sampling method was employed to select 60 palm oil marketers. The data was analyzed using econometric models such as the Gini coefficient, net margin, marketing efficiency, and ordinary least squares regression. The market structure analysis revealed a Gini coefficient of 0.65 for palm oil, indicating high seller concentration and significant inequality. The Lorenz curve analysis further confirmed imperfect market competition with a 65% Gini coefficient. The market performance analysis showed a meagre fixed cost (0.66%) compared to variable costs. Factors affecting net returns included marketers' age, marital status, marketing experience, household size, selling price, cooperative membership, transportation cost, purchase price, and educational qualification. The study suggests providing adequate credit facilities and promoting cooperative membership to help marketers expand their sales.

Micronutrient and Antinutrient Content of some Nigerian Edible flours: promoting healthy dietary alternatives

E. Onyenweaku, M. Kalu — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nigerians eat predominantly high-starch meals; however, due to the association between these and non-communicable diseases, dietary alternatives have been proposed. Research has linked the consumption of whole grain cereal products with reduced incidence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Although cereal products are rich in minerals and vitamins, their bioavailability may be limited by their antinutrient content. This study aimed at determining the micronutrient and antinutrient content of some flours made from some cereals - finger millet (Eleusine coracana), black fonio (Digitaria iburua), and rye
(Secale cereale) and also cassava (Manihot esculenta). The cereal samples were purchased from local markets, sorted, washed, dried and prepared for analyses; the cassava flour was purchased as a finished product. The determination of macro and micro minerals, vitamins and anti-nutrients, was carried out after sample digestion with the use of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Laboratory results were analysed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show that rye flour had significantly (p<0.05) higher content of all the 8 minerals analysed, except calcium. The flours had considerable amounts of all the
vitamins analysed, with finger millet having significantly (p<0.05) higher content of vitamin A (3.84mg/100g), vitamin E (1.91±0.01mg/100g), vitamin K (4.17±0.01mg/100g) and the B vitamins. Rye flour also had a significantly higher content of antinutrients – oxalate, phytate, lecithin, tannin and phenols though the values were all within safe limits. All the flours studied have significant content of essential micronutrients which are even more than in the popularly consumed starchy cassava flour. Hence, the use of these cereal alternatives in making swallows should be encouraged.