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A review on plant genomic development; its importance, constraints and prospects
Abstract
This review presents an overview of how genomics have developed over the years and how genomic tools have helped to change our approach to crop improvement. In the years preceding now, Plant breeding has been very successful in developing improved varieties using conventional tools and methodologies. Nowadays, the availability of genomic tools and resources has led to a new revolution of plant breeding, as they facilitate the study of the genotype and its relationship with the phenotype, in particular for complex traits. Recent technological advancements like Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), Genome-wide expression studies, Resequencing of genomes for the genome-wide discovery of markers amenable for high-throughput genotyping platforms, like SSRs and SNPs, or the construction of high density genetic maps, have substantially expanded our ability to analyze and understand plant genomes and to reduce the gap existing between genotype and phenotype. The fast evolving field of genomics allows scientists to analyze thousands of genes in parallel, to understand the genetic architecture of plant genomes and also to isolate the genes responsible for mutations. Conclusively, advances in genomics are providing breeders with new tools and methodologies that allow a great leap forward in plant breeding, including the ‘superdomestication’ of crops and the genetic dissection and breeding for complex traits.
Keywords: Genotyping, phenotyping, genomics, and sequencing
