Self-reported and clinically evident gingival bleeding and impact on oral health-related quality of life in young adolescents: a comparative study

Abstract

Background
Very little is known about how self-reported gingival bleeding affects the oral health-related quality of life in adolescents compared with clinically evident bleeding. This study aimed to compare the impact of self-reported gingival bleeding and clinically evident gingival bleeding on the oral health-related quality of life in young adolescents.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study involving 976 students (aged 10–14 years) in randomly selected primary schools in Ibadan. Data were obtained by oral examination and completion of the Child Oral Impact on Daily Performance Questionnaire. Data were analysed with SPSS version 24. The Mann Whitney U test was used to determine the association between gingival bleeding and the quality of life.
Results
The mean age of the participants was 11.4±1.3 years. Almost half (48.3%) of the participants reported gingival bleeding during tooth cleaning while the gingiva of 534 (54.7%) participants bled on examination. Pupils with self-reported bleeding suffered a significantly greater impact on their overall quality of life than those without self-reported bleeding (mean ranks: 528.1 vs. 451.6, P<0.001). For pupils with self-reported bleeding, there were higher impacts on all domains relating to quality of life than those who did not report bleeding (eating: mean ranks=521.0 vs. 458.2; speaking: 502.2 vs. 475.8; teeth cleaning: 522.7 vs. 456.7; sleeping: 497.7 vs. 456.7; showing teeth/smiling: 503.4 vs. 474.6; emotional stability: 501.1 vs. 476.8; school work: 492.4 vs. 484.9, and enjoying contact with other children: 494.0 vs. 483.4). There was no statistically significant association between clinically evident bleeding and impacts on the quality of life (P=0.272).
Conclusion
Almost half of the students reported gingival bleeding while cleaning their teeth and over 50% experienced gingival bleeding on probing. Those with self-reporting of gingival bleeding had greater impacts on oral health-related quality of life compared with those with clinically evident bleeding.