Review: Endophytic fungi hosted anti-diabetic medicinal plants as a source of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase inhibitors

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that occurs when the body cannot produce or use insulin properly. It is considered one of the most prevalent and fastest-growing diseases in the world, expected to affect 693 million adults by 2045. DM can cause mortalities and morbidities, although this is not directly caused by diabetes, persistent hyperglycemia can lead to serious physical consequences such as blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, and peripheral nerve damage. Treatment of these complications includes removing the main symptoms and maintaining good glycemic control. DM continues to put economic and health pressures on individuals and countries and affects the quality of life of patients. It’s miles crucial to search for newer and more effective antidiabetic agents with fewer adverse effects in cheaper costs to minimize the current and future burden of diabetes. Recently, endophytic fungi have received a great deal of attention due to their ability to produce secondary metabolites like those of the host plant. This provides an opportunity to cheaply produce therapeutic natural compounds that can overcome diseases such as diabetes. Recent research has focused on thoroughly understanding the role of endophytes and their impact on diabetes. They showed promising results and paved the way for future research to extract and find new bioactive substances with anti-diabetic properties. The current review focuses on the endophytic fungi-hosted anti-diabetic medicinal plants as a source of α-Amylase and α-0Glucosidase inhibitors.