The history of Mnjanah clock in the Islamic Magreb during the Middel Ages

Abstract

The research is concerned with dealing with the history of the calendar and time calculation in the Islamic Maghreb, through the use of the Mnjanah instrument. The research begins by studying quick glimpses of the tools of ancient civilizations, and how they were transferred to the Greater Islamic Maghreb, then we study the most important names of the machines through various sources and references, and we discuss the Eastern and Maghriban machines, and the way they work, as their driving energy varies from one clock machine to another, as some of them move through water or air or that move through sand and even through mercury. From there, we discuss the Andalusian Mnjanahs, their most prominent types, and their most important and famous makers, and then we move on to the temporal Mnjanahs of the far Maghreb in the Zayani and Hafsid eras.