Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO

Application of Real-Time Deep Learning in integrated Surveillance of Maize and Tomato Pests and Bacterial Diseases

Amos Chege Kirongo — 2024-07-26

Limited access to agricultural expertise and reliable crop disease diagnostic technologies by small-scale farmers in Kenya greatly hinders food production and security in the country. This study was aimed at investigating the potential of the use of machine learning (ML) for real-time diagnosis of common tomato and maize diseases and pests using crop images captured by mobile phone cameras. Images were acquired from farmers' fields in two counties in Kenya and used for training and testing two Convolution Neural network (CNN) models for the classification of six classes of tomato crop disease and pest infections and a binary classifier for the identification of fall armyworms in maize fields. Classification accuracies of 97.08% for the tomato model and 100% for the maize Fall Army Worm models were recorded. The image dataset and code used for training and evaluating the models have been published in publicly accessible repositories. The recorded results strongly suggest the high potential of using ML tools to complement or supplement human extension services to small-scale farmers.

Keeping the Research Thesis on Course: Case of Kenyatta University Doctoral Students Experiences during the COVID 19 Pandemic

Damaris Kariuki — 2024-07-26

Completion of doctoral studies is the apex of academic accomplishment. Postgraduate studies, particularly in Africa have been dogged with a myriad of issues that derail the process, thus hampering completion rates. However, among the many issues that affect the doctoral students’ completion, it’s not yet largely evidenced the extent to which the COVID 19 pandemic affected the doctoral student’s thesis writing, despite the fact that the pandemic had other far reaching ramifications on higher education with many universities having to shut down albeit temporarily. The objective of the study was to establish doctoral students’ research thesis progress and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The study utilized descriptive survey design with an online survey being used to collect data. The sample comprised ninetyone PhD students from the Department of Education Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, School of Education, Kenyatta University. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The study established that the majority of the students 57% had made some progress in their doctoral studies thesis writing during the pandemic period through online engagement with faculty and from insights gained in the interactive research-related webinars organized by the department. Additionally, students indicated that they experienced work related (36.2%) and institutional (29.8%) challenges. However, the majority indicated that their greatest need of support to enhance progress in their thesis work is improvement in receipt of prompt feedback from supervisors and capacity building on research methodology. The study recommends adoption of blended supervision, tutorial doctoral sessions for guidance and psychosocial support structures to enhance progress in doctoral studies.

Human Activities and Urban Green Spaces of Slum-Dwelling Areas. A Case of Dandora Estates, Nairobi County

Silva Mgunda Namalwa — 2024-07-26

Rapid urbanization, coupled with population influx in many developing countries worldwide, is a prominent cause of the depletion of urban green spaces (UGS). These beautiful, green, and tranquil areas within urban forms are being depleted due to increased human interference in cities and urban areas globally. This paper examines the implications of various human activities that dominate the urban green spaces of Dandora by engaging with household heads and those found undertaking activities within the UGS. The results indicate that residents' participation in social and economic activities had a positive correlation (0.18 and 0.304, respectively) with the negative effects on UGS, while residents' participation in environmental activities had a negative correlation (-0.502) with the latter. The findings establish that the primary positive effect resulting from human activities practiced in the UGS in Dandora was increased UGS users who increased utility and made use of these spaces. Some of the recommendations include: the county government should reclaim and rehabilitate any open space that may have been encroached upon to facilitate other unplanned and haphazard developments. This move will tend to increase the green space size as they originally were, making them more functional, usable, and accessible to the public. The Ministry of Land needs to invest in a centralized land information system and Geographic Information System as a tool in innovative land use planning to reduce encroachments. There is a dire need for architects, engineers, and environmentalists within the country to advise and educate real estate developers on the importance of biophilic design to the contemporary urban form.

Climate Smart Agriculture and its Implication on Climate Change Adaptation Measures within Smallholder Farming Systems in Gatundu South, Kenya

Jilo Naghea Tei — 2024-07-26

The impacts of climate change and the need for implementing adaptation and mitigation measures continues to dominate global environmental dialogue, with the Africa Climate Summit 2023 and Conference of Parties 28 being the most recent in this series. A hitherto marginalised aspect is the level of adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices in smallholder production systems. This study explored this dimension using Gatundu South as a case study. Rainfall data was obtained from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data. Socio-economic data targeting 384 respondents was collected using questionnaires. Standard procedures were used to analyse these data. Results showed that farmers are generally aware of climatic variability especially as evidenced by changes in rainfall patterns. Farmers adapt and attempt to mitigate effects of climate change and variability by using practices that deliver direct economic benefits and not necessarily the climate-smartness of the practices. Farmers did not associate their adaptation measures with the need to reduce emission of greenhouse gasses. To smallholder farmers, direct economic benefits are the primary incentives for the adoption of climate-smart practices. Further, the link between climate change and the invisible greenhouse gases is a knowledge gap among smallholder farmers. Therefore, adoption of climate smart agriculture practices can be enhanced if the narrative shifts to emphasise the negative contribution of greenhouse gases to farmers’ health and the concomitant medical costs, through their role in exacerbating air pollution.

Effectiveness of an Eight-Week Fundamental Skills Intervention Programme on the Motor Skills of Children with Visual Impairment, Nairobi City County, Kenya

Judy Githinji — 2024-07-26

Physical activity has been included in early intervention programmes involving fundamental motor skills among children with differing disabilities. Though research has documented improved motor skills performance generally, few have focused on intervention programmes as a means towards improving motor skill performance in children with visual impairment (VI). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an eight-week fundamental motor skills intervention programme on motor skills of children with visual impairment in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study targeted children with VI aged between six to eleven years. Out of the two public integrated primary school with special unit for VI, the school with the highest number of children with VI was purposively selected. Twelve out of the 20 targeted children with VI in grade one and two met the inclusion criteria. Ethical clearance and consent were acquired before the study. One group pre and post-test quasi experimental design was used. The study utilised Test of Gross Motor development which include two subsets: locomotor and object manipulation skills. The motor skills were assessed before and after the intervention programme. The results showed significant improvement of both the locomotor and object control skills. The study therefore recommends implementation of motor skill intervention programmes for children with VI at an early age.

Typology of Transferable Skills for Women Employability in Kenya

Daniel Otieno — 2024-07-26

The transition of women from tertiary education to gainful employment has remained low, despite efforts put in place to enhance this. This review paper is the outcome of a synthesis of the literature on transferable skills for women and girls to enhance their skills development and employability through evidence-based gender responsive policies. The study was based on an integrative review of literature on the nature of transferable skills in Kenya and their influence on employability of girls and women. To appropriately contextualise the problem, researchers sought to understand the nature of transferable skills. The literature search was conducted using several databases for literature published in the last 5-8 years. Using keywords such as transferable skills, employability, women, the initial search revealed over 150 references. A total of 58 sources were included in the review. The paper provides a typology of transferable skills that can enhance women’s empowerment, as to what the literature suggests, and also based on the Basic Employability Skills Training (BEST) model used by CAP YEI in Kenya. The study was guided by the question: What is the nature of transferable skills provided in Kenya and what is already available in the literature? The findings reveal that practitioners’ and researchers’ conceptualisation of transferable skills varied across a narrow spectrum. These skills are typified as managerial, entrepreneurial, psycho-social, soft skills, life skills and 21st century competencies. These skills are essential for empowering youth to improve their employability in labour markets, especially in an African setting.

Value-Addition in Biomass for enhanced Household Energy Security in Navakholo Sub-County, Kenya

Stacey Waudo — 2024-07-26

Although firewood is still the dominant source of energy in the majority of rural households in Navakholo, its sustainable availability is threatened by a steady decline in tree cover as much land gets converted to agricultural use. Opportunities for expanding energy security in such places reside in previously untapped potential for value addition on biomass energy sources. The broad objective of this research was to enhance availability and access to biomass energy while at the same time conserving tree cover for posterity. The specific objective was to assess opportunities for energy security through value-addition on available biomass energy sources. Data was collected using a questionnaire survey and focus group discussions in each of the five Wards of the Sub-County. Descriptive statistics and content analysis of responses were used to analyse the data and generate knowledge to inform future decision-making. Although Navakholo subcounty is a maize and sugarcane zone, results showed that value-addition practices on these two biomass energy sources such as through briquetting are non-existent. Much of the maize cobs are directly used as low energy fuel or simply left to rot away. Cow dung, which has a potential for energy provision through conversion into energy balls is usually used as manure in the farm. In addition, investment in biogas production is untapped because of the high initial costs. Only rudimentary approaches such as use of saw dust in cook stoves, and extinguishing firewood and charcoal after the day’s cooking are used to ease the pressure on available firewood. Although charcoal is a value-added product on wood fuel, respondents did not see it from that perspective. It was instead viewed as an energy alternative for those who could afford it. Opportunities for other value-added products like briquettes from charcoal, dust, saw dust and sugarcane cutting singly or in blended form remains unexploited. With appropriate exposure and capacity building on binder material and supply of press equipment, availability of biomass energy can be increased through the conversion of readily available maize cobs into briquettes. Secondary feedstock like cow dung, charcoal dust and saw dust may also be converted or used as binder material.

Natural Forest Regeneration and Tree Planting Complexity: An Enigma of Climate Mitigation in the World of Technology

Balongo Caleb Vincent — 2024-07-26

Given the severity and implication of prolonged palpability epitomized by Climate change, discussion and negotiation between parties and policy applications for mitigations employed is not 100% solution. The mitigation of carbon emission through tree planting alone is inadequate. There’s need for knowledge on the type of trees, where to plant them, and their impact on the biosphere. Previous study shows that uncensored tree planting programs causes riparian land to dry up. This study lingers on achieving climate change mitigation through afforestation, algae, and technology. It adopts three hypotheses; the first, there’s nothing like global warming or climate change occurring, Secondly, global warming and climate change occurs as natural and cyclic events not related to human activity, Thirdly, global warming and climate change are outcome of mans’ activities. This is a desk top study, the findings indicate that trees are important factors in conserving atmosphere with a balanced biosphere, but not solutions to climate crisis. Thus, certain types of trees cause problems for other plants and animals in their symbiotic nature. Scientists shows that Algae consumes 400x more CO₂ hence, investing in them is efficient. Additionally, investing in technology like carbon engineering, direct air capture, and geological sequestration are effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere and revolutionize the energy sector. In conclusion, embracing technology and change of human consumer behavior should be the way to go in the contemporary world to mitigate climate issues.

Motherhood in Institutions of Higher Learning: The Case of Public Universities in Kenya

Dorcas Chebet Juma — 2024-07-26

In many African societies and in the Old Testament in particular, motherhood is a blessing and a societal educational institution. While Eve is the mother of all the living, Kings shall come from Sarah (Gen. 3:20 & 17:16). By analogy, motherhood in the African traditional society was a sacred faculty of education. Unfortunately, in contemporary African it has become a life altering experience for many young ‘girls’ in institutions of higher learning. Unlike Sarah who gave birth in her old age as in Genesis 17:15-16; many girls in Kenya are giving birth before the age of eighteen. There has been emphasis on supporting ‘girls’ to attain university degrees. However, not much attention has been given to the socio-economic, psychological and gendered stereotypes that young girls go through while trying to balance between the classroom and motherhood in Kenyan Universities. Thus, this paper will use an ethnographic approach through an afro-feminist lens to propose that there is need to 1, have baby care centers in institutions of higher learning, 2 integrate secondary motherhood and parenthood tutorials in educational programs of higher learning, 3, and include financial support for young mothers in university budgets.

Management and Re-tooling of Community Service Learning -A Competency-Based Curriculum Strategy for the Realization of Sustainable Development for Developing Nations

George Areba Ngwacho — 2024-07-26

Ingrained in the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) is Community Service Learning (CSL), an instructional strategy where students are expected to actively address genuine societal challenges. This way, learning is made relevant and at the same time enhances students’ moral, social, civic, self-efficacy, political, economic, analytical, and career development skills. This novel learning strategy is critical in facilitating the realization of sustainable prosperity, including Kenya’s Vision 2030 development blueprint, which puts more emphasis on the connection between education and the labour market, fostering the acquisition of core competencies and life skills, and the necessity to fortify partnerships between the public and private sectors. This discourse explores the concept of CSL, its theoretical base, principles, and benefits, particularly in teacher education. Furthermore, the review delves into the implementation of CSL, including the possible sources of activities to be engaged in, projects to be carried out, and assessment

Value-Based Education Incorporation in Competency-Based Curriculum - Recipe for All-inclusive Education for Enhanced Global Citizenship

George Areba Ngwacho — 2024-07-26

Value-Based Education (VBE) is rooted in values, religion, morals, culture, and character moulding for all-inclusive growth. Ideals and attitudes are key aspects of cognitive knowledge and are significant in achieving and enhancing harmony across communities. Value- based education promotes values for allinclusive education that enhances global citizenship and patriotism. These may be incorporated into learning institutional curriculums to augment value formation. Significantly, value education brings forth social justice, sustainable development, common humanity, progression of vital principles, and impartiality for harmonious co-existence. There is a necessity to channel out citizens who are capable of responding to upcoming challenges. The objective of this discourse is to evaluate how VBE might be entrenched in learning institutions’ curricula as part of the paradigm shift in the already coxed changes in our education systems in the context of the competency-based curriculum. The review procedure involved in this discourse included documentation and examination of literature mirroring educational values and global citizenship. Comparative evaluation and Qualitative description were utilized to cross-examine the role of VBE in enhancing harmonious living and accelerating economic growth. This discourse established that values shape character which in turn augment academic attainment, collaboration, and unity, fortify associations, and accelerate the realization of sustainable development.

Community Radio Influence and Project Interventions During the Covid-19 Period

Wanjugu Wachira — 2024-07-26

The Ministry of Health in Nairobi, Kenya confirmed the first case of COVID-19 (Corona Virus) on the 12th of March 2020 since the outbreak in China in December of 2019. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic and as a result negatively affected the lives of communities globally. Job loss, mental illness, uncertainty, deaths, domestic violence, denial, misconceptions of the existence of COVID-19 and depressed economies are some of the characteristic features of nations during the pandemic. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of community radio in community engagement in response to the COVID-19 pandemic among Voi and Marsabit marginalised communities in Kenya. The study objectives were to determine the influence of Sifa FM community radio station programmes on community development in Voi and Marsabit communities during the COVID-19 period; to establish the COVID-19 intervention projects conducted by Sifa FM community radio stations in Kenya that promote community development initiatives in Marsabit and Voi; to assess the challenges encountered when engaging in COVID-19 intervention projects by Sifa FM Voi and Marsabit community radio stations in Kenya to promote community engagement; and to identify risks and gaps encountered by Sifa FM Voi and Marsabit community radio stations during the COVID-19 period in Kenya. The study adopted the Empowerment Theory. 212 respondents participated in this study and consisted of four groups: The Sifa FM station manager, 11 community leaders and 100 community members in both Voi and Marsabit respectively. Purposive sampling was used to select community leaders and Sifa FM radio station manager, while snowball sampling was adopted to select community members residing in Voi and Marsabit communities. Mixed research design was adopted for this study. Data was collected using two interview guides and a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was collected between July and October 2021. Quantitative data was captured using SPSS version 20 software while qualitative data was analysed using thematic and content analysis.Findings revealed that Sifa FM community radio station programmes aired during the COVID-19 period contributed to increased levels of social and economic development in Voi and Marsabit communities. Social development was achieved to some extent through educating Sifa FM listeners on COVID-19 which influenced community health. Programmes about economic activities that were aired on Sifa FM provided insight that would impact the living standards of community members and economic development. Sifa FM contributed significantly to social-economic development of Voi and Marsabit communities during the COVID-19 period. Findings further revealed that Sifa FM contributed to several project interventions where the highest number of respondents supported public awareness on COVID-19 interventions as the priority. Results indicated that more can be done to increase the scope of outreach for project interventions from Sifa FM. There are challenges which were encountered by Voi and Marsa bit communities such as distribution of lowquality masks. Gaps were identified such as creating awareness of COVID-19. One risk associated with COVID-19 in Voi and Marsabit was job loss at a percentage of 84%

Evaluation of On-Site Training and Certification Programmes for SemiSkilled Construction Workers in Kenya: The Case of Nairobi City County

Linet Wandia — 2024-07-26

Kenya's construction sector can close the knowledge and skill gap by providing on-the-job training and certification programmes for semi-skilled workers, but low participation rates persist. The study mainly aimed to assess the extent of awareness of on-site training and certification programmes among semiskilled workers in Kenya, focusing on their training needs, identification of such programmes, and exploration of communication and awareness tools.The study employed a qualitative research approach, incorporating theories such as the theory of reasoned action, Yale attitude change approach and cultivation theory. Descriptive research design was utilized, targeting semi-skilled workers, site managers, officials from NITA and NCA, and academic experts. The study utilized snowball sampling to select semi-skilled workers, followed by purposive sampling for interview responses. Microsoft Office Excel 2010 was utilized for data analysis, employing presentation strategies like frequency distribution in percentages to make the data easily understandable and referenced, along with pie charts and bar graphs. The study found that most semi-skilled workers were moderately or poorly aware, with direct communication being the primary method for raising awareness. The study recommended Kenya's government to boost on-site training programmes, enhance communication tools, increase awareness campaigns, and conduct more research on their efficacy and factors affecting their implementation among semi-skilled employees.

Determinants of the Adoption of Modern Apiculture Among Marginal Households in Baringo and Makueni Counties, Kenya

Enock N. Nyamira — 2024-07-26

Apiculture is one of the planet's most widely practiced enterprises, with the potential to generate income. The enterprise has high potential in Kenya, particularly in ASALs. Despite efforts by government agencies, NGOs, and development affiliates to increase the uptake of modernity, the current usage level is still low as the majority of the farmers utilize traditional methods, leading to minimal economic output. To promote the effective adoption of modernity, it is vital to understand and address adoption-influencing issues. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the determinants influencing adoption of modern apiculture among marginal households in Baringo and Makueni Counties of Kenya. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 250 respondents with 127 selected from Baringo and 123 from Makueni. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings revealed that gender, marital status, household size, attitude, access to credit, transportation, and climate change had a positive and significant influence on adoption of modern apiculture. Whereas group participation and access to land negatively and significantly influenced adoption of modern apiculture. The study will be a foundation for the formulation of policy regarding the uptake of modern apiculture among beekeepers in Baringo and Makueni Counties.

Shock-Responsive Social Protection for Displaced Persons in the IGAD Region: Lessons from COVID -19 Compounding Risks

Nicodemus O. Nyandiko — 2024-07-26

Large-scale disasters and shocks are becoming increasingly frequent, protracted and complex. Social protection system is a potentially effective mechanism in reducing the impacts of these risks on vulnerable households and to build their resilience. The need for social protection for migrants during crisis came into sharp focus during the COVID - 19 pandemic. The study used in-depth desk review from secondary sources complemented with key informant interviews from four countries - Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Somalia. The findings show that IGAD Member States with less - developed social protection systems such as Somalia were poorly prepared and struggled to launch rapid and effective social protection responses to COVID - triggered hardship to cover migrants. Unlike non-migrants who were registered as additional beneficiaries on national cash transfer programmes, many migrants lacked similar social protection in the duration of lockdown. In view of complex future shocks in the context of a changing climate, states are strongly encouraged to strengthen their social protection measures to be shock-responsive by reforming their laws, strengthening collaboration, develop data sharing protocols and information management system and linkages to early warning systems to trigger swift transfer of resources in the event of a crisis. This study offers lessons that will inform future inclusive policy responses on social protection for migrants during crises.

Challenges against the Achievement of Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies in African States

Dennis Otwori — 2024-07-26

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies play a pivotal role in formalizing and enhancing the efficacy of disaster risk reduction efforts. The overall objective of this study was to assess the progress the African Union member states are making in developing DRR strategies as required by Target E of the Sendai Framework. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches where an in-depth desk review of DRR strategies and online questionnaires were administered to 53 respondents. The findings shows about 68 % of the AU member states have national strategies and 35% have sub national strategies but generally there is sluggish progress in updating DRR strategies in accordance with Sendai Framework Target E. An array of formidable challenges has come to light, casting a shadow over the seamless execution of these strategies. Weak technical and institutional capacities, paucity of financial resources, limited decentralization of DRR initiatives, and governance deficiencies emerge as pivotal obstacles that warrant immediate attention. In light of these findings, it is imperative for African governments and their collaborative partners to expedite the development of risk-informed strategies. By doing so, they can successfully actualize the visionary objectives set forth within the Sendai Framework.

Characterization Of Coconut Oil (Cocos Nucifera L.) From Commonly Cultivated Kenyan Varieties Extracted by Different Methods

Samson Musyimi — 2024-07-26

The impacts of climate change and the need for implementing adaptation and mitigation measures The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of different extraction methods and varieties on the extraction yields and quality profile of the resultant coconut oil. Three mature coconut varieties (East Africa Tall, Tall Yellow and Dwarf) were collected and subjected to different oil extraction techniques (traditional method, modified traditional method, mechanical expression and soxhlet method). The quality characteristics of the oil were determined using established standard protocols. Soxhlet extraction exhibited the highest oil yield ranging from 45.4% to 58.4% followed by mechanical expression (39.2- 50.1%) and the least was traditional extraction method (6.3 to 10.2%) yield depending on variety. The Dwarf variety gave significantly lower yields compared to the other varieties. The quality characteristics were within codex standards except for the high levels of free fatty acid in traditionally (0.42%) and mechanically (0.33%) extracted oil. Lauric acid was the dominant fatty acid at 47.5%-53.5% followed by myristic acid at 15.3-18.5% depending on variety and the method of extraction. The % saturated fatty acid in all varieties was >90%. Unlike in previous studies, arachidic acid was present in all varieties. The study has demonstrated that extraction methods and variety influence the oil yield and quality characteristics of coconut oil.

Storytelling, A Source of Inspiration for Awareness-Raising Theatres in Burkina Faso

N. Joseline Yameogo — 2024-07-26

This article aims to build a bridge between storytelling and drama. More specifically, it analyzes the way in which the creators of awareness-raising theatres go about scripting certain contents of the oral tradition, in this case storytelling. Through this study, the aim is to explain how traditional storytelling is used as an inspiring material in theatrical creation. From the analysis of specific cases of shows entitled "Oyo: Force and Resistance" and "The King's Elephant", subjected to an intertextual analysis, we arrive at the conclusion that storytelling and awareness-raising theatre are two arts that have in common their intention to change society, on the one hand, and that the transition from traditional to scripted performance is the result of a process of creative transformation and artistic innovation, moreover.

The Illicit Trade in Cultural Objects in Tanzania: An Investigative Report

Wilson Jilala — 2024-07-26

Investigators are an important apparatus in tackling highly organized crimes committed in a state of high confidentiality. In Africa, surveillance techniques are commonly used to expose many crimes including serious offences against individuals or a society. However, ethnographic objects and other cultural remains have received less investigative attention, and as the result they have been illegally exported out of the continent for economic benefits. Ethnographic objects refer to objects made, modified or used by humans that collectively represent cultural references and they are protected by law, rules, or customs. Cultural remains refer to tangible movable objects made, shaped, painted, sculptured, inscribed, and produced or modified by human agency. In Tanzania, like in many other African countries, relics and ethnographic objects have been plundered and illegally traded in underground economy across the world. People engaged in trading of ethnographic objects use souvenir markets as decoys and shipping passage to send goods abroad. This article presents the results from a recent investigation conducted at one of the souvenir markets in Mwenge, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, where cultural relics and ethnographic objects from Tanzania and other African countries have been brought together and shipped abroad for commercial interests. A joint team of undercover intelligence agents and key informants participated in a confidential work to investigate the process by which ethnographic objects are collected, marketed and distributed to local and foreign markets. Mwenge is one of the largest and most popular souvenir centers with large and unique artefacts shops operating as tourism attractions. During this investigation, which spanned six months, our team identified 530 ethnographic objects which were on the market, ready to be sold and exported, despite their legal status under Tanzanian law, according to which their sale and export are unlawful. This study revealed that people who are engaged in the illicit trading activities of relics and ethnographic objects are knowledgeable, use legitimate business license, collection- and export permits to conceal their illicit trade of ethnographic objects. Furthermore, they are aware of the poor monitoring institutions and the illiteracy among security officials at ports of exits. This article discloses some of the techniques used to conceal the trafficking of cultural objects in Tanzania and proposes suitable measures to counter the problem.

Apsa Traditional and Promotion of Cultural Identities in Burkina Faso

Bourei¯ma Coulibaly — 2024-07-26

Traditional Physical, Sports and Artistic Activities (APSA) are bodily practices present in all communities across cultures in Burkina Faso. Given that each culture has its own habits, its own way of educating the body and mind, the cultural diversity of Burkina Faso linked to the multiplicity of ethnic groups is in itself a richness. To collect these data, we used the questionnaire method and the interview. IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 software, Excel software to process the data obtained from the questionnaire, content analysis were used for documents, interview and focus group. The results obtained show a convergence of points of view according to which traditional APSAs fulfil specific and multiple functions ranging from education to the safeguarding of identity, including training, culture, social, political, economic, patriotism and entertainment. 80.6% of those under 25 surveyed and 95.9% 25 and over also agree that APSAs allow the promotion of their identities. The majority of respondents would like to see public action and political guidance involving stakeholders. Traditional APSAs play very important roles in promoting cultural identities, as they are rooted in these cultures.

Apsa de Tradition et Promotion des Identités Culturelles au Burkina Faso

Boureima Coulibaly — 2024-07-26

Les Activités Physiques Sportives et Artistiques (APSA) de tradition sont des pratiques corporelles présentes dans toutes les communautés à travers les cultures au Burkina Faso. Etant donné que chaque culture a ses habitudes, sa manière d’éduquer le corps et l’esprit, la diversité culturelle du Burkina Faso liée à la multiplicité des groupes ethniques est en soit une richesse. Pour collecter ces données nous avons utilisé la méthode par questionnaire et l’entretien. Le logiciel IBM SPSS Statistics version 25, le logiciel Excel pour traiter les données obtenues du questionnaire, analyse de contenu a été utilisés pour des documents, de l’entretien et du focus group. Les résultats obtenus montrent une convergence des points de vue selon lesquelles les APSA de tradition remplissent des fonctions spécifiques et multiples allant de l’éducation à la sauvegarde de l’identité en passant par la formation, la culture, le social, la politique, l’économie, le patriotisme, le divertissement. 80,6% des moins de 25 ans enquêtés et 95,9% 25 ans et plus sont d’accord aussi sur le fait que les APSA permettent la promotion de leurs identités. La majorité des enquêtés souhaitent des actions publiques et une orientation politique impliquant les acteurs. Les APSA de tradition jouent des rôles très importants à travers la promotion des identités culturelles étant entendu qu’elles sont ancrées dans ces cultures.

Relationship Between Bungoma County Government Bursary and Students’ Access to Public Vocational Training Centres, Bungoma County,Kenya

Jason Nganyi — 2024-07-26

The county governments have been subsidizing trainees in public Vocational Training Centers (VTCs) in form of bursary to enhance enrolment and completion rates. The objectives of this paper are to determine the relationship between the Bungoma County Government Bursary (BCBG), gross enrolment and completion rates between the years 2014 to 2019. Correlational research design was adopted, and socialist economy theory guided the study. The study selected 48 VTCs and Training officers and 358 VTC trainees. Data was then collected using questionnaires. The strength of the correlation was established using Karl Pearson’s product moment correlation whereby, the study established that the BCGB had a weak positive correlation with enrolment and a very weak positive correlation with completion rates. Using the R² obtained from the model. It was also established that BCGB explains 2.7% of the variation in gross enrolment and 5.1% of completion rates. The study recommended further diversification of VTCs courses in line with the ever-changing technological world and market demand and the introduction of diverse programmes like lunch in VTCs to attract more enrolment and increase completion rates.

Demographic Factors affecting Dual Contraception Preference among Seropositive Women in Discordant Relationships in Nyatike Sub-County, Kenya

Mark O.K. Ouma — 2024-07-26

Dual contraception is an effective strategy of achieving zero HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancy among discordant couples. Despite the double benefit, dual contraception use is still limited among seropositive women particularly in Nyatike Sub County, Kenya. Further, no research had been done on dual contraception preference or use among discordant couples in Nyatike Sub County. To fill this gap, this study aimed to establish the relationship between socio-demographic factors including age, parity, level of education, monthly income and dual contraception preference among seropositive women in discordant marital relationships in Nyatike Sub- County of Migori County, Kenya. This was a facility-based cross-sectional study in fourteen health facilities in Nyatike Sub- County. It involved 188 randomly sampled seropositive women in discordant marital relationships, 14 seronegative men randomly sampled and 14 healthcare providers. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The study revealed that Parity (p=.001), level of education (p=.003) and monthly income (p=.026) were statistically significantly associated with dual contraception preference while age (p=.051) was not. The study recommends sensitization of seropositive women on the benefits of dual contraception to increase uptake of dual contraception.

Avian Diversity and Abundance in Ololunga town, Narok County, Kenya

James G. Miriti — 2024-07-26

This study sought to determine bird abundance and diversity within Ololunga town, Narok County, Kenya. Using point counts and line transects, a rapid assessment of three habitats, based on levels of human disturbance was conducted. A total of 394 (n=394) birds belonging to 25 families and 34 species were recorded, with bushland recording the highest abundance and species richness (43.15%; and 26), followed by farmlands at 31.47% and 15; and human settlement recording the least (25.38% and 10). The Tukey HSD test established a significant difference in bird abundance between bushlands and human settlement areas (p = 0.014), with no significance between bushlands and farmlands (p = 0.082); nor between farmlands and human settlements (p = 0.356). Jaccard index / similarity coefficient across habitat scores noted a reducing similarity across avian sighted habitats at 0.316, 0.281 and 0.2 for human settlementsfarmland; farmland-bushlands; and human settlement-bushland, respectively. Study results demonstrate that human influence has an impact on avian species composition, distribution, and abundance, especially within peri-urban areas of Narok, Kenya. Our study proposes creation of avian sensitive buffer zones within the habitats and ecotones; targeted community education on impacts of anthropogenic activities on avian diversity; and a deeper appraisal on seasonal and functional diversity in habitat types and overlapping ecotones on avian species, with a lens on resource availability.

Obsidian Use in Archaeology: A New Insights from Ethnoarchaeological Perspective in Lake Eyasi Basin, Northern Tanzania

Musa S. Mwitondi — 2024-07-26

Obsidian, a material of enduring archaeological fascination, has been the research focus due to its diverse applications within ancient societies. Its presence at archaeological sites has led scholars to attribute various uses to it, particularly during the Middle and Later Stone Age. This study was conducted to shed light on the social-cultural and symbolic utilization of obsidian in the Lake Eyasi Basin, revealing its intricate role in early and contemporary cultures. The investigation occurred in Mang’ola ward, Karatu District, and Olpiro village within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) in the Arusha Region. Ethnographic data and direct observations were conducted on the Datoga people of Lake Eyasi Basin, with participants deliberately selected from diverse age groups. The research uncovered the multifaceted uses of obsidian, revealing that it serves as a protective shield against bad omens and evil spirits, and wards off misfortune.

Factors Affecting the Physical and Functional Performance of Buildings in Kenya

David Lagat — 2024-07-26

Building performance is a broad subject whose meaning covers the ability of structures to serve the intended function based on a well- defined criterion such as the assessment of functional, physical, environmental, or even social attributes considered jointly or separately. Building failures and general collapses are some of the most severe consequences of failed performance of buildings which have a great impact on livelihoods yet have remained persistent in Kenya over decades despite various interventions. This paper analyses building performance based on observable attributes and sentiments of respondents collected from construction project sites across Kenya. The study aimed to characterize buildings that are likely to fail physically and functionally at different stages based on five factors drawn from the literature as institutional, ethical, financial, legal, and technical factors, with the intention of proposing the necessary stop-gap measures. The study employed a cross-sectional (survey) design in which quantitative research methods were applied to collect and analyze data from a random sample of 400 building construction projects selected through proportionate cluster sampling across the 47 counties of Kenya. A semistructured questionnaire was used to gather data on the perception of industry professionals, building users, and generally the stakeholders on the identified area of the research. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and regression analysis. The physical performance of buildings appeared to cause an alarming concern with elements such as wall and slab stability recording poor scores. Based on functional performance the aspects of disability mainstreaming and compliance to green building standards were noted to be under-performing. Multiple Regression analysis results revealed that institutional, ethical, financial, legal, and technical factors explained 17.1% of the variability in building performance. Notably, only ethical, legal, and technical factors were the statistically significant predictors of building performance. The study thus recommends a detailed review, restructuring, and optimization of the ethical, legal, and technical environment of building construction management to enhance buildings performance.

Hybrid CFRP-BFRP Rebars for Prestress Concrete Slabs: Abaqus Analysis and Experimental Validation

Ishag I. Adam — 2024-07-26

This study utilizes Abaqus finite element software to analyze concrete slabs reinforced with a novel hybrid of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymers (BFRP) rebars known as CBRP rebars. The investigation focuses on assessing the structural performance of these slabs under varying prestressing levels (PL) and FRP reduction factors (FR), along with the prestress index level (PI). The study defines the FR factor as the reduction in the transverse reinforcement area of FRP compared to the control slab. The PI is the ratio of prestressed CBRP rebars to the total FRP reinforcement in the transverse direction, aiming to determine a lower FRP reduction factor without compromising the FRP slabs' design requirements. Three FR values (0.45, 0.37, and 0.29) are considered, with the CBRP tendon tensioned at 35% and 50% of the ultimate strength, including 0.5 and 0.6 of the PI, for validation against experimental test data. The numerical analysis incorporates advanced finite element modeling techniques, integrating material properties, load conditions, and structural parameters to detail the behavior of CBRreinforced concrete slabs. Various loading scenarios are simulated to evaluate the performance of CBRP rebars under diverse conditions. Comparison with experimental data validates the hybrid reinforcement approach's reliability. The study's findings contribute significantly to understanding the structural performance of concrete slabs reinforced with CBRP rebars. The hybridization of CFRP and BFRP rebars offers a promising alternative for enhancing concrete structure strength while reducing the carbon footprint associated with traditional reinforcement materials. The versatility of CBRP rebars allows customization based on specific structural requirements. Based on the Abaqus numerical analysis and its alignment with experimental data, the study recommends optimizing the CFRP-BFRP ratio to meet structural demands, evaluating long-term performance, and exploring environmental benefits associated with sustainable reinforcement materials. This research advances knowledge in the hybrid fiber-reinforced polymers field, offering insights for engineers and researchers seeking innovative solutions for concrete structure enhancement using Abaqus as a powerful analytical tool.

An Analysis of Urban Green Space Policies, Laws and Institutional Frameworks in Dandora Estates, Nairobi County

Silva M. Namalwa — 2024-07-26

Urban green spaces have long been integral to urban planning, offering a vital connection between city dwellers and the natural world. Sustainable development and urban well-being are increasingly influenced by policies and laws governing these green spaces. While some nations, like Singapore and England, have achieved notable success through stringent policies and effective implementation, others, such as Poland and Colombia, face challenges in coordination and enforcement. Africa confronts unique hurdles, from outdated regulations to bureaucratic delays. This paper assesses the effectiveness of urban green space policies and laws in slum areas, with a focus on Dandora, Kenya.

Large Scale infrastructural Projects and Climate Change in Kenya: An Assessment of Key Drivers of Climate Change in LAPSSET Project Area in Lamu

Mwangi Kamau — 2024-07-26

The paper argues that climate change has become a threat to human survival and life sustaining ecosystems. It argues that Large-scale infrastural projects’ activities accelerates drivers of climate change. Three major objectives were pursued; to identify drivers of climate change at LAPSSET project area; to assess how LAPSSET activities impact on critical ecologically significant Areas (CESA) and to determine possible adoption options by people affected by climate changes in LAPSSET areas. Both qualitative and quantitative frameworks are applied to assess the climatic risks and vulnerabilities. The paper finds that: 63% of the respondents cited high population increase and infrastural development at LAPSSET area as key drivers of climate change. Second ,70% of respondents thought that LAPSSET project was magnet of activities that had serious consequences on the environment and CESAs. While 80% of the respondents identified coral bleaching, clogging of creeks, shifting of fishing sites, changes in weather patterns, increased shoreline and draught as major climate related footprints. The paper recommends funding of environmental mitigating agenda pegged on law and on pre-determined percent of the resources allocated to any large-scale project. It recommends establishing a pool of climate change mitigation green army funded through a multi-agency approach. It also recommended that, all large-scale infrastructural projects operating in the Kenya should, by law be forced to re-green their area of operation and fight threats associated with climate change via legislation.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Interventions for Enhancing Access to Education in Rural sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Jack O. Odunga — 2024-07-26

The incorporation of ICT in the learning environment is essential for preparing learners for future employment, as education is an ever- evolving process. However, sub-Saharan African learners are being left behind due to limited access to ICT infrastructure, resulting in disparities in education. This study presents the findings of a systematic review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA protocol, which aimed to investigate various ICT interventions, challenges, barriers, and key factors that contribute to their successful implementation and scalability in enhancing access to education in rural sub-Saharan Africa. The review was based on scientific databases, which were the primary sources of articles retrieved. The selected articles underwent a process of defining and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in the selection of 17 articles that aligned with the study. The study further identified four focus areas that aided in discussions of the findings and recommendations to enhance ICT adoption and integration in education in rural sub-Saharan Africa. The findings revealed a disproportionate focus of research on ICT interventions in rural sub-Saharan Africa, with a notable bias towards South Africa.