Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy

Cage migration and memory: investigating the impact of varied cage sizes on memory function in Swiss mice

Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Diverse cage sizes have been implicated in the alteration of pain sensitivity and inflammation parameters in animal-based experiments. Sparse information is available on the effect of exposure to different cage sizes on memory in animal studies. This study thus aimed to investigate the effect of varied cage size exposure on memory.

METHODOLOGY: Twelve adult male Swiss mice (29-34 g) divided into two groups (n=6) were used for this study, comprising a Control group (stationary cage) and a Test group (migrated cage). The cage-migrated mice were exposed daily to various cage sizes typically used in Nigerian laboratories for 30 days. In contrast, the cage-stationed mice were daily exposed to new but the same size and shape cage. After 30 days of exposure, memory functions were assessed in the animals using memory-related behavioural paradigms (such as novel object recognition test), acetylcholinesterase activity and histological evaluation.

RESULTS: The results showed no significant difference in the recognition and spatial memory of cage-migrated animals compared to its cage stationed counterparts. The brain acetylcholinesterase activity significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in cage-migrated mice compared to cage-stationed animals but there was no difference in plasma acetylcholinesterase activity in both groups. Also, histological evaluation of all regions of the hippocampus in both groups of animals did not show any significant difference. Though cornu ammonis regions appeared to be enlarged in cage migrated animals compared to cage stationed.

CONCLUSION: Repeated exposure of experimental mice to varied cage sizes could selectively decrease brain acetylcholinesterase activity without affecting the animals’ memory.

Is aqueous extract of soybeans neurotoxic? Preliminary evidence from histological evaluation of the cerebellum and cerebrum of Wistar rats.

A.R. Orheruata, A.B. Enogieru — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Reports indicate that there is a worldwide surge in plant-based eating patterns as typified by the increasing number of vegetarians and vegans. However, several medicinal and nutritional plants, seeds, and fruits can induce neurotoxicity. Accordingly, this study investigated the histological effects of aqueous Soybeans seed extract (ASSE) on the cerebellum and cerebrum of adult Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: Following purchase and acclimatization, twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats per group as follows: Group A (control) received 1 ml distilled water daily, group B received 250 mg/kg body weight of ASSE daily, group C received 500 mg/kg body weight of ASSE daily and group D received 1000 mg/kg body weight of ASSE daily. All administration, via an oral gavage, lasted for twenty-eight days. After sacrifice, the cerebellum and cerebrum were separated, weighed, and processed for histological assessment.

RESULTS: Results showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in the body, brain, cerebellar, relative cerebellar, cerebral, and relative cerebral weights of rats treated with all doses of ASSE compared to control. Also, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the cerebellum-brain and cerebrum-brain ratios of treated rats in comparison to control. Histological findings revealed normal and intact histology of the cerebellum and cerebrum layers in treated rats when compared to control.

CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings provide preliminary histological evidence demonstrating that ASSE was safe for the experimental rats and had no adverse effect on the cerebellum and cerebrum.

Impact of Covid-19 on the teaching of anatomy.

C.E. Fischer, M.I. Ekanem, E.A. Agaba, V.A. Fischer — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound impacts on education globally. Most students have lost months of educational experience that is considered fundamental. This study aimed to provide an overview of the situation experienced by anatomy students during the COVID-19 pandemic, to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of anatomy students regarding online education and standard operating procedures for anatomical practical.

METHODOLOGY: The study involved the use of questionnaires and google forms.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results from this study show that COVID-19 has immensely affected how human anatomy is taught however, it has also opened up the possibilities of unconventional anatomy teaching in Nigeria. The current coronavirus pandemic has revealed the gaps in medical education. It has also shown some benefits of integrating virtual teaching and learning in the medical curriculum, primarily human anatomy. This blended learning approach will help anatomical education thrive in technology-based teaching and learning.

Evaluating Heart Tissue Changes in Iron Chloride-exposed Rats: Impact of Chasmanthera dependens Methanol Leaf Extract Treatment

D. Calmday-Ombo, S.O. Innih — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Iron is essential for body metabolic activities but excessive iron exposure poses a significant threat to cardiovascular health due to its role in oxidative stress and tissue damage. Natural iron-chelating agents from plants offer a promising alternative to synthetic chelators with potentially fewer side effects. The efficacy of Chasmanthera dependens as a plant-based cardioprotective agent chelating agent has not been fully explored. This study evaluates the changes in iron chloride-exposed rats and the impact of MLECD treatment.

METHODOLOGY: Twenty-five adult Wistar rats averagely weighing between 185-225g were used for this study. They were divided into five rats per groups with daily administration for treatment for twenty-eight days. Group A served as the control group. Group B was given 2mg/kg body weight of FeCl₂ only, groups C, D and E with 200, 400, and 800mg/kg body weights of MLECD in addition to 2mg/kg body weight of FeCl₂solution respectively. Rats were euthanized under chloroform and heart harvested and fixed in neutral buffered formalin for hematoxylin and eosin histological staining procedure, and histological slides were examined using light microscope.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Histopathological findings on FeCl₂administration showed myocardial degeneration, coronary vascular ulceration and perivascular inflammation and oedema but MLECD, especially at the lowest dose (200mg/kg MLECD), protected against FeCl₂induced iron-toxicity, consequently proving cardioprotective evidence of MLECD against excessive iron exposure.

Tramadol induces alterations in the cognitive function and histoarchitectural features of the hippocampal formation in adult Wistar rats.

Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Tramadol abuse has a substantial risk of altering the histoarchitecture and causing cognitive decline. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of tramadol on cognitive function and histopathological changes in the structures of the hippocampal formation.

METHODOLOGY: Twelve apparently healthy Wistar rats (120-150g) were used for this study. They were divided into two groups with six (n=6) rats in each group. The control group was given 2ml/kg of distilled water while 50 mg/kg of tramadol was given to group 2 orally for 21 days. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was utilized to assess spatial learning and memory over the last six days of the experiment. The rats were euthanized and brains harvested, fixed in 10% formol saline, and processed routinely using haematoxylin & eosin (H&E) for general histoarchitecture.

RESULTS: The result of MWM showed a prolonged time taken and longer distance covered to locate the escape platform in the acquisition phase while the probe test showed less time spent in the target quadrant in which the platform was previously located in the tramadol-treated group. Histologically, there were several neuronal degenerative changes presenting as pyknotic nuclei, dark neurons, vacuolations, congested blood vessels, karyorrhexis, necrotic cells, and infiltration of cells in the various layers of the structures of the hippocampal formation.

CONCLUSION: Findings from this study revealed changes in spatial learning and memory, and hippocampal formation histopathology.

Nicotine-impaired cognitive and psychosocial behavior and spatial memory deficit: The combined roles of garlic cloves and honey in Wistar rats.

Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Nicotine is an additive abused among youths, which gradually becomes behavioral. The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative roles of aqueous garlic cloves and honey extract on nicotine-induced cognitive, spatial memory, and psychosocial behavior impairments.

METHODOLOGY: Forty rats were divided into 5 groups of eight. Group A served as control, receiving food and water. All the groups except A received 50mg/kg of nicotine for 14 days. Group B served as the nicotine-untreated group; Group C received 200mg/kg of garlic and 1000mg/kg of honey; Group D received 400mg/kg body weight of garlic and 1500mg/kg of honey; and Group E received 600mg/kg of garlic and 2000mg/kg of honey. Garlic and honey treatment lasts 14 days. Spatial memory, anxiety, social behavior, and cognition were measured using the Morris Water Maze (MWM), elevated plus maze, sociability chamber, and novel object recognition test. Brain homogenate was used to determine biomarkers.

RESULTS: The acquisition latency was significantly decreased in the high-dose compared to the nicotine-untreated on day 4 of the MWM test at p < 0.05. The discrimination index reduced significantly in the high-dose group compared to the nicotine untreated at p < 0.05. The time spent with both novel rats significantly increased in the nicotine-untreated group and was lowered by the garlic clove extract. Glutathion-S-Transferase (GST), glutathione oxaloacetate (GOT), and Thiobarbituric Acid Reacting Substances (TBARS) were significantly reduced in the garlic extract groups at P<0.05.

CONCLUSION: Garlic cloves and honey enhanced brain cell regeneration, improved spatial memory, cognition, and social behaviors, and decreased anxiety.

Histological changes in the trachea of the adult Wistar rat following exposure to cement dust

M.B. Ehi-Omosun, V.I. Iyawe, C.L. Sakpa — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cement dust is an atmospheric pollutant which poses a significant threat to the environment and humans. Previous studies have shown that cement dust causes bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and other lung diseases. Not much has been reported on cement dust exposure on trachea. Therefore, this present study was carried out to investigate histological changes in the trachea of Wistar rats following exposure to cement dust.

METHODOLOGY: Twenty-four (24) Wistar rats weighing between 250g and 280g were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats per group. Group A rats were placed in a cement dust free chamber while Group B - D animals were exposed to cement dust dispersed from 5g (low dose), 10g (medium dose) and 20g (high dose) of cement, respectively via dust distributor glass-chamber of dimensions 32.5 cm³ in length, 32.5 cm³ in width and 16.5 cm³ in height for 1 hour daily for 30 days. The weights of the rats were taken weekly and the difference between them and previous weights were noted. At the end of the 30^th day of exposure, the animals were euthanized under chloroform anaesthesia and the tracheae were harvested and processed for histological examination.

RESULTS: The histological sections of the trachea of rats in Group A revealed normal lumen, mucous membrane, sub-epithelial areolar connective tissue, cartilage, muscularis layer and glands. There were observable histological variations in the tracheal architecture of the exposed rats (Groups B-D) which include mural oedema, sub-epithelial infiltrates of inflammatory cells, mucosal ulceration, and luminal haemorrhage. These injuries are consistent with usual histological findings in tracheitis.

CONCLUSION: It was concluded that cement dust had histomorphological effects on the mucous membrane, lumen, muscularis layer and sub-epithelial areolar connective tissue of the trachea which are capable of compromising the health of the research animals.

Thalamic immunohistochemical assessment in Wistar rats following combined exposure to nickel and vanadium.

G.E. Emmanuel, O.I. Omotosho, H.O. Etti-Balogun, O.K. Ijomone, O.M. Ijomone — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V), major constituents of crude oil, have been shown to induce neurotoxic responses. However, there is paucity of reports on the impact of their combined exposure and likely potentiating consequences. This study aimed to assess the effect of Ni and V co-exposure on the thalamus of rats, by evaluating immunohistochemical markers of brain integrity including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), neuronal nuclei antigen (NeuN), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and parvalbumin protein.

METHODOLOGY: Twenty-four adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: saline only (Control), 20 mg/kg Ni orally for 21 days, 3 mg/kg V intraperitoneally for 7 days and combined Ni and V treatments.

RESULTS: Results showed significantly increased expression of GFAP, Iba1 and NeuN in all treatment groups. However, there was consistently marked alterations with Ni treatment compared to control with V exposures appearing to attenuate Ni impact for combined exposures. Additionally, increased Nrf2 immunoreactivity and decreased parvalbumin immunoreactivity were observed in all treatment groups compared to control.

CONCLUSION: Overall, the study demonstrates that while both Ni and V can cause toxicity in the thalamus, combined exposure showed opposing effects of their co-accumulation in the thalamus which suggests that V treatment could mitigate the Ni-induced thalamic neurotoxicity.

Evaluating the ameliorative effect of aqueous Azadirachta indica leaf extract on alcohol-induced liver damage in adult Wistar rats.

E. Obayuwana, J.N. Okereke — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Alcoholism is a significant cause of disease with serious social and economic implications and consequent effect on the brain, liver and cardiovascular system. Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been studied for its potential hepatoprotective effects, and some studies have explored its relation to liver health. However, few literatures demonstrated the hepatoprotective activities of Neem on alcohol-induced liver toxicity, hence the aim of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative potential of Neem on alcohol-induced liver damage.

METHODOLOGY: Thirty Wistar rats weighing between 120 and 170 grams were divided into six groups,(I-VI) of 5 rats per group and received, 1 ml of distilled water for 28 days, 1 ml of 50% alcohol only, 250 mg/kg body weight of Azadirachta indica only, 500 mg/kg body weight of Azadirachta indica only, 1 ml of 50% alcohol and 250 mg/kg body weight of Azadirachta indica, 1 ml of 50% alcohol and 500 mg/kg body weight of Azadirachta indica respectively. Alcohol and Azadirachta indica were administered for 14 eacg. At the end of the 14 and 28 days of treatment, blood and liver tissue were collected for analysis of liver function test and histology of the liver respectively.

RESULTS: There was significant reduction in weight changes in rats treated with 1 ml of 50% alcohol and 250 mg/kg body weight of Azadirachta indica when compared to control. There was significant increase (P˂0.05) AST in the alcohol only group when compared to control which was reversed with treatment of Azadirachta indica. There was a significant increase (P˂0.05) in TP, ALB, TB levels of alcoholic groups treated with 500 mg/kg body weights of Azadirachta indica when compared to alcohol only group. Histopathological analysis showed improved architecture in rats liver treated with aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica.

CONCLUSION: Azadirachta indica has hepatoprotective and ameliorative activities against alcohol-induced liver toxicity by enhancing the activities of AST, AST, TB TP, ALB and normal liver architecture as observed in this study.

Static and dynamic footprint analysis among young indigenous Izzi male adults residing in Abakaliki metropolis.

I.I. Nkanu, O.A. Egwu, C.E. Igwe — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND: Footprint is a mark left behind by an individual while walking or standing which is an important tools in crime investigation.

METHODOLOGY: The present study was carried out in Abakaliki and 300 male subjects between ages of 18-30years participated in this research exercise. Each Subjects height were measured and asked to stand on an endorsement ink poured on a slab before undergoing static and dynamic footprints exercise of seven step walkway protocol using a white duplicating paper. The white duplicating paper was arranged on a floor and each subject footprint were obtained. The Footprint length (FTL), Footprint breadth ball (FBB) and Foot breadth at heel (FBH) were measured from the imprint left on the white duplicating paper of each subjects using a meter rule and pencil. The measurements were expressed in centimeters and analyzed into mean±standard and correlation coefficients using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.0. The significant level was set as P>0.01.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The result shows slightly greater values in static footprint measurements than dynamic footprint and the result were significant. The studies is significance in ergonomics footwear designing.

Relationship between somatotype and cephalofacial anthropometry among adolescents of Ngamo ethnic group of Fika Local Government Area of Yobe State, Nigeria.

A.M. Ganga, M.I. Usman — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cephalofacial anthropometry is very important in surgery and syndromology. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between cephalofacial anthropometry and somatotype among adolescents of Ngamo lineage in Fika Local Government Area of Yobe State.

METHODOLOGY: The sample size for the study was 391 subjects comprising male (196) and female (195) subjects with mean age 15.46 ± 1.82 from selected secondary schools in Fika Local Government. The design was cross sectional and participants were classified into three basic somatotypes; endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph. Cephalic, facial and nasal anthropometric variables were measured using standard protocol. Spearman’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between somatotype and cephalofacial anthropometry, stepwise logistic regression analysis was deployed to predict somatotype components from cephalofacial parameters.

RESULTS: Significant sexual dimorphism was found in somatotype components and cephalofacial anthropometry. A significant correlation was found between some cephalofacial measurements and somatotype components, somatotype components were significantly predicted from cephalofacial parameters and facial breadth was the best predictor.

CONCLUSION: A relationship was found between somatotype and cephalofacial parameters among adolescents of Ngamo tribe of Fika LGA, Yobe state, Nigeria.

Histological evaluation of wound healing potential of aqueous extracts of Tamarindus indica seed extract in Wistar rats.

Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Tamarindus indica has been used as a traditional medicine for various purposes. Wound healing is a complex process that involves a series of immunological and biological events. This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing potential of Tamarindus indica seed extract in Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: The study involved creating a 1.5cm full thickness wound on the dorsal region of 16 healthy Wistar rats. After the excision of the wound, the animals were grouped into four (4) groups (A, B, C and D) of four animals per group. Untreated, Silver Sulphadiazine, 1% Tamarindus indica seed extract and 2% Tamarindus indica seed extract were respectively applied to group (A, B, C and D) for the period of 13 days. And the histological analysis of the wound area was performed on the 14th day.

RESULTS: The results showed that 2% of aqueous Tamarindus indica seed extract significantly improved wound healing rates and was better in term of efficacy when compared to the standard drug (Silver Sulphadiazine). It also enhanced the cellular proliferation, blood vessel formation, epidermal regeneration, granulation tissue formation, and collagen formation.

CONCLUSION: The study revealed that Tamarindus indica seed extract had wound healing potential, and that the effect was dose dependent.

Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on petrol-induced bronchiectasis in adult Wistar rats.

M.B. Ehi-Omosun, S. Nomuovbiekpen — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The most common cause of lung diseases among people with petrol-related occupations is petrol poisoning which has significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on petrol-induced bronchiectasis in the adult Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: Thirty adult Wistar rats weighing between 240 g and 270 g were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats per group. Animas in group A were placed on feed and water only. Animals in group B were exposed to 100 ml of petrol vapor via inhalation. Animals in group C received 500mg/kg body weight per day of Chromolaena odorata. Animals in group D were exposed to 100 ml of petrol vapor via inhalation and received 250mg/kg body weight per day of Chromolaena odorata. Animals in group E were exposed to 100 ml of petrol vapor via inhalation and received 500mg/kg body weight per day of Chromolaena odorata. The extract was administered for 30 consecutive days via an orogastric tube.

RESULTS: Groups A, C, D and E revealed normal histoarchitecture of the lung; normal alveoli, patent bronchiolar lumen and normal arteries. There were observable histological variations in the lung tissues of Group B rats which include bronchiolar destruction and widening, severe bronchiolar mucosal ulceration and vascular ulceration.

CONCLUSION: Based on the findings from this study, it was concluded that Chromolaena odorata had an ameliorative effect on petrol-induced bronchiectasis in Wistar rats.

Some hand anthropometry among Babur/Bura and Kanuri ethnic groups of Borno State, Nigeria.

B. Ishaku, J.A. Timbuak, W.O. Hamman — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The human hand is the most used and versatile part of the body, and its dimensions varies with age, sex and ethnic groups. Hand dimensions such as, hand length and hand breadth are useful in forensic and legal sciences. The aim of this study is to measure some hand anthropometry variation among Babur/Bura and Kanuri ethnic groups in Maiduguri, Borno state Nigeria.

METHODOLOGY: A total of eight hundred and one (801) subjects (401 males; 198 Babur/Bura, 203 Kanuri and 400 females; 198 Babur/Bura, 202 Kanuri) were recruited for this study. Parameters collected were: hand length (HL), palm length (PL), hand breadth (HB) and palm breadth (PB) using a palm print scanner (HP Deskjet 1515 model) and, compared between groups student’s t-test was used, discriminant function was used to predict sex. SPSS version 22.0 software was used for statistical analyses and P<0.05 was set as level of significance.

RESULTS: Data analyzed showed that, Babur/Bura and Kanuri males had higher (p<0.001) mean hand dimension values compared to their female counterparts. However, there was no difference (p>0.05) in hand dimensions between the male-to-male and female-to-female of both ethnic groups.

CONCLUSION: There was sexual dimorphism in hand dimensions amongst Babur/Bura and Kanuri ethnic groups, which, could be useful for determination of sex and provide more insight into biological variation with the inclusion of these groups.

Effect of aqueous Chasmanthera dependens leaf extract on mercury chloride-induced gastric damage in adult Wistar rats.

E.O. Imafidon, J.E. Aig-Unuigbe — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Mercury, used in industries and consumer products, poses serious health risks through contaminated food, water, occupational hazards, and inhalation. Chronic exposure causes neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and gastrointestinal damage. Mercury chloride is particularly harmful to the stomach, causing inflammation and oxidative stress. Traditional medicinal plants, like Chasmanthera dependens, contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the study was aimed at evaluating the effects of aqueous leaf extract of Chasmanthera dependens on mercury chloride-induced gastric damage in Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: Thirty (30) adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned into six groups (A-F). Group A served as control; Group B - 10 mg/kg of Mercury chloride only; Group C - 200 mg/kg body weight of Chasmanthera dependens aqueous leaf extract and 10 mg/kg of Mercury chloride; Group D - 400 mg/kg body weight of Chasmanthera dependens aqueous leaf extract and 10 mg/kg of Mercury chloride; Group E - 800 mg/kg body weight of Chasmanthera dependens aqueous leaf extract and 10 mg/kg of Mercury chloride; Group F - 800 mg/kg body weight of Chasmanthera dependens aqueous leaf extract.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Results showed that mercury chloride increased lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, causing significant gastric damage. Pre-treatment with Chasmanthera dependens improved the antioxidant defense system, reducing MDA levels and increasing SOD, CAT, and GPx activity. Histological findings showed reduced tissue erosion, with higher doses of Chasmanthera dependens offering better protection against mercury chloride-induced gastric damage.

Relationship between external ear morphometry and stature among Hausa population from selected tertiary institutions in Kano metropolis, Nigeria.

Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Body anthropometry has been proved to be useful tool for height determination of individual. The aim of this study was to determine relationship of external ear morphometry with stature among Hausa population from selected tertiary institutions in Kano metropolis, Nigeria.

METHODOLOGY: Using simple random sampling, a total number of 390 students aged between 18 to 30 years participated in the study. Eight paired external ear parameters were measured using direct anthropometric techniques. The height was measured using standard protocols. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to determine the relationship of external ear morphometry with height and logistic regression was used for the height prediction from the ear morphometry.

RESULTS: The results of the present study showed that the mean values of ear dimensions was significantly higher in males compared to the female (P > 0.01) with the exception of left and right tragus to antihelix, ear lobe length, auricular projection which are significantly higher in female (P < 0.01). Irrespective of sex, significant positive correlation (moderate/strong) was observed in most of the variables with negative correlation in some like right tragus-antihelix (r = -0.109, p = 0.05) and left tragus-antihelix (r = -0.171, p = 0.01). Ear length present higher correlation (r = 0.514). A correlation of external ear dimensions with height based on sex shows that right and left EL, EW, ELL and TIN as well as left ELL were positively correlate with height with higher correlation in right ear length (r = 0.259). Similarly, for the female, right and left EL as well as right TH and right ELL were also positively correlate with height with higher correlation in right EL (r = 0.207).

CONCLUSION: A linear equation model for prediction of height from given ear dimension was generated. Therefore, ear morphometric parameters may be used as an additional tool in determination height among Hausa population.

Effects of aqueous rhizome extract of Zingiber officinale on arsenic trioxide-induced spleen damage in adult Wistar rats.

E.O. Imafidon, B.A. Ezekiel — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Arsenic trioxide induces significant spleen toxicity, causing splenomegaly, oxidative stress, inflammation, and compromised immune responses, which can lead to infections, impaired blood filtration, and systemic health decline. Zingiber officinale, known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic properties, shows potential in mitigating toxicity and oxidative stress. This study aimed to assess the effects of aqueous rhizome extract of Zingiber officinale on arsenic trioxide-induced spleen damage in adult Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: Thirty (30) adult Wistar rats (n=5) were randomly assigned into six groups (A-F). Group A served as control; Group B - 10 mg/kg As₂O₃ only; Group C - 190 mg/kg body weight of Zingiber officinale stem extract and 10 mg/kg As₂O₃; Group D - 380 mg/kg body weight of Zingiber officinale stem extract and 10 mg/kg As₂O₃; Group E - 50 mg/kg body weight of standard drug (silymarin) and 10 mg/kg As₂O₃. Group F - 380 mg/kg body weight of Zingiber officinale stem extract.

RESULTS: Results of haematological parameters showed no significant difference (p>0.05) across groups. The arsenic trioxide-only group had significantly decreased glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, and increased malondialdehyde levels (p<0.05) compared to control. Pre-treatment with Zingiber officinale and silymarin significantly improved these markers (p<0.05). Histologically, arsenic trioxide caused severe spleen damage, while pre-treatment with Zingiber officinale and silymarin showed marked improvement. In conclusion,

CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings provide evidence that Zingiber officinale protects against arsenic trioxide-induced spleen damage in Wistar rats.

Radiological classification of adult skulls using alveolar index among Nigerians residing within the south-south geopolitical zone

J. Williams, N.O. Egbe, G. Udo-Affah, M.A. Eluwa — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Understanding skeletal patterns is essential for choosing a proper treatment mechanics as well as understanding different populations all over the world. This radiological imaging study was carried out to evaluate, classify and document sex and age differences in terms of alveolar index in South-south geopolitical zone of Nigeria.

METHODOLOGY: A total of 627 (379 males and 248 females) normal lateral skull radiographs images were used, with ages ranging between 18 and 100years, obtained from the archives (2009-2016) of five different hospitals, all within the south-south geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The 627 radiographs were divided into five age groups for both the males and females. To determine the alveolar index, the Basion-prosthion and Basion-nasion distance were measured using a millimeter rule and the ratio between them calculated in percentage. All radiographs were certified normal as contained in the medical report.

RESULTS: The mean basion – prosthion length was 107.64±9.33mm for males and 108.07±7.90 for females, basion-nasion length was 101.85±9.12mm for males, 102.51±7.77mm for females. The mean alveolar index was 105.73±2.54% for males and 105.47±1.74% for females. The findings of this study however, shows that Nigerians are predominantly prognathous with alveolar index value greater than 103. It also shows that Basion-Prosthion length, Basion-nasion length and Alveolar index can be used as age determinant.

CONCLUSION: The data from this study will serve as an important tool in the hands of maxillofacial surgeons, Orthodontists and aesthetic anatomist in facial reconstruction purposes.

Myocardial integrity in citicoline-treated middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced hypoperfusion in Wistar rats; the relationship between the insular and heart

Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The study evaluated the histomorphology and histomorphometry of the left ventricle of Wistar rats following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced cerebral hypoperfusion. These were with a view to providing insight on the effects cerebral hypoperfusion on myocardial integrity.

METHODOLOGY: A total of twenty adult male Wistar rats (200 g -220 g) were used for this study. They were divided into four groups of five rats each. Sham surgery was performed on rats in group 1; MCAO was performed on rats in groups 2-4. Groups 1, 2, and 4 were administered 1ml/kg normal saline intraperitoneal (i. p) while rats in group 3 were treated with 150 mg/kg body weight (i. p) of citicoline daily for 12 weeks respectively. Twenty-four hours after the last administration rats were sacrificed and blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis of brain natriuretic peptide, nitric oxide (NO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum. The heart and brain were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Student Newman-Keuls (SNK) test. Alpha value was set at 0.05.

RESULTS: The result showed increased concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide (0.19 ± 0.08 pg/mL) and, LDH (13.20 ± 0.64 u/l), a decrease in the concentration of nitric oxide (0.12 ± 0.08 mmol/L), reduced collagen and glycogen deposit, distortion of the cross-banding pattern of the myocardium and reduced CnTI immunoreactivity in the MCAO-only group; These perturbations were attenuated in the citicoline-treated group.

CONCLUSION: The study concluded that citicoline ameliorated MCAO-induced neurological perturbations.

Histomorphological study of the effect of methanol leaf extract of Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco) on substantia nigra par reticularis in Wistar rats.

A.O. Wahab, W.O. Hamman, A.N. Agbon, P.S. Akpulu, A.A. Sadam — Sun, 07 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Smokeless or “Spit” are products of tobacco without combustion or pyrolysis at the time of use and the consumption of smokeless tobacco products continue to grow globally in form of dipping, snuffing, chewing and sniffing. The neurotoxic effect of tobacco is well documented. The Substantia nigra par reticularis, an important basal nuclei structure sets the pattern for facilitation of voluntary movements of the body. This study assessed the effect of methanol leaf extract of Nicotiana tabacum (MLNT) on histomorphological studies of the substantia nigra par reticularis in Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (A-D, n=5). Group A was the control group treated with Tween 80 and Olive oil which served as vehicle for dissolution of MLNT. Groups B-D was treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg MLNT respectively. Treatment was done for orally for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, the harvested brain tissue was weight before been processed for histological analysis. The body weight and the brain organosomatic index was computed and analyzes statistically using Statistical Package for social Science (IBM SPSS) Version 25.0.

RESULTS: Results obtained for the body weight show no statistical significant difference between the initial and the final weight when compared to the control and also, the brain organosomatic index significant increase (p<0.05) in all treated groups when compared to the control, especially with MLNT (200 mg/kg). Histological and histochemical observations showed neurodegeneration in all treated groups when compared to the control.

CONCLUSION: Finding from this studies revealed that MLNT could act as a potential neurotoxicant that can cause the acceleration of neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra par reticularis of Wistar rats thereby altered the coordination of motor activity.

Morphometric Study of Lower Lumbar spinal canal and canal/body ratio Using Computed Tomographic Images among apparently normal adult Nigerians

D.S. Amaza, O.E. Yama, A.A. Oyewale — Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Lumbar spinal canal play an important role in causes of low back pain, with lumbar spinal canal stenosis being the major causative factor for back pain. Accurate morphometry of the Lumbar vertebrae may be needed for various purposes including spinal fixation in case of fracture. The aim of this study was to determine the morphometry of the lumbar spinal canal as well as the canal/body ratio.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred (200 males and 200 females) adults Nigerians with age ranged from 18-65 years. Sagittal diameter of spinal canal (SDC) and Sagittal diameter of vertebral body (SDB) were measured from the third to fifth lumbar vertebrae (L3 to L5) and their ratio calculated. The sexes of 3^rd, 4^th and 5^th lumbar vertebrae were determined by demarking points using the formula: Mean ± 3×Standard Deviations. A probability value <0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

RESULTS: The results showed mean SDC and SDB increased gradually from L3 to L5 with minimum at L3 and maximum at L5. On comparing SDC and SDB between male and female subjects, it was observed that both SDC and SDB were greater at all levels in male subjects compared to female subjects and were all statistically significant (p<0.001). Canal/body ratio ranged between 0.56 to 0.59 in male subjects and 0.59 to 0.62 in female subjects from L3 to L5 respectively.

CONCLUSION: Transverse diameter was the largest dimension of spinal canal and proportional to the size of vertebral body at each level.