Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy

Morphological Assessments and Sexual Dimorphism of the Visual Pathway Structures of Cricetomys gambianus (African Giant Rats Waterhouse-1840)

S.O. Amuzor, A.N. Agbon , S.A. Musa, U.E. Umana, J.O. Ayo — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cricetomys gambianus (African Giant Rat (AGR) a nocturnal rodent has recently been a choice model for several areas of neuroscience research. This study assessed sexual differences in the morphometric parameters of visual pathway structures of the AGR.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten healthy adult AGRs (n=5; Male (M) and Female (F)) were captured from the wild and used for this study. The ARGs were sedated and body weight obtained before perfusion and decapitation. The weight and dimensions of the brain, eyeballs, optic nerve, optic chiasma and optic tract were obtained using digital weighing balance and Vernier caliper, respectively. Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPPS) version 23. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM.

RESULTS: Average body weight of AGRs was 787±208.6 g for males and 926±133.0 g for females; Brain weight was 6.7±0.6 g for males and 6.9±0.6 g females; while eyeball weight was 0.23±0.02 g for males and 0.22±0.02 g for females. Significant (p<0.05) sexual differences were observed in the dimensions of eyeball antero-posterior diameter (M=7.19±0.24 mm; F= 6.56±0.17 mm); Eyeball right-left diameter (M=6.12±0.11 mm; F= 5.27±0.19 mm); Optic nerve length (M=2.18±0.18 mm; F=1.42±0.13 mm); Optic tract length (M=1.21±0.16 mm; F=1.02±0.08 mm); Optic chiasma antero-posterior length (M=1.02±0.24 mm; F=0.66±0.05 mm) and Optic chiasma right-left length (M=0.80±0.07 mm; F=0.73±0.05 mm).

CONCLUSION: There exists sexual dimorphism in the morphometric parameters of visual pathway structures in the AGR. These differences are suggestive of evolutionary advantage in males compared to females as they go out in search for food and easy escape from predators within their natural habitat.

Assessment of the Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin A on Heat Stress Using White Albino Mice

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Biofortification of food and food addictives with vitamin A is basically aimed at improving vision and or preventing the occurrences of vision related diseases. This usually entails the inclusion of a defined amont of the said micronutrient in a target food. Thus, fortification of animal feed with vitamin A to ameliorate heat stress and increase animal production is possible if the ideal concentration of the said micromutrient is determined for inclusion. Therefore, Aim: this study aims at assessing the ameliorative role of vitamin A (retinol) in the management of Heat Stress (HS).

MATERIALS AND METHOD: Thirty adult male albino mice were divided into six (6) groups of five (5) rats per groups. Methodology: Group I was the normal control and was not exposed to heat stress.While groups III and IV were exposed to 57 mw/cm² of solar radiation at 37^oC, groups V and VI were exposed to 98 mw/cm² of solar radiation at 47^oC. Exposure to solar radiation lasted for 21 days during which groups II, III-VI were administered 30 mg/kg body weight of vitamin A for 21 days as well.

RESULTS: Feed intake for groups III-VI was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of groups I and II. Finial body weights for groups III-VI were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the initial body weight. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS) for groups III-VI was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of groups I-II.

CONCLUSION: It can be deduced from this study that 30 mg/kg of vitamin A did not ameliorate varying magnitudes of heat stress studied.

Comparative study on the contraceptive effects of butanol and dichloromethane fractions of Carica Papaya male tree bark in male Sprague Dawley rats

O.F. Adeoya, A.A. Bakare — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND: The use of Carica papaya extract in traditional medicine suggests that it might have contraceptive effects on reproductive indices. Traditional healers in Nigeria have used male tree bark of Carica Papaya as a source of antifertility agent. . However, there are few information in scientific literature concerning the male tree bark extract of Carica papaya and media of preparation.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the contraceptive effects of butanol and dichloromethane fractions of male Carica papaya tree bark.

METHODOLOGY: The male tree bark of Carica papaya was dried and blended into powdery form, then dissolved in water. The solution was fractionated by column chromatography with petroleum ether and further fractionated using butanol and dichloromethane to isolate butanol (CPFB) and dichloromethane (CPFD) fractions respectively. A total of fifteen animals were divided into three experimental study groups A, B and C. Groups A and B received moderate doses of 75 mg/kg body weight of CPFB and CPFD for 28 days respectively while group C received distilled water. Animals were euthanized after 4weeks of administration, the testes were removed, and used for sperm count and motility evaluations. Blood sample were collected via left ventricular cardiac puncture and used to assay testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone levels.

RESULTS: The fractions from both media have contraceptive effect, however the semen analysis of CPFB group showed significantly decrease (p<0.01) in reproductive hormones and corresponding decrease in sperm count and motility when compared with the CPFD group. Hence the CPFB group showed more contraceptive potential than the CPFD group when compared with the normal state of the control group.

CONCLUSION: The findings from this present study showed that the butanol fractionation of male sex Carica papaya tree bark demonstrated more contraceptive effects than the dichloro methane fractionate, making Butanol a better choice for fractionation in the contraceptive usage of male sex Carica papaya tree bark.

Histopathological Assessment of Cardiac Tissue in Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Wistar rats: Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Irvingia gabonensis

S.B. Olukayode, S.O. Innih, D. Calmday-Ombo — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The toxic effects of drugs and other related substances have attracted concerns from scientists. The passion about the availability of effective and cheap substances against organotoxicity in humans is increasing daily. This work assessed the histopathological changes in the heart of arsenic trioxide-induced Wistar rats and the effects of ethanol leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis.

METHODOLOGY: Forty-two adult Wistar rats weighing between 160-190g were randomly divided into six groups of seven rats each. Group A served as the control, Group B received 10 mg/kg body weight of arsenic trioxide only, Groups C and D received 250 and 500 m/kg body weights of ethanol leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis only respectively, Groups E and F received 250 and 500 mg/kg body weights of ethanol leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis in addition to 10 mg/kg body weight of arsenic trioxide respectively. All administrations were through oral route for 28 days. After sacrifice, cardiac tissues were harvested, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for haematoxylin and eosin staining.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Histological findings show that arsenic trioxide caused vascular distortion, perivascular infiltrates of inflammatory cells and focal myocardial degeneration. Treatment with graded doses of ethanol leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis achieved a remarkable amelioration, with 250 mg/kg body weight having a better ameliorative effect, thus suggesting that ethanol leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis exhibits cardioprotective activity against arsenic trioxide-induced damage and could be a potential cardioprotective substance.

Influence of aqueous leave extract of Newbouldia laevis on cadmium chloride -induced toxicity in pituitary-testicular axis of rats

K.A. Adebisi, B. Leko, C.A. Idaguko — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cadmium (Cd), a natural element of the earth’s crust, induce reproductive dysfunction through oxidative stress. Newbouldia laevis is a free radical scavenger. Our study investigated the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis (NBL) on cadmium chloride-induced toxicity in pituitary-testicular axis of adult male Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: 25 male Wistar rats weighing 130-180g were divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each; control (distilled water), 3mg/kg body weight of CdCl₂, 3mg/kg body weight of CdCl_{2 +} 300mg/kg body weight of NBL, 3mg/kg body weight of CdCl_{2 +}450mg/kg body weight of NBL, 3mg/kg body weight of CdCl_{2 +}600mg/kg body weight of NBL Newbouldia laevis was administered orally and a single dose of 3mg/kg body weight of CdCl₂ subcutaneously both for 4 weeks. Semen analysis was evaluated, also the serum was used for the oxidative stress markers, sex hormones and histoarchitecture of the testes were evaluated.

RESULTS: There was a dose-dependent effect of NBL on the semen analysis and sex hormones when compared to the CdCl₂ group. NBL significantly (P˂0.05) increased SOD, CAT, GSH activities, and decreased Malondialdehyde when compared to the CdCl₂group; and it was dose-dependent effect. Histologically; at the dose of 300mg/kg body weight, there was degeneration in the seminiferous tubules, widening of interstitial spaces and testicular necrosis; while at 450mg/kg body weight, there was a reduced portion of seminiferous epithelial diameter, no germ cells at any spermatogenic phases, cluster of Leydig cells seen in the interstitial space, degenerative changes of seminiferous tubule and reduction in the diameter of the seminiferous tubule. However, at the dose of 600 mg/kg body weight; the testes revealed seminiferous tubules with increased diameters, present of Sertoli cells around the basement membrane, spermatozoa are seen in the lumen of seminiferous tubule while cluster of Leydig cells are present in the interstitial space.

CONCLUSION: Newbouldia laevis extracts produces a reversal of the deleterious effect of cadmium chloride on the testis at a higher dose. There is the possibility for the future use of NBL as an inhibitory agent of infertility.

Sub-acute toxic effects of methanol root extract of Carpolobia alba G. Don on testes of adult Wistar rats

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Over 80% of the populations in some Asian and African countries depend on traditional medicine for primary health care. For centuries men and women have attempted to enhance their sexual performances by using substances derived from plant-based natural sources known as aphrodisiacs. Carpolobia alba G. Don is a popular natural recreational aphrodisiac plants commonly used in Nigeria. In this study, we assessed the effects of sub-acute administration of methanol root extract of Carpolobia alba on the testes of adult Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty adult male rats (weighing 200g-250g) were randomized into four groups consisting of five animals each. Each group was treated daily with distilled water, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight respectively of methanol root extract Carpolobia alba G. Don for 30 days. The animals were sacrificed via cervical dislocation. Histological examination (Hematoxylin and Eosin stain), hormonal profile [Testosterone (T), Leutinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)], Oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD, CAT) and sperm analysis were done.

RESULTS: Daily administration of the extract resulted in marked degeneration and shrunken seminiferous tubules, degeneration and vacuolization of germinal epithelium, reduction in spermatogenic cells population, absence of late stage germ cells and significant reduction (<0.05) in T, LH, FSH, sperm parameters(sperm count, motility and morphology) and induction of oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner

CONCLUSION: This result indicate anti-fertility potential of sub-acute consumption of methanol root extract of Carpolobia alba G.Don in male Wistar rats.

Anthropometric evaluation of percentage body fat using skinfold parameters among students of Ebonyi State University

C.O. Njoku, I.I. Nkanu, C.E. Anwara, M.C. Ngwuta, O.E. Egbudu — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

AIM: This study investigates the anthropometric evaluation of percentage body fat using skinfold thickness among students at Ebonyi State University.

MATHODOLOGY: A total of 498 participants (243 males and 255 females) aged between 18 to 32 years were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The data were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0, with descriptive statistics expressed as mean ± standard deviation and correlation coefficients determined for various age groups at two-tailed significance levels of <0.001 and <0.05. The percentage body fat was calculated using the Jackson and Pollock equations and the Siri method.

RESULTS: The results reveal significant differences in skinfold thickness and body composition between genders across various age groups. Males exhibited higher mean values in height (169.57 cm to 172.03 cm) and weight (59.06 kg to 62.59 kg) compared to females (165.19 cm to 167.16 cm and 55.15 kg to 56.97 kg). Notably, females showed higher skinfold measurements at most sites, with significant variations observed particularly in the triceps and anterior thigh skinfolds. The correlation analyses indicated that the relationships between various anthropometric parameters were generally weak, with all p-values exceeding 0.05, thus suggesting no significant correlation. The analysis of percentage body fat across different age groups highlighted a trend of decreasing body fat for both males and females after the age of 24, with males averaging between 21.29% to 24.31% and females ranging from 22.41% to 24.73%.

CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the need for targeted health interventions in university populations to promote healthy body composition, particularly among younger adults, and suggest that lifestyle factors may contribute significantly to the observed differences in body fat distribution between genders as they age.

Protective effects of ethanol seed extract of Plukenetia conophora on cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats

O.H. Blackie, D.E. Odiase, F.F. Blackie — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUNDAND AIM: Male infertility is a significant global health concern, with sperm quality deficiencies contributing significantly to its prevalence. Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples globally, with male factors contributing to around 50% of cases. Medicinal plants, including the African walnut (Plukenetia conophora), are gaining attention for their potential in addressing reproductive health challenges. The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effects of ethanol seed extract of Plukenetia conophora (African walnut) on cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats.

METHODS: Thirty-six adult male Wistar Rats were divided into six groups and subjected to different treatments, group A served as the control group, Group B and C received 250 mg/kg body weight and 500 mg/kg body weight of ethanol seed extract of Plukenetia conophora only respectively, group D and E received 250 mg/kg body weight and 500 mg/kg body weight of Plukenetia conophora in addition to 10mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride respectively, and group F received 10 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride only over a 56-day period, Cadmium and Plukenetia conophora were administered daily using orogastric tube.

RESULTS: Cadmium chloride negatively impacts body weight, testicular weight, and sperm quality. Plukenetia conophora extract exhibits protective effects, mitigating the detrimental impact of cadmium, particularly at lower doses. Histological analysis confirmed the protective role of the extract in maintaining normal testicular architecture.

CONCLUSION: Plukenetia conophora extract shows potential as a protective agent against cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity, highlighting its therapeutic potential for male infertility caused by environmental toxins. Further research is warranted to explore its clinical applications.

Testicular histology and seminal assessments following codeine-containing cough syrup administration in male Wistar rats

K.C. Ibeabuchi, S.C. Gbotolorun — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Studies have shown that given its sedating and euphoric effects and the development of tolerance within a relatively short time-frame on repeated use, codeine and codeine-containing products carry identified abuse potential both in pill and syrup forms. Its use, misuse and dependence have become an emerging global public health concern. Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of codeine containing cough syrup on the testes of adult Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: Twenty rats (110-200g) were divided into four groups A-D of five rats each. Group A (control) received only feed and water. Group B (low dose group) received 10.95mg/kg body weight, group C (medium dose group) received 21.90mg/kg body weight while group D (high dose group) received 43.80mg/kg body weight of the syrup daily via an oral cannula for eight weeks. At the end of the experiment, the testes were harvested, weighed and processed for seminal and histological assessments.

RESULTS: Only the low dose group had significantly (P<0.05) lower values of seminal analysis when compared to the control. No deleterious effects were observed in the histological profiles of all the testes.

CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results provide preliminary evidence from seminal analysis and histology that codeine-containing cough syrup had no adverse effect on the testes.

Quercetin 100 mg/kg fails to mitigate cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in adult Wistar rats

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

OBJECTIVE: The survival rate of cancer patients has improved with cisplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapy. However, neurological deficits are prevalent in cancer patients administered with cisplatin. Interestingly, quercetin is reported to possess neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that quercetin 100 mg/kg may offer ameliorative potential against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty (20) male adult Wistar rats (150 to 180 g) were allotted into four groups (n = 5), namely groups I (placebo distilled water 10 mL kg^-1body weight), II (cisplatin 5 mg kg^-1 body weight), III (cisplatin/quercetin 5/100 mgkg^-1 body weights,) and IV (quercetin 100 mg kg^-1 body weight, respectively). Cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally, once a week, and twice in 14 days, while quercetin was administered orally once daily for 14 days. Animals were deeply anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally). Then transcardially perfused with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) followed by perfusion in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH 7.4) for fixation. Each brain was harvested and postfixed overnight in the same fixation solution and prepared for tissue processing. Biochemical assays for brain antioxidant level were performed.

RESULTS: No significant change in the levels of antioxidant assays (SOD, CAT, GPx), but we did observe a significant increase in GSH and the levels of MDA (p < 0.005) in all administered groups compared to the control group. Neurodegenerations with pyknotic neurons and vacuolations were demonstrated in administered groups of the cerebellum, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, with neuronal cell shrinkages and hyperchromatic cells

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that 100 mg/kg bw of quercetin cannot not ameliorate cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in rats thus more of quercetin may not always be better. It is necessary to determine the dose beneficial threshold of quercetin.

Ameliorative effect of vitamin E on copper sulfate-induced liver damage in Wistar rats

E. Obayuwana, S.M. Nweke — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Significant human exposure to heavy metals such as copper sulfate is a major health concern due to its adverse consequences to body tissue. Vitamin E, a potent anti-oxidant is being investigated for its potential to protect against heavy metal toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the role of vitamin E on copper sulfate-induced liver damage.

METHOD: Twenty-five (25) adult Wistar rats weighing between 160g and 220g were divided equally into five groups (A to E). They received 1 ml of distilled water, 200 mg/kg of copper sulfate for 30 days, 200 mg/kg of vitamin E for 30 days, 200 mg/kg of copper sulfate for 30 days followed by 200 mg/kg of vitamin E for 30 days, 200 mg/kg of copper sulfate for 30 days followed by 1 ml of distilled water for 30 days. At the end of the study, blood and liver tissues were collected for analysis of serum Alanine aminotransaminase(ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase(AST), Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), Total protein(TP), Total bilirubin(TB), Conjugated bilirubin(CB), liver Malondialdehyde(MDA), Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Catalase(CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase(GPx) and histology of the liver.

RESULTS: There was significant increase in in ALT, AST, ALP, TB, CB, liver MDA and a significant decrease in TP, liver SOD, CAT, and GPx in copper sulfate treated rats when compared to control which were reversed with vitamin E treatment. Histological findings showed a reversal of vascular stenosis and inflammation induced by copper sulfate following co-treatment with vitamin E.

CONCLUSION: Vitamin E possesses ant-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties against copper-induced liver damage.

Investigating the effects of equeous fruit extract of Tamarindus indica on mercuric chloride-induced liver toxicity in adult Wistar rats

S.M. Nweke, N. Okafor, G.I. Eze — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Mercury is a highly toxic metal that poses substantial risks to human health due to its widespread environmental presence and industrial use. Exposure to mercury occurs through various routes, leading to tissue damage mostly liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aqueous fruit extract of Tamarindus indica on Mercuric chloride-induced liver damage in adult Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: A total of 42 adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups with seven rats per group and administered 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg doses of Tamarindus indica extracts and 1mg/kg of mercury chloride. Liver tissues were harvested after administration of the extracts for 60 days and mercury chloride administration for 30 days. The harvested liver tissues were fixed with 10% formal saline for about 24hrs and processed into microscopic slides, and subjected to microscopic examination. Biochemical assays were conducted also to investigate the levels of liver enzymes.

RESULTS: Rats in group B treated with mercury chloride showed significant decreases in body weight and increases in liver weight, indicative of the inflammation of the hepatocytes. Elevated levels of liver enzymes and histological changes further indicated liver damage induced by mercury chloride. However, rats treated with Tamarindus indica extracts showed increase on body weight change, liver weight, liver enzymes, and histological alterations, suggesting potential hepatoprotective properties.

CONCLUSION: Tamarindus indica demonstrates potential therapeutic benefits in attenuating mercury chloride-induced liver damage, highlighting its role as a natural hepatoprotective agent.

Evaluating the anticonvulsant potential of kaurenoic acid isolated from Annona senegalensis leaves in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures: behavioral, cognitive, and cellular insights in Wistar rats

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Understanding seizure behavior is crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and improved patient quality of life. While many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can suppress seizures, they often do not address the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. They may adversely affect memory, mood, and cognition, as seen with phenobarbital (PB). This study aimed to characterize pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, assess locomotor and exploratory behavior, evaluate hippocampal neuronal impact, and compare the therapeutic effects of kaurenoic acid (KNA) to phenobarbital.

METHODOLOGY: Thirty adults male Wistar rats (150–250 g) were assigned to five groups (n = 6): Group 1 (vehicle control, water, 1 ml/kg, body weight), Group 2 (PTZ 40 mg/kg, body weight), Group 3 (PTZ 40 mg/kg, body weight + KNA 400 mg/kg, body weight), Group 4 (PTZ 40 mg/kg, body weight + KNA 800 mg/kg, body weight), and Group 5 (PTZ 40 mg/kg, body weight + PB 10 mg/kg, body weight). Rats' behavior was assessed and were anesthetized with Halothane, the whole brain was extracted and fixed with 10% formalin for histological analysis.

RESULTS:The results demonstrated a significant delay in the onset of the first neck muscle jerk (F = 19.29, p < 0.0001) and clonic-tonic seizures (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01) in KNA- and PB-treated groups compared to PTZ-only controls. Both KNA and PB improved anxiety-related behavior, locomotor activity, and hippocampal cellular condition, although these improvements were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that KNA, like PB, can mitigate PTZ-induced behavioral and cellular disruptions, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for seizure management.

A multi-method comparison of body volume and body fat in healthy adults: source of caution for interchangeability of techniques

C.O. Njoku, E.E. Besong, A.D. Stewart — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The interchangeability of different techniques for volume measurements makes it important to cross-calibrate volumes from different scanning systems against a gold standard Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP), and identify possible causes of the differences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 121 adults (78 males and 43 females, aged 18 – 44 y underwent body volume measurement via ADP (Bodpod system, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) and 3D scanning using portable scanner (Artec L, Artec Luxembourg) and fixed laser scanner (Hamamatsu BLS, Hamamatsu, Japan). Duplicate measurements were undertaken in 12 participants.

RESULTS: Measurements were highly correlated between techniques for volume (R=0.989; 0.977 and 0.979;P<0.0001) and inter-technique errors for volumes and girths were <1% technical error of measurement. Bland and Altman analysis revealed volume measurements differed between Hamamatsu and both Artec and Bodpod (P<0.05), but were similar between Artec and Bodpod (P>0.05) and these patterns remained when volumes were converted into %fat. There were no significant differences between anthropometric and 3DS-extracted waist and hip girths for either scanner type (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Despite their comparability for extracted waist and hip girth, the scanners are not interchangeable for volume and %fat estimation.

Chronic sleep deprivation induces spatial memory impairment, chromatolysis, and histoarchitectural changes in the CA3 region of the hippocampus

J. Ochai, U.E. Umana, S.A. Musa, S.B. Oladele — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Sleep is a vital bodily function involving the activity of brain networks. Disruption in sleep patterns can lead to problems with memory and even changes in brain structure. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effects of chronic sleep deprivation on spatial memory and histopathological changes in the CA3 region of the hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: 12 male rats were divided into two groups of six rats each. Group (I) received 2ml/kg of distilled water, while Group II were sleep-deprived for 18 hours daily for 21 consecutive days using the modified multiple platform method. The Morris water maze test was conducted to assess spatial learning and memory. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized using 75mg/kg of ketamine hydrochloride intraperitoneally, and the brain tissues were harvested. Hippocampal tissue homogenate of some rats were used to assess glutamate levels, whereas, the whole brains of the remaining rats were fixed, and processed using Haematoxylin & Eosin, and Cresyl Fast Violet stains to demonstrate the general histoarchitecture and Nissl substance expression in the hippocampal CA3 regions respectively. Cavalieri’s principle was employed for estimation of the number of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region of the hippocampus of Wistar rats.

RESULTS: There was a significant increase (p<0.001) in the time spent locating the escape platform in the sleep-deprived group compared to the control group in the MWM test. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in hippocampal glutamate activity levels when the sleep deprived group was compared with the control group. Histological findings revealed degenerative changes such as cytoplasmic vacuolation, karyorrhexis and pyknosis in the pyramidal cells of the CA3 region of the hippocampus of Wistar rats. Additionally, the number of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region was significantly decreased (p>0.05) in the sleep-deprived group compared to the control. Furthermore, the Nissl substance in the hippocampal sections of the sleep-deprived group exhibited a significant (p>0.05) decrease in staining intensity compared to the control group, suggesting disruptions in neuronal function and protein synthesis.

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study revealed spatial memory impairment, histological alterations, reduced pyramidal cell count, and protein depletion in the CA3 region of the sleep-deprived rats.

Cucurbita maxima Seed Oil Pre-treatment Ameliorates Ovarian Oxidative Stress-mediated dysfunction Associated with Diclofenac therapy

J.A. Nwafor, F.T. Okposhi, O.O. Anyigor, T.N. Nnama, I.C. Ukah, V.C. Ezeuko — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Frequent use of diclofenac provokes oxidative stress that may compromise reproductive health. Anti-oxidants present in Cucurbita Maxima Seed Oil (CMSO) may offer therapeutic relief.

METHODOLOGY: Twenty-four randomized rats were used. Group A was control. Group B received only 100mg/kg of Diclofenac sodium intraperitoneally (day 22 to 24). Groups C and D were pre-supplemented with 2ml/kg and 4ml/kg of CMSO respectively (day 1-24) before toxic dose of diclofenac at specified days. The rats were sacrificed; blood samples were used for assay of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT), Progesterone (PROG) and ovaries processed for H and E histology.

RESULTS: Malondialdehyde (MDA) activity was significantly (p< 0.05) increased in Diclofenac alone treated rats (group B) when compared to Control. This elevation in MDA suggests excessive lipid peroxidation. Similarly, Progesterone (PROG) level was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in Group B compared to control. Hyper secretion of Progesterone may inadvertently affect conception via negative feedback pathway by inhibiting endometrial receptivity and decidualization. It was observed that rats given high dose CMSO (Group D) showed significantly decreased MDA with a reduction in Catalase (CAT) level after scavenging reactive metabolites of diclofenac when values were compared to group B at p< 0.05. This is believed to be due antioxidants and poly saturated fatty acid content in CMSO which preserves ovarian cellular membrane from free radical attack by inhibiting spontaneous cell membrane depolarization and minimizing amount of drug reactive metabolite reaching ovarian tissue by nourishing endothelial membrane barrier. Group B rats showed degeneration in corpus luteum (CL), compared to control and high dose CMSO pre-treated rats.

CONCLUSION: CMSO is of therapeutic benefit against diclofenac-induced ovarian dysfunction.

Zingerone mitigates hepatic injury associated with Dimethylnitrosamine exposure in male adult Wistar rats

J.A. Nwafor, G.I. Eze, S.O. Innih — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Dimethyl nitrosamine (DMN) burden compromises liver function due to its complicated pathophysiology. Zingerone (ZG), is a phenolic compound in ginger rhizome with pharmacological potential against chemo toxin mediated hepatic damage. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of Zingerone against DMN in the liver

METHODOLOGY: Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into groups of 6 rats each. Group A (control), Group B (given 10mg/kg DMN for 4 weeks). Group C, D, E, F (Pre-treated with oral doses of 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 75mg/kg body weight of ZG and 50mg/kg of silymarin respectively for 4weeks followed thereafter with 10mg of DMN for 4weeks). At the end of experiment, the animals (fasted) were sacrificed; blood samples obtained for assay of Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) activity, Total bilirubin concentration (Tbil) and the liver harvested for histological and histochemical evaluations. Data obtained were analysed using graph pad prism, 8.0 and Image J for quantifying staining intensity.

RESULTS: ZG pre-treated rats showed significantly (p<0.05) decreased GGT activity and Tbil concentration compared to DMN-alone exposed rats. Furthermore, necrotic changes with inflammatory cell infiltrations, vascular ulceration, pyknotic hepatocytes with sinusoidal distortions in the histology of DMN alone treated rats were minimal in ZG pre-administered rats. Despite fasting, DMN-alone exposed rats still showed strong PAS reaction, associated with impaired glycogenolysis and unregulated glycogenesis. However, moderate intrahepatic glycogen store depicted by mild PAS reaction were seen in ZG pre-treated rats. These were particularly visible at 75mg/kg, comparing favorably to control and silymarin pre-treated rats.

CONCLUSION: Zingerone is a promising hepatoprotective agent against DMN hepatic injury.

Relationship between somatotype categories and musculoskeletal discomforts among Nigeria school students: A case study of selected secondary schools in Lagos State

H.A. Omotayo, F.O. Opoola, M.T. Omotayo, T.O. Kusemiju, F.I.O. Duru — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Dimethyl There are rare study on the impact of somatotype on musculoskeletal discomfort in young and adolescence students. This aim of this study was to investigate the association between musculoskeletal discomforts and somatotype (body form) of students in secondary schools.

METHOD: A cross sectional study of total sample size of 640 students from age 10 to17 was taken across privately operated schools and government operated schools, and were categorised into age group of 10-11, 12-13, 14-15 and 16-17. Anthropometry data of the students was collected using International Society for Anthropometric Analysis of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) model and Musculoskeletal discomfort (pain) level was taking using Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRPS) which ranges from No Pain to Severe Pain. The student’s somatotype category was determined using the Heath Carter method and the frequency for the pain analysed. A Descriptive Statistics and Chi-Square (χ²) Test Analysis was done between the two categorical variables to ascertain association and it significance. Statistical significant set at p< α=0.05.

RESULTS: The results shows variation in frequency of pain outcome for students across age groups and schools, however, in totality the frequency of students that reported no pain is low compared to other categories of pain. There is noticeable difference in the frequency somatotype categories of students in private school and public schools across age groups. The ectomorph in private school is high (117) as compare to public school (97), the mesomorph is 95 and 111 for private school and public school respectively while endomorph is 106 and 114 for both school category. The Pearson Chi-Squared test Analysis shows an association between somatotype categories and pain outcome, and there is statistical significance.

CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the analysis, we therefore conclude that, Somatotype of any category does have association with any form musculoskeletal discomforts being experience by students. Other factors may also be an influence to the discomforts either internal or environmental.

Photogrammetric Evaluation of Some Normative Facial Indices of Young Adults of Igbo Ethnic Group, Nigeria

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Evaluation of facial indices (nasal, canthal, and facial index) has always been of great interest because of its use in forensic science, plastic surgery, orofacial surgery, and population studies. The study aims to evaluate the normative facial indices of young adults of the Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria.

METHOD: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional study design where 300 respondents participated in the study (150 males and 150 females) between the ages of 18 - 37 years with BMI of 18 – 29 were randomly selected. Subjects whose BMI fell within the category of slightly underweight (≤18.4) and slightly overweight (>24.9) according to conventional BMI classification, looked seemingly healthy and were included in the study. Minimum sample size was determined using the Cochran’s formula. Linear facial parameters and facial indices were calculated using the standard formula, and data obtained were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Continuous variables were presented as mean±SD. Age was grouped into 18-21, 22-25, 26-29, 30-33 and 34-37. Data was presented as mean ± standard deviation. Independent T-test was used to test for significance in the variables between genders, one way ANOVA was used to test for significance in age and variables. A probability less than 0.05 (P<0.05) was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: Facial indices (canthal, nasal and facial index) were 37.67±5.14, 78.85±15.08 and 54.65±5.01 respectively among the males while among the females; 0.23±7.47, 61.26±12.44 and 46.22±14.04 respectively. The study parameters were found to be higher in males (p<0.05). The study analyzed respondents aged 18-21, 22-25, 26-29, 30-33 and 34-37 and found no significant association between canthal, nasal, and facial index and age. The Canthal index was higher in 22-25 years. nasal index values were higher in 34-37 years and facial index in ages 26-29 years.

CONCLUSION: Facial indices show significant sex differences and would serve as a reference to clinical anatomists and forensic anthropologists.

Evaluation of common ultrasound findings in female patients who present with pelvic pain at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), Edo State, Nigeria

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Pelvic pain is the abdominal pain located below the level of the umbilicus including lower back pain with or without radiation into the thighs. It may be acute, intermittent or chronic. This usually affects women more than men possibly because of genetic, hormonal, sociocultural, reproductive organ differences, and anthropological reasons. In women, pelvic pain can be an indication that there may be a problem with one or more of the organs within the pelvic region such as the urogenital and reproductive organs. This study aimed to evaluate the common causes of pelvic pain in females using the ultrasound findings of patients presenting at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua.

MATERIALS AND METHOD: This study adopted a retrospective non-experimental design to obtain and analyze data from the Radiology Department, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua over eighteen months. 1599 cases were obtained using a convenience sampling method. The resulting data was analyzed using SPSS software version 28.01.1.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Findings from this study showed that females aged 15-49 accounted for 52.60% of the cases whose ages were specified. The transabdominal scan was the dominant ultrasonographic technique used for pelvic evaluation. Uterine fibroid, pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian cyst were responsible for the majority of the pelvic pain in the cases where pathology was identified, while ovarian adenocarcinoma, hepatitis, and leiomyosarcoma were least implicated in pelvic pain aetiology.

Percutaneous clavicular length among Nigerian students of Delta State University: Clinical and forensic implications

B.S. Ominde, M.T. Enaohwo, O.G. Omohwo, O. Jeremiah, O.F. Omoro, P.S. Igbigbi — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Evaluating the clavicle’s length in forensic investigations can aid in sex determination and estimation of stature. It is also useful in ensuring successful surgical reduction of clavicular fractures. This study’s goal was to determine the percutaneous length of the clavicle and elucidate their clinical and forensic applications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred students from a university in Delta State Nigeria were recruited after seeking ethical approval. We sought informed consent from the participants before the measurements of percutaneous clavicular length and height were taken. Using the statistical package for social sciences, the comparison of mean variables based on side, sex and age-groups was done. We employed linear regression analysis to derive equations that incorporated the percutaneous clavicular lengths to aid in estimating stature.

RESULTS: Males had longer clavicles than females (P<0.05). The clavicles demonstrated positive correlation with stature (P<0.05). The left percutaneous clavicular length was a better predictor of height than the right (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The study provides clavicular length data useful to orthopaedic surgeons and forensic experts in Delta State, Nigeria.

Protective effects of Moringa oleifera oil on permethrin-induced toxicity in the prefrontal cortex of young male Wistar rats

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Permethrin is a type I pyrethroid commonly used as an insecticide in pest control. Although it is intended for use in agricultural and textile settings, including residential areas, its extensive use poses a probable risk of human exposure. This study was conducted to determine the changes in the prefrontal cortex following permethrin exposure and the possible protective effects of Moringa oleifera oil.

METHODOLOGY: Sixteen young male Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into four (4) groups (n=4). Group A (Control group) received a normal rat diet, while Group B received a permethrin diet (0.6% Permethrin) at the dose of 1000 mg/kg. Group C received a normal diet and was administered 0.5 ml/kg of Moringa oleifera oil, while Group D received both the permethrin diet and Moringa oleifera oil simultaneously. Animals underwent behavioural analysis on the final day of treatment. The rats were then anesthetized and sacrificed, followed by transcardial perfusion with normal saline and 4% paraformaldehyde. The prefrontal cortex was excised from the brain and processed for tissue histochemistry and biochemical analysis.

RESULTS: Results revealed reduced locomotory and exploratory activities and increase anxiety level in rats, as well as cytoarchitectural distortion, cell vacuolation, and redox imbalance in the prefrontal cortex. Administration of Moringa oleifera oil led to significant improvement in neurobehavioral deficits, a comparatively normal cytoarchitectural profile, and oxidative status caused by permethrin in prefrontal cortex of male rats.

CONCLUSION: Findings in this study indicated that Moringa oleifera could ameliorate the damage caused by permethrin in prefrontal cortex of male Wistar rats.

Ameliorative effects of watermelon seed oil (Citrulus lanatus) on cadmium chloride-induced hippocampal toxicity in adult male Wistar rats

H.B. Olanrewaju, S.M. Eze, S.A. Musa, S.A. Adamu, A.A. Omoniyi, S.P. Akpulu — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Humans and other organism are exposed to a broad spectrum cytotoxic heavy metals in the atmosphere due to their interaction with the environment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ameliorative effect of watermelon (citrullus lanatus) seed oil on cadmium chloride-induced hippocampal damages of male adult Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: Twenty-five (25) adult male Wistar rats weighing between (120 – 200g) were used for the study. The animals were divided into five groups of five animals per group (n=5). Group I was designated as the (Control and received Physiological Saline, Group II received 5 mg/kg body weight of Cadmium chloride, Group III received 5 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride and 500 mg/kg body weight of C. lanatus oil as high dose, Group IV received 5mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride and 250 mg/kg body weight of C. Lanatus oil as low dose while Group V received 5 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride and 10 mg/kg body weight of Succimer for the period of 28 days through Orogastric canula.)

RESULTS: (No significance difference in the organ/body weights.) (The spatial learning and memory showed significant increase (p<0.033) in the mean-time to locate the shallow plate form in the Morris water maize test in the second and third week for the toxic groups when compared with the control and the treated groups.) (There was significant increase (p<0.091) in the mean MDA level of CdCl₂ group when compared to the control). Histological observation of the hippocampus showed normal cyto-architecture in Group I while Groups II, (showed massive cellular degeneration,) Group III showed some degree of cellular regeneration (while Group V showed comparable evidence of cellular regeneration when compared to Group III and Group IV.)

CONCLUSION: The results shows that Water melon Citrullus lanatus oil ameliorated the effects of cadmium on the (morphology), neuro-behavioural activity, histology, and oxidative stress indices in (hippocampus) of adult male Wistar rats.

Histological and biochemical effects of Lutein on the liver of adult Wistar rats following Paraquat-induced toxicity

T.A. Edward, A.J. Ajibade, S.S. Edward, U. Umeaku — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Paraquat is a common herbicide worldwide with potentials for human poisoning through the generation of reactive oxygen species. There is presently dearth of evidence-based cure for paraquat (PQ) poisoning, which is associated with significant hepatic injury and a high mortality globally. Lutein is a carotenoid with free radical-scavenging and antioxidant effects. The study is aimed at investigating the mitigating effect of lutein on paraquat-induced hepatic toxicity in Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats weighing 150-180 g were randomly grouped (A to E) for this study. Paraquat (PQ) toxicity was induced in groups B to E, at a dose of 5mg/kg through oral route. Lutein was administered at graded doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg to groups C to E through oral route for twenty-one days respectively. Group A (negative control) was given only normal saline, while group B (positive control) had only paraquat. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, blood samples were collected for the biochemical analyses of plasma aspartate and alanine transaminases; thereafter, the animals were sacrificed before the excision of the liver for histological examination.

RESULTS: There was significant increase in the plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) (p=0.01) in group B when compared with the treated groups. The concentrations of catalase and glutathione in group B were significantly lower (p=0.01 and 0.009 respectively) relative to the negative control and lutein-treated groups, especially at higher doses. Malondialdehyde concentration was significantly higher in group B than others (p=0.043). There was marked histological distortion with a reduction in hepatocyte count through the use of image J software in group B, which was given PQ only. However, the lutein-treated groups had dose-dependent improvement in hepatocyte count similar to the control. Group E, which had the highest dose of lutein, had remarkable similarity in histo-architectural and biochemical findings when compared to the negative control.

CONCLUSION: This study showed significant alteration in the hepatic biochemical analyses and histo-architecture following paraquat toxicity. However, the groups treated with high doses of lutein showed remarkable similarity with the control group. Hence, study underscores the potentials of lutein to mitigate paraquat-induced toxicity in Wistar rats.

Anthropometric evaluation and significance of waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-hip ratio among 16-25 years old females in Ede, Osun State, Nigeria

W.C. Nnamani, D.R. Omotoso — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Anthropometry of the waist and hip, which are among the most clinically relevant include waist circumference used to assess abdominal adiposity and the waist-to-hip ratio used to assess central obesity. These parameters are of importance in the assessment of non-communicable diseases which are currently serious global health burden. The study was aimed at evaluating the waist and hip anthropometry among the female Yorubas between 16-25 years in Ede, Osun State, Nigeria and elucidating their significance.

METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study involved 120 undergraduate female students in Ede, Osun State, Nigeria, aged between 16 to 25 years, randomly selected to participate in the study. The waist circumference and the hip circumference were measured using the standard guidelines while the waist-to-hip ratio was calculated by dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference. The study data was statistically analyzed using the SPSS version 22.

RESULTS: The average age of the subjects was 18.15 ± 1.35 years. The mean WC, HC and WHR for the study population were 78.90 ± 9.35, 98.55 ± 8.75 and 0.79 ± 0.05 respectively. In addition, the WC and HC showed significant increase with increasing age in the study population while the WHR showed no significant difference. The findings of this study further revealed similarity or variation when compared to other proximate and distant population.

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provided the reference values of the study parameters among the study population which offer immense significance during various diagnostic and clinical procedures.

Modulatory role of cannabidiol and sleep recovery on hepato-renal functions and histological alterations triggered by sleep deprivation in adult male Wistar rats

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Sleep deprivation is a significant health concern, affecting various physiological systems, including hepatic and renal functions. Cannabidiol, a compound found in cannabis plants, has gained attention for its therapeutic potential through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cannabidiol and recovery sleep on hepatorenal functions and histological changes in the kidneys and liver of adult male Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6) and were given the following treatments for 21 days: the control group (1ml/kg body weight distilled water), group II [1ml/kg body weight distilled water + 18 hours of sleep deprivation (SD)], group III [10mg/kg body weight of cannabidiol (CBD) + 18 hours SD], group IV [20mg/kg body weight of CBD + 18 hours SD] and group V [1ml/kg body weight distilled water + 18 hours SD + 7 days sleep recovery (SR)]. The modified multiple-platform method was used to induce rapid eye movement sleep deprivation. On completion, the animals were euthanized, and the blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis (Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) & Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], kidney electrolyte, urea and creatinine, serum proteins and oxidative stress biomarker [malondialdehyde (MDA)]. The kidney and liver were harvested, processed, and stained with haematoxylin & eosin for general histoarchitecture.

RESULTS: Results from this study showed no notable differences in CBD and SR groups in the liver enzyme concentrations of AST, ALT and ALP], kidney electrolytes and proteins [potassium ions (K⁺), urea and creatinine] and oxidative stress biomarker (MDA), but there was a remarkable ameliorative effect in the histology of the kidneys and liver of CBD-treated and SR groups compared to the SD-alone group.

CONCLUSION: Findings from this study showed that seven days of sleep recovery and treatment with CBD alleviated the detrimental effects of chronic sleep deprivation on the kidneys and liver of the Wistar rats.

Study of some anthropometric variables among menopausal women with type II diabetes in Lagos Mainland: Shomolu Local Government Area and its environ

F.O. Opoola, S.S. Adebisi, J.P. Tanko, S.A. Akuyam, M. Nwankwo, A. Omotayo — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: According to clinical criteria, menopause is when a woman stops having periods for at least 12 consecutive months which involves hormonal changes that can be challenging for diabetic women especially those reliant on insulin. Anthropometric parameters, including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), are critical indicators of metabolic health and disease risk in menopausal women. Postmenopausal women with type II diabetes often exhibit altered anthropometric parameters such as higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. The aim was to study some anthropometric parameters among menopausal women with type II diabetes in Lagos mainland, Shomolu Local Government Area and its environ.

METHODOLOGY: The study was a cross sectional study among the clinically diagnosed type II diabetic menopausal women who attends clinic in Lagos mainland: Shomolu local government and its environs.

Seven hundred and two (702) clinically diagnosed type II diabetic menopausal women were recruited from some medical facilities at Lagos mainland. Anthropometric parameters such as height, weight, head, neck, mid upper arm, chest, waist, hip and thigh circumferences were taken using standard procedures.

RESULTS: The results indicate the average age at menopause was 46.73±4.44 years and most of the women were diagnosed with Type II Diabetes after menopause (67.2%).

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, weak relationship between some Anthropometric parameters, among menopausal women with type II diabetes in Lagos mainland, Lagos state Nigeria.

Neuroprotective effects of lycopene on lipopolysaccharide-induced cerebellar damage in rats: Implication for Alzheimer’s disease therapy

T.A. Adeyeye, O.F. Shallie, T.R. Saula, S.A. Afolabi, P.D. Shallie — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The alarming rise in Alzheimer's disease prevalence, projected to affect 153 million people by 2050, underscores the urgent need for effective treatments. Previous research implicates oxidative stress in the neuronal death mechanisms associated with Alzheimer's. Lycopene, a carotenoid, has demonstrated neuroprotective properties, reduced oxidative damage, and minimized histopathological changes in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of lycopene in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cerebellar toxicity in rats.

METHODS: Fifty adult Wistar rats were divided into five groups: A (control; non-pelletized rat feed, oil, and water), B treated with 150 mg/kg body weight of LPS only intraperitoneally, C treated with (LPS 150 mg/kg intraperitoneally + 15 mg/kg lycopene orally), D (15 mg/kg lycopene orally + 150 mg/kg LPS intraperitoneally), and E (15 mg/kg lycopene orally). The rats underwent neurobehavioral protocols, and post-sacrifice brain sections were processed and stained using H&E, Silver, and Luxol fast blue counter-stained with Nissl stain.

RESULTS: The LPS treatment group exhibited significant body weight loss and motor coordination impairments, indicated by increased orientation and transit times. Lycopene-treated groups showed mitigated weight loss and improved motor coordination. Histopathological analysis revealed mild neuronal damage in the LPS group, while lycopene-treated groups exhibited milder lesions.

CONCLUSION: Lycopene demonstrates significant neuroprotective effects in LPS-induced cerebellar damage in rats, improving motor coordination and reducing neuronal damage. These findings suggest lycopene's potential as a therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease.

Ameliorative effect of Vernonia amygdalina on lead-induced neurotoxicity on the premotor cortex of adult Wistar rats

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Lead toxicity affects different body systems including the nervous system, resulting in brain damage, neuromuscular weakness, and impaired cognitive functions. This study evaluated the ameliorative effect of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina (AEVA) on lead acetate-induced neurotoxicity of the premotor cortex of adult Wistar rats.

METHODOLOGY: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of five each. The rats were accessed for neurobehavioral studies using a foregrip strength test apparatus. Group I received 1ml/kg body weight of distilled water. Group II received only 120 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate. Group III received 120 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate for 1 week and 2 weeks of natural recovery. Group IV received 120mg/kg body weight of lead acetate and 10mg/kg body weight of Succimer. Group V and VI received 120mg/kg body weighr of lead acetate with 1000mg/kg, and 1500mg/kg body weight of AEVA respectively. Administration lasted for 21 days. At the end of the experimentation, the rats were euthanized and brains harvested for oxidative stress, and histological (H&E) assessments.

RESULTS: A decrease in muscular strength of Wistar rats treated with lead acetate was observed, however, improvement was seen in all the treatment groups, although, it was statistically significant Oxidative stress was induced in rats exposed to lead acetate as indicated by decreased superoxide dismutase, and catalase respectively. However, 1500mg/kg AEVA treatment ameliorated these changes with a significant increase. The results revealed histopathological changes such as karyorrhexis, cytoplasmic vacuolations, pyknosis and karyolysis in the premotor cortices of lead acetate-exposed rats which were ameliorated when treated with AEVA at 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight.

CONCLUSION: This study therefore concludes that aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina ameliorated lead-induced neurotoxicity of the premotor cortex of adult Wistar rats, and may be beneficial to people living in lead endemic areas.

Reproductive impact of Mishenland Polyherbal Mixture on steroid hormone-induced gonadotoxic effects in male Wistar rats

O.A. Adesanya, P.T. Adenowo, A.K. Adefule, B.A. Alabi, L.A.J. Shittu — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Testosterone and its analogs have been used for anabolic and androgenic purposes for several decades. Initially restricted to professional bodybuilders, these substances have become increasingly popular among recreational athletes. The Mishenland polyherbal mixture (MPM) is a herbal preparation used locally for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and is claimed to reverse infertility of unknown cause in men. The aim of study was to investigate ability of MPM to mitigate the gonadotoxic effects of prolonged steroid hormone exposures in the adult male Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used 25 adult male albino rats of age 9 weeks. The animals were divided into five groups of five rats each. After a two-week acclimatization period, all animals except the normal control group received combination doses of 4 mg/kg body weight (bw) testosterone (T) and 0.8 mg/kg bw estradiol (E2) subcutaneously on alternate days for 6 weeks. From the seventh week, experimental groups received 1 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg, and 4 ml/kg bw of MPM, while the control group received 2 ml/kg bw of distilled water. After 4 weeks of treatment, all animals were sacrificed, and their reproductive organs were removed for histological processing (H&E stain).

RESULTS: The testes showed evidence of spermatogenic arrest with partial recovery of the spermatogonia stem cells following MPM treatment. The medium dose-2ml/kg herbal treatment group exhibited greater recovery compared to the control. Priapism persisted in hormone-induced hypogonadal control animals. The induced hypogonadic group (IHPG) had the highest mean packed cell volume (PCV), followed by the normal dose MPM group.

CONCLUSION: MPM demonstrated a mild ability to restore impaired reproductive function in hormone induced gonadotoxic animals and prevented priapism development observed in untreated hormone-exposed animals.

The anthropometric indices of physical development in medical students at the University of Lagos, Nigeria

H.A. Omotayo, J.O. Agbara, T. Nafiu, M.T. Omotayo, N.M. Ibeabuchi — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Limited data is available about the anthropometric indices of physical development of medical students of the University of Lagos Nigeria. This study aims to generate anthropometric data on selected body circumference variables of physical development among medical students in Urban Lagos.

MATERIALS AND METHOD: Simple Random Sampling was deployed to select 157 undergraduate volunteers aged 16-26 years from Medical and Dental students of the College of Medicine the University of Lagos. Anthropometric measurements of weight (kg), height (cm), chest circumference (cm), mid-upper arm and arm flexed circumference (cm), waist circumference (cm) and hip circumference (cm) were taken in accordance with the recommendation of International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Body composition indices such as body mass index (BMI) and height-weight ratio (HWR) were calculated. The data obtained was collated and analysed for Descriptive Statistics (Mean and Standard Deviation).

RESULTS: Results show that female medical students were taller and has accumulated more weight than their male counterpart. Both males and females had a slightly closer BMI. There is a slightly higher HWR for males than females. The Mid-Upper Arm circumference was higher in males than in females. The waist circumference revealed a higher girth in male medical students than female medical students.

CONCLUSION: This is consistent with the fact that the females have an earlier adolescent rapid growth spurt than males. This study has generated a database on some specific anthropometric indices of growth and physical development in male and female medical students in urban Lagos, and the results indicated that there were differences in the pattern of variation depending on the specific dimensions and indices being evaluated.

Assessment of epidemiological risk factors of humeral fractures using x-ray findings of patients presenting at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria: A 2-year review

Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Humeral fractures are among the most common fractures occurring today. In Nigeria, humeral fractures have been reported to account for nearly 3% of all fractures in adults and for about 20% of all fractures in some populations. This is expected to triple in the next three decades. This study aimed to assess the pattern of humeral fractures in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), Irrua, between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, to provide baseline epidemiological data that can help practitioners prepare for effective treatment and management of humeral fractures.

MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study was a retrospective descriptive study of records of humeral fracture patients who had x-rays done to determine the pattern of humeral fractures while being managed at ISTH, Irrua over the 2 years. All 35 cases that met the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. The resulting data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and presented in distribution tables.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The result of this study shows that the incidence of humeral fracture was higher in males, while the adult age group (18 to 59 years) was the most affected by humeral fractures (n = 23, 65.70%). Road Transport Accidents were the leading cause of humeral fractures (n = 25, 71.40%) while the midshaft fractures of the humerus were more prevalent. There is a need for those in charge of healthcare planning at ISTH, Irrua to ensure that equipment and manpower needed for the treatment of humeral fractures are readily available and traffic authorities could devise means of reducing the incidence of Road Transport Accidents.

Effects of Vernonia ambigua on testicular histology, selected semen profiles and serum oxidative stress biomarkers of Wistar rats

E.C. Igwe, E.E. Besong, C.N. Esomchi, J.O. Nwofia, M.C. Okoche, E.O. Onigbo — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Infertility has become an ever-present growing reproductive concern worldwide, with male factors evading required scrutiny due to entrenched cultural beliefs, in lieu of scientific proofs. Though researchers’ contribution is palpable, there is still persistent need for more study in this area. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Vernonia ambigua on testicular histology, selected semen profiles and serum oxidative stress biomarkers of Wistar rats

METHODOLOGY: Twenty rats weighing 200-220g were grouped into four. Each group had five rats. Group A received feed and water. Groups B, C and D received 100mg/kg body weight, 200 mg/kg body weight and 400 mg/kg body weight of Vernonia ambigua respectively for 2 weeks. On the 15th day, blood (serum) samples were collected for oxidative stress biomarkers estimation. Histology of the testis and semen parameters were examined. One way Analysis of Variance in Statistical Package for Social Science was used for data analysis with significance difference set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS: Mild testicular distortion was observed in group D. The levels of glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in groups B, C and D showed no significant difference when compared to levels of the variables in group A. The same outcome was observed in the comparison of sperm viability, morphology and count of groups B, C and D to group A.

CONCLUSION: Vernonia ambigua at lower dose, shows promising antioxidant and reproductive effects especially when sperm viability is preferred to sperm count.

Evaluation of linear facial photogrammetry of the Ibibio Ethnic Group of Nigeria, resident in Port Harcourt

M.A. Amadi, H.B. Fawehinmi, L.E. Oghenemavwe, M.A. Olugbenga, V.C. Ezeuko — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The face plays a major role in identification of every individual. However, variations exist in facial features of various races and ethnic groups. This study aimed at using photogrammetry to assess the linear facial features of the Ibibio ethnic group of Nigeria resident in Port Harcourt.

MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study utilized a total of 500 subjects of Ibibio origin residing in Port Harcourt comprising 250 males and 250 females aged between 21 - 45 years. Linear anthropometric parameters were evaluated using a computer aided facial analysis programme, the WinImager®. Statistical analysis was done using XLSTAT software for Windows, version 2021.50. Continuous variables were presented as mean±SEM.

RESULTS: Results showed mean values for forehead height (54.48±0.13mm), midface height (57.24±0.12mm), lower face height (59.55±0.12mm), Facial width (130.62±0.05mm), eye fissure width (30.34±0.05mm), outer canthal distance (103.36±0.12mm), inner intercanthal distance (33.3±0.13mm), Nasal height (48.15±0.14mm), Nasal tip projection (12.65±0.08mm), Nasal width (38.78±0.1mm), Ear length (55.73±0.1mm) and Mouth width (52.95±0.12mm) for both sexes. For the males, the forehead height was 54.74±0.18mm, mid face height (57.50±0.18mm), nasal height (48.40±0.20mm), lower face height (59.81±0.17mm), outer canthal distance (103.60±0.16mm), inner intercanthal distance (33.54±0.18mm), nasal width (39.01±0.14mm), mouth width (53.18±0.09mm), eye fissure width (30.58±0.07mm), face width (130.83±0.07mm), nasal tip projection (12.79±0.11mm), ear length (55.95±0.13mm) while for the females, the forehead height was 52.23±0.18mm, mid face height (56.98±0.17mm), nasal height (47.90±0.20mm), lower face height (57.29±0.17mm), outer intercanthal distance (102.12±0.16mm), inner intercanthal distance (31.90±018mm), nasal width (38.54±0.14mm), mouth width (52.72±0.10mm), eye fissure width (28.10±0.08mm), face width (128.40±0.08mm), nasal tip projection (12.50±0.11mm) and ear length (53.51±0.13m). z-test was used to compare the difference in means. There was sexual dimorphism with male values being significantly higher (p<0.05) in most parameters except for nasal tip projection (p>0.05). Racial variation was observed when compared with studies in other populations.

CONCLUSION: These parameters are a good source of normative values that can be used in gross anatomical modeling, surgical as well as in forensic science.

Evaluation of geometric parameters of the lumbosacral vertebae: a radiographic study of indigenes, resident in Yenagoa

T.O. Johnbull, S.O. Ngoka — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Dimensions of geometric variables of the lumbar vertebrae are important for proper planning and implant design in the management of low back pain. Variations in the dimensions have been observed across different populations hence the objective of this study to provide reference values for the population under study. This study evaluates the geometric parameters of the lumbosacral vertebrae, focusing on the lumbosacral angle (LSA), lumbar lordosis angle (LLA), and lumbosacral disc angle (LSDA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normal lumbosacral spine x-rays of 200 adult (96 males and 104 females) aged from 18-60 years were used for this study. The lumbosacral angle (LSA), lumber lordotic angle (LLA) and lumbosacral disc angle (LSDA) were measured using a goniometer. Simple random sampling technique was used and all data subjected to statistical analysis with p-value 0.05 as statistically significant.

RESULTS: The mean LSA^o for all ages in our study population is 39.35^o±6.04, while the mean of LLA^o is 42.58^o±7.27 and that for LSDA is 13.54^o±2.60. No significant difference was seen in the values between males and females in LSA^o, LLA^o and LSDA^o.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion this study determined the values of LSA, LLA and LSDA in the study population which will be of value in the intervention and management of low back pain in our population.

The concept of forensic taphonomy: understanding the postmortem processes of dead remains

J.O. Ikpa, U.E. Umana, J.A. Timbuak, C.O. Obun, E.J. Ema, M.E. Omuh — Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Taphonomy is the discipline that investigates and interprets all activities that occur to remains after death. Postmortem Interval (PMI) is a critical concept in forensic science and refers to the time elapsed between the death of an individual and the discovery and examination of their remains. Estimating the PMI is often one of the primary objectives in forensic investigations, as it can provide crucial information to investigators, such as the approximate time of death, which is vital in narrowing down potential suspects and reconstructing the events leading to the demise of an individual. By gaining insights into the PMI and the conditions surrounding a body after death, forensic taphonomy can aid law enforcement in solving crime by providing a scientific foundation for estimating when a crime might have occurred. The concept of forensic taphonomy is a dynamic and indispensable aspect of forensic science. It sheds light on the intricate processes that occur after death and helps solve mysteries, bring perpetrators to justice, and offer solace to those affected by the tragedy. As forensic science continues to evolve, so does our understanding of taphonomy, making it an ever-relevant field in the realm of criminal investigations and human identification. The accuracy and dependability of PMI estimates have been substantially improved globally by improvements in methodologies and the incorporation of advanced Systems. However, difficulties still exist, such as differences in insect behavior across geographical regions and the requirement for thorough databases for documented data. Forensic taphonomy is a critical aspect of modern forensic science and as such requires development and research in developing countries hence the purpose of this study.