Determinants of adoption of open defecation-free (ODF) innovations: A case study of Nadowli-Kaleo district, Ghana

Abstract

This study investigated the adoption of sanitation innovations  introduced in Nadowli-Kaleo   District in Upper West Region of Ghana as part of the efforts to attain open defecation free (ODF) status. The study follows a Community Led Total Sanitation  (CLTS) programme implementation in the district in which less than half of the households in the community adopted the ODF   innovations introduced. It explored why some community  members adopt ODF innovations and why others do not. The study also investigated factors that determined continued use of the  innovations and the effects of sustained adoption on the community. A qualitative research design was used to gather data from 252 households across seven area councils in the  Nadowli-Kaleo District. An interview instrument was used together with, non-participant observation and key informant interviews to collect qualitative data. The study established that: while effective   communication of innovation resulted in  widespread awareness, low income levels significantly accounted for households’ inability to sustain and utilize latrines. Other factors that influenced sustainable adoption of ODF innovations are the health and security advantages as well as the comfort and dignifying experience of privacy. In addition, cultural beliefs contributed to low levels of attitudinal change resulting in resistance to the adoption and sustainable use of ODF  innovations. We recommend that future ODF programs based on CLTS module should intensify behaviour change communication (BCC) strategies such as interpersonal communication, mass media and role-play to bring about attitudinal change after the creation of awareness.

Key words: Sanitation, Community Led Total Sanitation, Innovation, Open Defecation (OD), Open Defecation Free (ODF), Triggering, Ghana