Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

Perceived Effects of Port and Harbor Accidents on Its Operational Performance: A Case Study of Apapa Seaport, Lagos State, Nigeria

O. J. Anyanwu — 2024-12-17

The objective of this study was to evaluate the perceived effects of port and harbor accidents on its operational performance at the Apapa Seaport, Lagos State, Nigeria using eighty (80) questionnaires which were appropriately distributed out of which seventy-five (75) were accurately filled and returned. The study revealed that the majority of these accidents were caused by human error, equipment failure, and poor maintenance. The high rate of accidents at the Nigeria seaports has a significant effect on its operational performance and the study therefore recommends that near miss cases of accidents which contributes to more than 50% of total accidents in the port should be avoided including other recommendations.

Hydrographic Nodality as Index for Predicting Fish Species Richness in West African Riverine Ecosystems

R. P. King — 2024-12-17

The objective of this paper is to present the hydrographic nodality (N) and fish species richness (FSR) to evaluate the N-FSR relationships for West African riverine ecosystems using six Predictive Expressions (the Linear Line, Power Curve, Exponential Curve, Logarithmic Curve, Parabola and Cubic Curves). Of these models, the exponential curve, cubic curve, logarithmic curve and parabola curve were found to be adequate for FSR prediction in terms of their high degree of fitness to the data points and high forecasting efficiencies. These are given respectively as: FSR = 47.811e^0.0102N, FSR = 0.0035N³ – 1.0029N² +78.995N + 155.62; FSR = 16.02LnN +78.92; and FSR = 0.2191N² +48.118N + 292.92.

Assessment of Type and Concentration of Pesticide Residues in Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) and Green Amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus) Sold in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

B. O. Akinyanmi — 2024-12-17

Pesticide residues have been reported in edible agricultural products, posing a huge public health risk. This study investigated the type and concentration of pesticide residues present in common vegetables, Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) and Green Amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus), sold in four major markets in a capital city, Akure, Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria. Using a series of Gas Chromatography techniques, twenty-three (23) pesticide residues including herbicides, organophosphates, organochlorines and pyrethroids were identified. The mean pesticide residues with the highest concentration (in ppm) in each group include Herbicide: Atrazine (Fluted pumpkin – 0.35, Amaranth – 0.18, Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) – 0.05); Organophosphate: Mevinphos (Fluted Pumpkin – 0.047, Amaranth – 0.043, MRL – 0.01); Organochlorine: Lindane (Fluted Pumpkin – 0.67, Amaranth – not detected (ND), MRL – 0.01) and Aldrin (Fluted Pumpkin – ND, Amaranth – 0.19, MRL – 0.01); Pyrethroid: Permethrin (Fluted Pumpkin – 1.13, Amaranth – 0.23, MRL – 0.05). The frequency of pesticide residues contamination was higher in Fluted Pumpkin (12) than in Green Amaranth (9). The presence of multi-pesticide residues in the vegetables at levels above the WHO MRL and the attendant toxic effect makes pesticide contamination of leafy vegetables a priority public health concern in Akure. This study has brought to the fore the need for more attention to be paid to pesticide contamination of locally-consumed agricultural products against the high incidence of health challenges (such as cancer, birth defect, impaired immune function, and neurobehavioral disorder) linked to pesticide contamination.

Heavy Metal Concentrations and Potential Human Health Risk for Consuming Gills, Muscles, Liver and Gonads of Silver Catfish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) Reaped from Great Kwa River, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

E. M. Ayim — 2024-12-17

The objective of this paper was to assess the concentrations of Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Cr, Zn and the potential human health risk associated with consuming contaminated gills, muscles, liver and , gonads of silver catfish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) reaped from Great Kwa River, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) after mixed acid digestion. The results showed that Mean concentrations of lead in the muscles, liver, gills, gonads (sperm and ovary) of C. nigrodigitatus range between 0.050±0.022 mg/kg to 0.242±0.027 mg/kg. The difference in lead content of C. nigrodigitatus organs was significant (p ≤ 0.05) and displayed the trend: gills > liver = muscles > gonads (sperm) = gonads (ovary). Cadmium, mercury and arsenic concentrations were not detected in the organs. Arsenic was only detected in the liver and gills of C.nigrodigitatus. The Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) were compared to determine the safe levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, Zinc and arsenic that can be obtained from the consumption of C. nigrodigitatus sampled from the River. With the exception of zinc, all of the metals' average EDIs were below the suggested daily consumption threshold. For every metal in the research, the average Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) was less than 1.00. Findings suggest that there is little risk of cancer from lead, arsenic, and cadmium in C. nigrodigitatus, therefore continuous monitoring of these metals in the study area is necessary to ensure the good quality of the aquatic environment.

Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil over Nickel-modified Calcium Phosphate Scum (Ni-CaPs) Catalyst from the Sugar Refining Industry

O. U. Osazuwa — 2024-12-17

The increasing global energy demand has sparked a search for sustainable fuel sources. Biodiesel from organic waste offers a promising solution to reduce carbon emissions. Hence, the objective of this paper was to synthesize biodiesel production from used cooking oil using nickel-modified calcium phosphate scum (Ni-CaPs) from sugar refining industry as a catalyst. X ray diffraction analysis revealed the crystalline structure of CaO, NiO, and SiO₂. X-ray fluorescence showed a composition of 50.316 % CaO, 4.61 % NiO, and 18.60 % SiO₂. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups associated with C-N, C-Cl, and C-H stretching bonds. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the catalyst's morphological and compositional properties. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimized the reaction conditions: 55°C, 90 mins, 1 wt. % catalyst loading, and 12:1 methanol-to oil molar ratio. This yielded 93.2 % biodiesel, with an R² value of 0.9886. The Ni-CaPs catalyst offers cost-effectiveness, simple synthesis process, stability, and widespread availability of raw materials. This study demonstrates the potential of Ni-CaPs as a sustainable, efficient catalyst for biodiesel production from waste materials, contributing to a more environmentally friendly energy solution.

Total Nitrogen Absorption in Soil and its Uptake by Amaranthus cruentus Plant in Kwadon, Yamaltu/Deba Local Government Area of Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria

B. Hammani — 2024-12-17

The objective of this paper was to investigate the total nitrogen absorption in soil and its uptake by Amaranthus cruentus plant in Kwadon, Yamaltu/Deba Local Government Area of Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained show that the total N content was 0.53-1.32% with manure at 0-15 and 0.28-0.87% with manure at 15-30, while total N was obtained to be 0.19-0.53% without manure (control) at 0-15 and 0.11-0.59% at 15-30 without manure (control). The Amaranthus cruentus total N content was 0.06-2.10% with manure at 0-15 and 0.06-0.15% with manure at 15-30, whereas total N was obtained to be 0.02-0.09% both at 0-15 and 15-30 without manure (control). The total N content in soil was relatively higher than that of Amaranthus cruentus. The crop growth rate (GGR) was highest (146.21) and lowest (92.73) and (128.39) and lowest (61.54) on manure at days 0-15 and 15-30 of application, respectively. A similar trend was observed for total dry matter production (TDMP), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area ratio (LAR), and net assimilation rate (NAR). The highest (53.72) and lowest (25.42), and (53.72) and lowest (25.42) TDMPs were recorded on 15-30 and 0-15, respectively. The LAR and NAR were also the highest (5.31 and 0.07, respectively) on manure at day 0-15 after application. The lowest (2.21) LAR and (0.04) NAR were observed on days 0-15 after the application of manure. The manure exhibited the smallest positive changes in LAI, CGR, LAR, NAR, and TDMP after 15-30 days of application.

Assessment of the Therapeutic and Protective Effects of Fermented Ripe and Unripe Carica papaya Fruit Extracts on Histomorphological and Biochemical Alterations in Ibuprofen-Induced Esophageal Ulceration in Wistar Rats

M. A. Amadi — 2024-12-17

The objective of this paper is to assess the therapeutic and protective effects of fermented ripe and unripe Carica papaya fruit extracts on histomorphological and biochemical alterations in ibuprofen-induced esophageal ulceration in wistar rats usin appropriate standard methods. Results revealed decrease in body weight compared to Control. Similarly, there was significant organ weight reduction. Biochemical analysis revealed that C. papaya fruit extracts significantly increased (p<0.05) the levels of SOD and catalase, and significantly decreased (p<0.05) in MDA level. Histological analysis showed normal structural arrangement, with hyperkeratosis and squamous hyperplasia in the control group. Ibuprofen treated group demonstrated severe squamous dysplasia, while pretreatment FRP and FUP groups, showed mild squamous dysplasia while the omeprazole group exhibited moderate squamous dysplasia. Ibuprofen when administered alone or accompanied by other drugs caused some form of gastroesophageal ulcerations which were ameliorated by the administration of fermented C. papaya fruit extracts.

Monitoring and Evaluation Practices on Building Construction Project Delivery among Tertiary Institutions of Ondo State, Nigeria

S. O. Olaremi — 2024-12-17

The objectives of this paper are to monitor and evaluate the practices on building construction project delivery among tertiary institutions in Ondo State, Nigeria, using appropriate standard methods adopting a survey design technique administered to 105 construction professionals with an 81% response rate. Multiple analytical techniques of descriptive and appropriate inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The results, using multiple logistic regression, reveal that benchmarking, earned value analysis, feasibility studies, key performance indicators, program evaluation and review technique, balance scorecard, and work breakdown structure significantly affected the delivery of building construction projects of the tertiary institutions in Ondo State, Nigeria. The study recommends that higher institutions in the study area should not relent in their M&E strategies for the continuous and timely delivery of building construction projects. Additionally, M&E techniques such as program evaluation review, work breakdown structure, and earned value analysis could be improved upon for enhanced delivery of building construction projects of tertiary institutions in Ondo State, Nigeria.

Evaluation of Socio-Economic and Medicinal Benefits of Picralima nitida in Ibadan South East Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria

O. C. Odeyale — 2024-12-17

Picralima nitida is medicinal plant that is highly valued for its wide medicinal properties throughout its distribution areas. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the socio-economic and medicinal benefits of Picralima nitida in Ibadan South East Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Results showed that the respondents were dominated by females (86.0%), married (66.0%) with no formal education (29.0%). Based on the likert scale rating, nine perceptional statements were agreed to except combining Picralima nitida with synthetic drug for use was disagreed to. Fourteen medicinal uses of Picralima nitida were identified. These included treatment of cancer, diabetes, fever, fibroid, gastrointestine, hypertension, jaundice, malaria, menstrual pain, pile, pneumonia, sexual weakness, stomach ache and typhoid with different methods of preparation and usage. The logit model showed that education and gender had the likelihood of significantly influencing the supply of honey at p<0.01. The study concluded that Picralima nitida have wide acceptability and perception among the population of study.

Socio-Economic Impact of Rubber Business on Latex Tappers in Ijebu Waterside Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria

O. C. Odeyale — 2024-12-17

The objective of this paper was to investigate the socio-economic impact of rubber business on latex tappers in Ijebu Waterside Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods The result showed that all the tappers are male, (35.0%) of the respondents are in their 40s, 55.0% are married and 66.0% had secondary school education. Furthermore, all (100.0%) the tappers went through training for a minimum of three months before starting the business and they all admitted that rubber tree lasts for 30yrs and that the shelf life of rubber product is one year. Most (67.0%) claimed that rubber tapping business was moderately profitable and that it has helped improve their standard of living. 92.0% claimed that the cost of maintaining the business was moderate and that the business has a significant impact on the community because it serves as a source of employment to residents and helped to alleviate poverty in the study area. Among the challenges experienced by rubber tappers, insecurity and theft of rubber product stood out as a principal challenge. The study therefore recommends that adequate security should be provided either by the associations they form or by government in order to maximize their profit from the business.

Occurrence and Antibiotics susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus in Chronic skin Ulcer patients attending a Specialist Public healthcare Hospital at Chanchaga Local Government Area, Minna, Niger state, Nigeria

D. Danasabe — 2024-12-17

Staphylococcus aureus is a non-motile gram positive bacterium that is responsible for a large amount of disease in humans and animals. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the occurrence and antibiotics susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus in Chronic skin Ulcer patients attending a Specialist Public healthcare Hospital at Chanchaga Local Government Area, Minna, Niger state, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The results obtained indicated that Staphylococcus aureus predominates with thirty- four (34)(89.5%) isolates, while Staphylococcus epidermidis was found to be four (4)(10.5 %) isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed high resistance of S. aureus isolates to Zinacef (91%), Amoxacillin (94%), while S. epidermidis isolates showed total resistance to Ampiclox (100%), Amoxacillin (100%),Zinacef (100%) and Rocephine(100%). Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates showed total (100%) susceptibility to Pefloxacin, Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) patterns were also detected among the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. This study concludes that understanding the resistance patterns is critical for guiding effective treatment strategies and warrant continual surveillance to reduce the escalating threat of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus infection in chronic skin ulcer among patients. It was recommended that the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agent should be stopped.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters of Ship-Borne Bilge, Ballast and Black Wastewaters Obtained From Ships Docked In Warri Port, Delta State, Nigeria

A. J. Tonjoh — 2024-12-17

The impact of oil and grease content of bilge water on Nigeria’s coastal environment is significant, hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of ship-borne Bilge, Ballast and Black wastewaters obtained from ships docked in Warri port, Delta State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Data obtained show that the levels (mean ± SD) of some of the physicochemical parameters in the wastewaters were pH (6.68 ± 0.28); Cu(1.17 ± 0.2); Fe (2.57 ± 04); Pb (0.5 ± 0.1) and Zn ((1.01 ± 0.40). The results of the analysis shows that the extent of marine pollution based on physicochemical parameters of ship generated wastewater from vessels against the DPR standard are significant and that oil and grease content of bilge water, ship ballast water and garbage waste from Warri port significantly impact on Nigeria’s coastal environment. The study therefore recommended appropriate measures of ship disposal and policy implementation and enforcement for strict compliance.

Oil and Grease content of Bilge Water obtained from Ships Docked at the Warri Seaport, Delta State, Nigeria

E. P. Kim — 2024-12-17

This study is aimed at empirically investigating the impact of oil and grease content of bilge water on Nigeria’s Coastal environment. Literatures were reviewed and the study adopted an experimental research design. The researchers applied laboratory experimental analysis, physicochemical parameters of ship generated wastewater from vessels against the DPR standard was measured. The results of the analysis showed that the value of oil/Grease content of Bilge water is 72µg/L while the DPR limit value is 48 µg/L, however, the mean value of Oil/grease content of wastewater is 35.0 µg/L. Based on the findings, the researchers rejected hypothesis one and accepted hypothesis two, hence concluded that the value of oil/grease content of bilge water is significantly different from the mean DPR Limit. They also concluded that the mean value of oil/grease content of wastewater is not significantly different from the mean DPR Limit. Based on the result, the researchers recommended appropriate measures for the disposal of ship wastewater; better policy implementation and enforcement for strict compliance on bilge water disposal as well as adequate treatment of onboard wastewater.

Comparative Studies of Some Topological Properties on Hyperspaces of Convex Bodies and Wasserstein Hyperspace Associated with Riemannian Manifold

M. A. Morawo — 2024-12-17

The topological properties of some Gromov–Hausdorff hyperspaces of convex bodies associated with Riemannian manifold have been investigated, however, the objective of this paper is to provide a comparative studies of some topological properties on hyperspaces of convex bodies and Wasserstein hyperspace associated with Riemannian manifold, where some of these hyperspaces were proved to be AR, ANR, homogeneous, universal and strongly universal.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Characterization and Elemental Composition of used, Recycled, and Fresh Lubricating Engine Oils of Total Quartz and Hardex Brands

O. V. Akpoveta — 2024-12-17

Disposal of used engine oils directly into the environment poses severe pollution risk. This can however be checked if green approaches are employed in recycling the waste oil to base oil for further applications. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the physicochemical characterization and elemental composition of used, recycled, and fresh lubricating engine oils of Total quartz and Hardex brands using appropriate standard procedures; to ascertain the suitability of the recycled oil for further automobile applications. The recycling process resulted in a 38% recovery of base oil from used Total quartz oil and 42% recovery from used Hardex oil. The examined quality parameters include color, flash point, pour point, carbon residue, specific gravity, ash content, viscosity index, kinematic viscosity, acidic value, total acidic number, and elemental composition (Fe, Cu, Al, Cd, Mn, Zn, Si). A summarized statistical analysis of all the data obtained using ANOVA showed a significant difference at a 95% confidence limit between reference data from fresh oil brands and used oils, indicating significant deterioration of lubricating properties in the used oils. Statistical analysis of quality index data from both recycled oil brands relative to the fresh oil brands showed no significant difference at p<0.05; which demonstrates the success of the green recycling technique. The findings show that the recycled base oil could be rebranded for further applications, therefore a green recycling approach on used engine oils should be encouraged due to its ecological and economic benefits.

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Tomatoes, Bananas, Spinach and Okra commonly sold at Old Market, Patigi, Kwara State, Nigeria

F. B. Abdulrahaman — 2024-12-17

Fresh fruits and vegetables are vital components of a healthy diet but are often linked to foodborne illnesses due to microbial contamination. Thus, the objective of this paper is to isolate and identify pathogenic bacteria associated with Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), bananas (Musa spp.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) commonly sold at Old Market, Patigi, Kwarra State, Nigeria using standard microbiological techniques. Bacterial load of fresh produce range from 0.7 x - 1.8 x and from 3.3 x -7.0 x in spoiled produce.The total bacterial load was higher in spoiled produce, with spoiled bananas recording 7.0 × 10⁴ cfu/ml, while fresh okra had the lowest bacterial load of 0.7 × 10⁴ cfu/ml. Morphological and biochemical analyses identified Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent species, occurring in 66.67% of banana samples, 33.33% of spinach samples, and 33.33% of tomato samples. These findings highlight significant microbial contamination of fresh and spoiled produce, emphasizing the potential health risks associated with consuming raw or minimally processed fruits and vegetables. The study underscores the need for improved hygiene practices during handling, storage, and sale, as well as the implementation of regular microbiological monitoring to ensure food safety in local markets.

Diagenetic Quality, Extent of Alteration and Preservation of Organic Matter of Wells A and B in Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria

C. O. Igili — 2024-12-17

This study investigates the application of palynofacies and calcareous nannofossils in determining the diagenetic qualities of Wells A and B in the Niger Delta Basin. The objective is to evaluate the diagenetic quality, extent of alteration and preservation of organic matter. The acid method for samples preparation was employed for the recovery of biofacies assemblages present in the two wells. The assemblages were dominated by moderate records of terrestrial sporomorphs such as Retitricolporites irregularis, Monocolpites sp., Laevigatosporites sp., Verrucatosporites sp., Acrostichum aureum, Psilatricolporites crassus and nannofossils such as Discoaster bollii, Discoaster, Catinaster coalitus, Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus, Sphenolithus moriformis, Coccolithus pelagicus and Helicosphaera carteri. Occurrence of Verrucatosporites sp., Acrostichum aureum, and Psilatricolporites crassus may indicate some degree of degradation or oxidation, suggesting fair preservation quality. These palynomorphs are more susceptible to degradation. Abundance of Botryococcus braunii, Echiperiporites estelae, and fungal spores could indicate shallow water environment with potential degradation or contamination, suggesting poor preservation quality. Presence of Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus and Sphenolithus moriformis may indicate some degree of dissolution, potentially related to changes in pH or oxygen levels. Abundance of Sphenolithus moriformis could suggest overcompaction, leading to deformation or fragmentation of nannofossils. Occurrence of Catinaster coalitus and Coccolithus pelagicus may indicate some degree of reworking, potentially due to changes in sediment supply or winnowing. In conclusion, the wells has experienced varying degrees of diagenetic alteration. While some intervals show good preservation quality, others have undergone oxidation, degradation, or contamination, resulting in fair to poor preservation quality. Also there is no significance difference between the two wells.

Dynamic Response of Axial Forced Rayleigh Non-uniform Beam Under Accelerating Distributed Load

S. T. Ayeni — 2024-12-17

This research examines the dynamic response of axial forced Rayleigh non-uniform beam under accelerating distributed load. The governing partial differential equation of order four and the transverse deflection in which the simply supported Rayleigh beam of finite length under accelerating distributed load was considered. The effects of axial force values, shear modulus, foundation modulus, load speed and gyrating radius in connection with the length of the span of a Rayleigh beam were investigated. The fourth order partial differential equation in equation was reduced to a second order differential equation using the Fourier sine finite integral transformation method. Starting with the definition of the Fourier sine finite for, the simplified second order differential equation is solved using the Laplace transform. Numerical results were presented and it was observed that for all values of various axial force, the deflection is constant from the origin, but there is a minor difference on the positive side. Also, the result showed that for all values of shear modulus, the deflection remains constant. It was further observed that the midpoint deflection of the Rayleigh beam increases as load speeds, foundation modulus and gyrating radius increases. Finally, the results obtained are validated and are found to compare favorable well with those in the open literature.

Plastic Bag Usage, Inappropriate Disposal and Its Environmental Impacts in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

M. A. Akanbi-Gada — 2024-12-17

Plastic bag usage and inappropriate disposal have become serious environmental issues, especially in developing nations with sometimes insufficient waste management infrastructure. Hence, the objective of this paper is to survey the plastic bag usage, inappropriate disposal and its environmental impacts in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria by collecting primary data with 100 an online questionnaire. The results were then analyzed and displayed in graphical formats, such as pie charts. According to the poll, 76% of participants said they preferred using plastic bags, and 69% said they used them occasionally. Burning (45%) and open dumping (47%), two disposal techniques that greatly increase environmental contamination, were used. Additionally, 92% of respondents said they were aware of the negative environmental effects of disposing of plastic bags. The findings show that Ilorin has a significant reliance on plastic bags, and that inadequate waste management methods are causing environmental deterioration. The study discovered that although most people are aware of the harm plastic trash does to the ecosystem, inappropriate disposal practices are nevertheless common.

Microbial And Proximate Properties Of Lime Juice Bio-Preserved Ogi Procured From New Benin Market, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

C. A. Ngwoke — 2024-12-17

Ogi, made from maize cereal is widely used in West Africa, especially as a weaning diet for children and could be preserved inwith the water decanted after every 24hours or in the freezer. However, these preservative methods are labour intensive or expensive. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the microbial and proximate properties of lime juice bio-preserved Ogi procured from New Benin Market, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques and procedures. Bacteria isolates from both the control and test samples were characterized by cultural methods in appropriate media and identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Proximate analysis of the samples stored with lime juice and that of the control, stored with water was also carried out. The total bacteria count for samples stored at room temperature (28±2^oC) ranged from 2 x 10³ to 33.3 x 10³CFU/g, while the fungal count was between 12 x 10³ to 29 x 10³CFU/g. Organisms identified from the control sample were Lactobacillus sp, Lueconostocs sp and Staphylococcus aureus. The experimental samples yielded Corynebacterium sp, Flavobacterium sp and Klebsiella sp. The presence of lime inhibited the growth of some organisms but did not affect the variety of microorganisms present. Determination of the proximate analysis of the samples stored with lime juice and that of the control, stored with water showed no significant difference in the composition of the nutrients. However, the samples treated with lime juice had a longer shelf life and better organoleptics.

Investigation of the Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of Well AMKP 2-11 in Shallow, Offshore Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria

H. G. O. Nwachukwu — 2024-12-17

The objective of this paper was to investigate the foraminiferal biostratigraphy of well AMKP 2-11 (interval 3280m to 4629m), in shallow, offshore of the Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures with 135 ditch cutting samples analysed at 60m. 40 foram species were recovered including Cylammina minima, C. cancellata, Saccamina complanata, Haplophragmoides narivaensis, H. compressa, H. obliquecameratus, Ammobaculites strathearnensis, Valvulina flexilis, Recurvoides deformis. One foram biozone N17 was identified and characterised by top occurrences of Cyclammina minima and Saccamina complanata at 3390m and top occurrence of Haplophragmoides narivaensis at 4130m. The occurrence of Haplophragmoides narivaensis, Globigerinoides extremus and influx of agglutinated taxa in the studied section of the well enabled an inference of Late Miocene (Messinian) age. The paleoenvironment of deposition is identified as Upper Continental Shelf to Mid Continental Shelf environments based on the occurrence of the Inner Neritic biofacies such as Lenticulina inornata, Heterolepa pseudoungeri and Ammobaculites spp. as well as deep water middle to outer shelfal foraminiferal assemblages, such as Cyclammina minima, Haplophragmoides compressa, Vavulina flexilis, Trochammina globigeriniformis, Uvigerina peregrina of the Middle Neritic. Therefore, a Middle Neritic (Middle Continental Shelf) environment (40–100 m) was inferred due to the presence of very fine-grained clay signifying slow rate of deposition of taxa as well as distinctive benthonic foraminiferal assemblage: Cyclammina minima, C. cancellata, Saccammina complanata, Uvigerina subperegrina, Vavulina flexilis, Karreriella siphonella. This work provides detailed the biostratigraphic framework of the well section.

Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane and Benzene Hexachloride Metabolite Residues in Blood of Khat (Catha edulis) Chewers and Agricultural Workers in Wondogenet district, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia

S. R. Sisay — 2024-12-17

Ethiopia is the world’s largest producer and exporter of khat. However, pesticides are used intensively to protect khat from destruction of pest and increase its product, which is leading exposure to agricultural workersandkhat chewers. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the levels of Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) and Benzene Hexachloride (BHC) Metabolite Residues in Blood samples of Khat (Catha edulis) Chewers and Agricultural Workers in Wondogenet district, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia using appropriate standard techniques. Data obtained show that in chewers blood samples the concentration was ranked as follows: p,p’-DDE (14.26µgL^-1) >p,p’-DDT(5.88µgL^-1) > Gamma BHC (3.378µgL^-1) >Beta BHC (2.336µgL^-1)>Delta BHC (0.506 µgL^-1).Whereas ,in sprayer workers the concentration was ranked as follow:p,p’-DDE (13.245µgL^-1) >p,p’-DDT(5.468 µgL^-1) > Gamma BHC (3.13µgL^-1) >Beta BHC (2.169 µgL^-1) >Delta BHC (0.469 µgL^-1) and in farmers blood sample the concentration of pesticides was as follow;p,p’-DDE (0.193µgL^-1) >p,p’-DDT(0.192µgL^-1) > Gamma BHC (0.11µgL^-1) >Beta BHC (0.07µgL^-1) >Delta BHC (0.02µgL^-1).There is significant difference in mean concentration of delta BHC,gammaBHC,betaBHC,,ppDDE and ppDDT in blood serum among spray workers and farmers as well as khat chewers and farmers.Furthermore, onepesticides:ppDDE had residues above ADI in blood serum of khat chewers and spray workers.Therefore, vigilant monitoring pesticide levels in khat is imperative for addressing environmental and public health concerns. It is essential for policymakers to take appropriate measures at this critical time to safeguard public health against the threats posed by pesticide pollution in Khat cultivation.

Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metals in Groundwater and Streams at Essene, Ikot Abasi Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

O. Ndodo — 2024-12-17

The objective of this paper is to evaluate some physicochemical properties and Heavy Metals in groundwater and streams at Essene, Ikot Abasi Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. The physicochemical analysis showed that the average chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen levels in groundwater were 1.48±0.39 mg/l, 1.364±0.21 mg/l, and 4.26±0.22 mg/l, respectively. For streams, these values were 1.12±0.44 mg/l, 1.46±0.36 mg/l, and 6.04±0.43 mg/l, respectively. Although these parameters were within WHO recommended limits, though they did not meet the WHO standards for drinking water. The heavy metal analysis revealed higher concentrations in stream water (Fe: 0.721 mg/l; Cu: 0.42 mg/l; Pb: 0.0146 mg/l; Cd: 0.22 mg/l) compared to groundwater (Fe: 0.451 mg/l; Cu: 0.12 mg/l; Pb: 0.004 mg/l; Cd: 0.155 mg/l). Iron (Fe) levels exceeded WHO limits in both groundwater and stream water. However, a paired sample t-test indicated no significant difference (P<0.05) between the heavy metal concentrations in groundwater and streams. The study highlighted the elevated levels of certain heavy metals (Fe and Cd), emphasizing the need for regular monitoring to mitigate the impact of human activities on water quality in the Essene community.

Prevalence, Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiogram of Uro-pathogenic Escherichia coli among Patients attending a Tertiary Institution Teaching Hospital in Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria

M. A. Garga — 2024-12-17

The objective of this paper was to investigate the prevalence, phenotypic characterization and antibiogram of uro-pathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) among patients attending a Tertiary Institution Teaching Hospital in Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods with one hundred and fifty (150) urine samples. Data obtained reveals that 78(52%) yielded growth with 25(16.67%) UPEC prevalence from the study population. The highest prevalence based on age was observed in the age group 31-40 years (35.9%). Based on gender, females were observed to have high UTIs prevalence (55.55%) than males. UPEC isolates were found to be highly susceptible to Nitrofurantoin and Imipenem while notable UPEC resistance were observed with ERY, CAZ, CRX, and AMP. Multiple drug resistant index (MARI) ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 in FTHK patients indicating the existence of high multi-drug resistance UPEC. Routine surveillance on UPEC among UTI patients is recommended.

Liver Function Test between Normotensive and Hypertensive Pregnant Women in those with Preeclampsia and Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension in Benin City, Nigeria

K. Atoe — 2024-12-17

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), are associated with liver dysfunction. Hence, the objective of this paper is to examine the differences in liver function test (LFT) parameters between normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women in those with preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in Benin City, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods by recruiting 190 participants: 124 with preeclampsia, 36 with PIH, and 30 normotensive controls. Liver function tests included serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, and serum albumin. Results obtained showed significant differences were found in liver function test parameters among the three groups. Preeclampsia was associated with elevated AST (9.55 U/L), ALT (6.86 U/L), and ALP (46.51 IU/L) levels. PIH was characterized by elevated total bilirubin levels (2.34 mg/dL). Socio-demographic analysis revealed preeclampsia was more common among remarried individuals, while PIH was associated with lower secondary education levels. Obesity was linked to altered liver function in preeclamptic patients. This study highlights the importance of liver function tests in identifying pregnant women at risk of hypertensive disorders and related liver complications. The findings suggest that liver function test parameters can serve as useful biomarkers for early detection and management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Assessment of Bacterial Contamination of Fish from Aquaculture Sources and Its Public Health Implications in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

A. C. Nwuzo — 2024-12-17

The objective of this paper was assessment of bacterial contamination of fish from aquaculture sources and its public health implications in Abakaliki, Ebonyi state, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. .Colony enumeration of bacteria isolates from fish harvested in Abakaliki revealed a high Bacteria count of 6.5 x 10^-4cfu/g, and lowest of 1.9 x 10^-4cfu/g, while 4.09 x 10⁴ is the average mean. The isolates were identified and characterized using standard microbiological procedures. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent bacterium (26%), Vibro cholera (22%), Shigella (13%) while the least Salmonella has (9%). The Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin (100 %) and ofloxacin (100 %) but highly resistant to ampicillin (100 %). Gram negative pathogens (Escherichia coli,Vibro cholera and Shigella species) were highly susceptible to perofloxacin (100 %) and Ofloxacin (100 %). It also showed high resistance to amoxicillin (100 %), chloramphenicol (100 %), gentamicin (100 %), nitrofurantoin (100 %). The high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in this study is a serious concern as the resistance patterns of E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella species, Vibro cholerae and Shigella can have implications on human health, thereby suggesting that fish processors and vendors should improve handling hygiene and consumers should also handle fish properly in order to minimize possible health hazards.

Effect of Processing Methods on Sodium Glutamate Seasoning Production from Milk Bush (Thevetia peruviana) Seed Collected at Lafe Area, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

M. T. Akintelu — 2024-12-17

Sodium glutamate is a major component for the production of seasoning. Studies have revealed that Thevetia peruviana seed contained high amount of glutamic acid which makes it essential for industrial applications. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of oven-dried, air-dried and sun-dried processing methods on sodium glutamate seasoning production from milk bush (Thevetia peruviana) seed collected at Lafe Area, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. The result for the qualitative determination of sodium glutamate ((seasoning) (oven, air and sun-dried kernel 0.792, 0.692 and 0.875 respectively against the control 0.750, 0.654 and 0.830) and quantitative analysis confirmed that the sample is sodium-glutamate (seasoning). The result revealed that there was presence of sufficient protein in the produced salt which can serve as a good source of protein, also the result showed that the processing technique does not affect the parameters evaluated. It was concluded that the production of seasoning from the kernel of Thevetia peruviana is an alternative source of producing seasoning which is biological, biodegradable, available in large quantity by planting and can replace the existing chemically produced seasoning.

Artificial Neural Networks with various Transfer Functions for Modeling Rainfall Patterns in Sokoto, Nigeria

C. S. Ofordu — 2024-12-17

Accurate rainfall prediction is crucial for agricultural practices and water resource management in semi-arid regions. Hence, the objective of this paper is to employ Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) with various transfer functions for modeling rainfall patterns in Sokoto, Nigeria. Rainfall data from 1990 to 2019 alongside average temperature, relative humidity, and year were utilized. Three candidate transfer functions (logsig, purelin, tansig) were compared within a multi-layered ANNs architecture. The performance of each model was evaluated using correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results revealed that the ANN with the tansig transfer function achieved the highest R (0.8789) and the lowest RMSE (0.0125), demonstrating a strong positive relationship between predictions and actual data with minimal errors. This performance surpassed previously reported ANNs models for rainfall prediction in some Nigerian northwestern regions. The study concludes that tansig is the most effective transfer function for modeling Sokoto's rainfall patterns using ANNs. This model can be a valuable tool for stakeholders in agriculture and water management to make informed decisions based on predicted rainfall patterns.

Influence of Heat Input On Mechanical Properties of Tungsten Inert Gas Welded Joint

J. Sinebe — 2024-12-17

Welding is key sector in the manufacturing industry, and plays a critical role in making possible joints of different materials is achievable. Nevertheless, certain attributes of the welding process must be addressed, to ensure joints durable and reliable are produced. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the influence of heat input on the mechanical properties of a Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welded joint. Data obtained reveals that the most stable bead width is recorded at a low heat input. Therefore, maintaining and controlling the heat input is capable of guaranteeing the value of the bead width. Also the relatiobship between critical weld properties, which is the bead width and the tensile strength, as obtained from variation arising from the heat input, shows that the most maximum bead width is recorded at a very high tensile strength. An indication that the heat input has a corresponding effect on the bead width and tensile strength of the weld.

Systematic Review of Current Trends in Precision Agricultural Model to Address Food Insecurity Challenges

S. A. Alamu — 2024-12-17

Agriculture contributes significantly to socio-economic development, food security, and employment opportunities for a large number of people globally. Hence, the objective of this paper was to explore a systematic review of current trends in precision agricultural model to address food insecurity challenges using appropriate standard techniques. The results revealed the potential of precision agriculture in solving food insecurity challenges, minimizing agricultural input wastage, and promoting lucrative farming. This agricultural model builds on innovative technology collect data, analyze, and make critical predictions thereby providing lasting solutions to complex agricultural challenges. According to the United Nations, about 2/3rd of the world's population will be living in urban areas by 2050. This report indicated the need to incorporate emerging technological innovation into agriculture to increase food production and ensure food availability. Robotics and drones are innovative technologies with the potential to change the agricultural landscape, especially in developing nations. Consequently, the application of automaton, AI, and predictive tools to tackle real-time agricultural challenges is at the nascent stage in the developing areas of the world. Financial constraints, lack of technical knowledge, and lack of government support remains major challenges influencing precision agriculture in developing countries. Finally, adopting a precision agricultural model by farmers will help in pest detection, and predicting crops with favourable output, to cope with the current food insecurity challenges, especially in developing countries.

Synthesis and Olfactory Characterization of New Fragrant Materials through Chemical Modification of Methyleugenol Molecular Framework by Introducing Ester Functional Groups

L. M. Affiku — 2024-12-17

There is a continuing search for materials having desirable fragrance properties. Such materials are sought either to replace costly natural materials or to provide new fragrances or perfume types, which have not heretofore been available. Hence, the objective of this paper is the synthesis and olfactory characterization of new fragrant materials through chemical modification of methyleugenol (ME) molecular framework by introducing Ester functional groups using appropriate standard procedures. ME is a common phenylpropanoid found in many plant species, particularly in spices and medicinal plants. It is used as a flavouring agent in food and as a fragrance in cosmetics. In this research, methyleugenol was modified to obtain esters. The transformations involve the opening of 2-(4-ethyl-3-methoxybenzyl) oxirane (epoxide ring) to yield 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,2-diol (Dihydroxy). 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl acetate (53.33% yield) derivatives, was synthesized from the Dihydroxy. The results showed that the odour characteristic of 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,2-diol [floral, pungent, Caramel and sweet] compounds, is clearly different from the odours of the 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl acetate [fresh, pungent, lime-like, sweet]. Our findings show that double bond substitution and functional alterations to methyl eugenol modify the perceived odour of methyl eugenol derivatives. Thus, overall structural alteration increased odour potency.

Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Public Swimming Pool Water in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

C. N. Fakorede — 2024-12-17

Swimming pools are important recreational resources in urban areas, contributing to physical fitness, social interaction, and mental well-being. Consequently, the objective of this study is to assess the bacteriological quality of public swimming pool water in Ile-Ife, Nigeria using standard methods. The pH and temperature of the water samples ranged from 7.1 to 7.4, and 23.6^oC to 26.5^oC respectively. Eight of the ten pools tested positive for bacterial contamination. Six different Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were isolated, with Escherichia coli (32%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16%), Salmonella subsp. (12%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (8%), being the most prevalent. The coliform bacteria count ranged from 1.0×10² CFU/100ml to 9.8×10² CFU/100ml and the Salmonella count ranged from 1.0 x 10² CFU/100ml to 3.0 x 10² CFU/100ml. Most of the GNB isolates were resistant to commonly administered antibiotics like Augmentin (62.5%), and ampicillin (57.6%) but were totally susceptible to quinolones and carbapenem. This study highlights the significant public health threat posed by fecal contamination and the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in outdoor swimming pools in Ile-Ife, underscoring the need for improved pool maintenance and monitoring.

Evaluation of some Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil from Namtari, Yola South, Adamawa State, Nigeria

A. Garba — 2024-12-17

The objective of this paper is to evaluate some physicochemical characteristics of soil from Namtari Ward, Yola South LGA, Adamawa State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained shows that: Soil pH ranged from slightly acidic (7.04 ± 0.35) to slightly alkaline (7.37 ± 0.55), while organic matter content varied from 2.53 ± 0.28% (Karlahe) to 6.17 ± 0.67% (Changala). Nitrogen levels ranged from 0.126 ± 0.01 gkg⁻¹ (Dadi) to 0.316 ± 0.02 gkg⁻¹ (Changala), and phosphorus levels from 15.03 ± 1.5 gkg⁻¹ (Karlahe) to 18.91 ± 1.116 gkg⁻¹ (Dadi). Potassium levels spanned 0.73 ± 0.07 cmolkg⁻¹ (Dadi) to 1.956 ± 0.69 cmolkg⁻¹ (Changala), and moisture content was highest in Karlahe (61.16 ± 3.403%) and lowest in Changala (48.16 ± 7.42%). The results indicate significant changes in soil parameters, particularly a reduction in organic matter and moisture content, and slight changes in pH due to climate factors. These findings suggest that climate change contributes to soil degradation, with potential implications for agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. Practices like crop diversification, conservation tillage, and agroforestry were recommended to lessen the impact of climate variability on soil health and crop productivity. Providing farmers with training and resources will aid their shift toward these sustainable methods.