Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

Identification, Structure and Phylogenetic Tree Progression of Mucin-4 Gene in Pig and Other Mammals Using Avian as an Out-Group

O. O. Oluwole — 2024-11-15

The objective of this paper was to identify the Structure and phylogenetic tree progression of Musin-4 (MUC-4) gene in pig and with other mammals and avian as out-group using appropriate bioinformatics tools. The results obtained revealed that the identity of mammalian species ranged from 70 -100% while the chicken as an out-group ranged from 42 -50%. The pig MUC-4 gene is closer to the Bovine family (0.34-0.35) and goat (0.282-0.286). The result from the structural prediction of mucin4 by phyre2, 467 residues have been accurately modelled with 100% confidence using a single template. Additionally, 738 residues (65%) have been modelled with over 90% confidence using multiple templates. From various amino acid substitutions obtained from protein effect variation in the three mammalian species, only one was deleterious in pigs, only two were deleterious in bovine, and only three were deleterious in goat. The dendrogram obtained from the phylogenetic tree revealed that different species were separated from each other based on their different taxonomic classes. In conclusion, these mammalian species had a high genetic relationship and conservation. The deleterious variants observed in the pig need to be investigated to prevent the malfunction of the reproductive, digestive and disease-resistant traits. This study gives basic information that may be useful in the genetic improvement of livestock species.

Corrosion Inhibition of Gum Exudates from Acacia malacocephala and Acacia drepanolobium on Mild Steel in Acidic Media

A. R. H. Abinya — 2024-11-15

The objective of this study was to investigate the corrosion inhibiting properties of gum exudates from Acacia malacocephala and Acacia drepanolobium on mild steel exposed in acidic electrolyte under stationary conditions using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The experiments were conducted in 0.16 M H₂SO₄ electrolyte and the temperature of the electrolyte was varied from 303 K to 323 K without and with the corrosion inhibitors. For the systems at 303 K, inhibition efficiency of over 95% was observed with 600 ppm of gum exudates from A. drepanolobium and 400 ppm of gum exudates from A. malacocephala. When the temperature was increased to 313 K and 323 K, the inhibition efficiency of 600 ppm of gum exudates from A. drepanolobium dropped to 89%, while the inhibition efficiency of 400 ppm of A. malacocephala was reduced to 90%. Thus, temperature was found to have an adverse effect on the inhibition efficiency of the gum exudates. The obtained results indicate that gum exudates from A. drepanolobium and A. malacocephala are good corrosion inhibitors to mild steel under acidic media. Although A. drepanolobium and A. malacocephala are regarded as morphologically similar, the difference in the concentrations of the gum exudates required to achieve maximum corrosion inhibition is one of the justifications to retain them as two distinct species.

Intersection of Hygienic Practices and Biodiversity Conservation Attitude among Herbal Medicine Dealers in Liberia

S. W. Sannah — 2024-11-15

This research investigates the intersection of hygienic practices and biodiversity conservation attitudes among Herbal Medicine Dealers (HMDs) in Liberia using appropriate standard method with 62 respondents, 20 Herbal Medicine Practitioners and 42 Herbal Product Venders. Data obtained reveals disparities in container sanitation and hand washing practices among herbal mixture practitioners. 40.3% rinse containers with water, 69% wash them after every use, and 35.4% use previously washed knives. 70% buy previously used containers, and 62.9% ensure they are washed before use. A significant portion (30.6%) do not wash their hands, and 46.7% do not use any hand hygiene methods. Most respondents do not wear face masks, indicating a lack of awareness about health risks. 43.5% believe harvesting plants does not negatively affect biodiversity. The research underscores the need for tailored interventions to promote hygienic practices and biodiversity conservation within the herbal medicine sector. Policy recommendations include enhancing education and training programs, improving access to resources, and developing supportive regulatory frameworks. By addressing these challenges, Liberia can harness the potential of herbal medicine while safeguarding public health and preserving environmental integrity.

Evaluating the Impact of Various Storage Techniques on Longevity of Frafra Potato (Solenostemon rotundifolius) in the Upper East Region of Ghana

D. A. Ninfaa — 2024-11-15

The Frafra potato (Solenostemon rotundifolius) has a limited shelf life, making it an underappreciated crop that plays a vital role in food security in northern Ghana. The results showed a significant difference across the types and storage techniques. Moisture loss was greater in the WAAP variety (78.78%) than in the Local variety (75.30%). Of all the storage techniques, grass storage had the least moisture loss (76.02%), while control had the greatest (78.64%). Pot storage completely inhibited sprouting, but pit storage produced the highest rate of sprouting (12.69%). The temperature in the grass storage was 32.44°C, while the temperature in the pot storage was 29.74°C. The study came to the conclusion that Frafra potato shelf life can be successfully extended up to 90 days with acceptable losses using standard storage methods, especially pot.

Assessment of Biomass, Proximate Composition and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Tropical Vegetable (Amaranthus hybridus) Irrigated with Fresh Untreated Abattoir Effluent in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

B. M. Macaulay — 2024-11-15

Abattoir waste constitutes a significant environmental concern in Nigeria's peri-urban and urban areas as they often end up in rivers, groundwater and canals, contaminating the environment and increasing human health risks. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to assess the dry biomass, proximate composition and heavy metal accumulation in the Tropical vegetable, Amaranthus hybridus, irrigated with fresh untreated abattoir effluent in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria using standard methods. The results showed that the abattoir effluent increased the vegetable’s dry biomass from 7.79 to 23.66 g. Similarly, there was a general increase in the carbohydrate, fibre and moisture contents of the vegetable with increasing concentration of the abattoir effluent, reaching up to 20.42%, 30.42% and 16.41% respectively. However, the protein, fat and ash contents generally decreased in the abattoir effluent irrigated treatments, from 25.38% to 18.23%, 11.38% to 6.70% and 9.63% to 7.34% respectively. This is probably due to the plant variety or metabolic activities of pathogens carried over from the effluent. The four heavy metals analysed (Cadmium, Cd; Lead, Pb; Zinc, Zn; Iron, Fe) were all accumulated in the tissues of the vegetable in amounts well-above the WHO limits, with Fe showing the highest bioaccumulation from 0.22 to 17.20 mg/L. In conclusion, although fresh untreated abattoir effluent can serve as organic fertilizer, it poses huge human health risks due to heavy metal bioaccumulation. Therefore, pre-treating before use to eliminate heavy metals and pathogens is highly recommended, as it would be a relatively cheaper means of growing Tropical vegetables.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Various Chemical and Microbial Consortia Treatments for Biodegradation of Oily Effluents

N. S. Ezema-Kalu — 2024-11-15

Treatment of oily effluents poses significant challenges due to the complex nature of pollutants and the need for effective remediation technologies. MATLAB simulations to optimize operational parameters such as reagent concentrations, pH, and temperature. The optimal parameters found for the simulation of the combined fenton’s reagent and pseudomonas treatment system were as follows; pH (6.5- 7.5), temperature (30˚C-35˚C), nutrient concentration (100-150mg/l), chemical concentration (0.5-1+-.5%(v/v)), reaction time (120 minutes), mixing speed (120 rpm) and flowrate (2L/min) compared to fenton’s reagent standard by green 2018; pH (2.5-4.5), temperature (20˚C-40˚C), nutrient concentration (50-200mg/l), chemical concentration (0.1+-.5%(v/v)), reaction time (120 minutes), mixing speed (100-300 rpm) and flowrate (2L/min) and for pseudomonas treatment standard by Hamme 2017; pH (6-8), temperature (25˚C-37˚C), nutrient concentration (100-150mg/l), chemical concentration (0.5-1+-.5%(v/v)), reaction time (120 minutes), mixing speed (100-150 rpm) and flowrate (2L/min). The integrated approach demonstrated improved pollutant removal efficiency compared to standalone methods, achieving a substantial reduction in contaminant levels. However, economic feasibility analyses indicated higher operational costs associated with the integrated system, with a negative Net Present Value (NPV) of -14646.28 and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 0.91 compared to the individual treatment approaches of 1.04 and 0.96 respectively. This integrated treatment system offers a promising solution for enhanced oily effluent remediation, however, recommendations for optimization include adjusting reagent ratios, maintaining optimal environmental conditions, reducing by-product toxicity, and exploring cost-effective recycling methods.

Levels and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Some Vegetables in Farmer's Field, Jos North, Plateau State Nigeria

E. Oiganji — 2024-11-15

The objective of this paper was to evaluate levels and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in some vegetables in farmers’ field, Jos North, Plateau State Nigeria; using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. The evaluation of the average daily intake for adults revealed that Ni in lettuce and cabbage exceeded the permissible levels (0.0094 mg/kg/day), Cr(0.0035mg/kg/day) and Cd(0.0012mg/kg/day) also exceeded safety limits in lettuce. For children, the average daily intake revealed that Pb exceeded permissible limits in celery, cauliflower, and onions, while Cd and Cr levels surpassed the permissible limits in all vegetables, whereas Fe and Zn remained below the DOR permissible limits. The hazard quotient analysis indicated that Cd in lettuce (2.4514) and Cr in lettuce (1.1629) posed significant non-carcinogenic risks for adults. Pb in onions, cauliflower, and celery, Cd and Cr in all vegetables—particularly lettuce—and Ni in lettuce, onions, spinach, cabbage, and celery all had hazard quotients exceeding1, indicating significant health risks for children. The cancer risk analysis showed that both Pb and Cd posed potential risks for both adults and children, with the highest cancer risk observed for Cd in children consuming lettuce (0.00006683). The findings reveal that the daily intake of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni—especially in children—poses substantial health risks. Addressing these risks requires urgent implementation of regular monitoring, contamination control measures, and education on safe farming practices to protect vulnerable populations from potential long-term exposure.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Propane-fueled Portable Generator Conversion Kit in Warri, Nigeria

C. I. Eboigbe — 2024-11-15

A cost-benefit analysis is the process of comparing the projected or estimated costs and benefits (or opportunities) associated with a project decision to determine whether it makes sense from a business perspective. Hence, the objective of this paper is to assess the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of propane-fueled portable generator conversion kit in Warri, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Based on the cost-benefit analysis, the conversion kit yields a $1.92 return for every dollar invested, as shown by the CBA. It is evident from the computed payback period of 0.52 years how quickly the initial expenditure is recovered. Over a three-year period, the predicted savings on maintenance costs is $7.78, and an annual fuel cost savings of $42. The results show that propane-powered generators offer substantial benefits over conventional gasoline generators. Propane burns cleaner, leaves fewer carbon deposits, needs less frequent maintenance, and is less expensive to maintain and use as fuel. Transitioning to propane has a net positive environmental impact since it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants, helping to achieve long-term sustainability goals. Our results confirm that propane conversion kits are a viable, sustainable, and affordable choice for portable generators in both residential and commercial settings.

Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on Clothing Consumption and Disposal Behaviors amongst Tertiary Institution Staff-Members at Ile-Ife, Nigeria

O. O. Adejuwon — 2024-11-15

With the rising population and increasing demand for clothing in sub-Saharan Africa, alongside insufficient policy frameworks to address clothing waste, this study explores the impact of socio-economic factors on clothing consumption and disposal behavior amongst tertiary institution staff-members at Ile-Ife, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Results show that 53% of the respondents are male, while 40% are between 35 to 44 years of age. About 30% of the respondents earn a monthly income of between N30, 000 to N130, 000, while 22% earn more than N300,000 monthly. The results of the mean ratings (on a five-point frequency scale) revealed that respondents sometimes dispose used clothing with solid waste (3.32) and by burning (2.86). They however, rarely disposed of textile clothing in landfills (2.30); recycling platforms for reuse (2.14) and in water bodies (1.82). In addition, respondents often (4.04) buy clothing made from natural-based fibers, while they sometimes (3.10) buy clothing made from synthetic-based fibers and aso ebi (clothing for special occasions) (3.32). Data from respondents reveal that high-income individuals are more likely to use formal waste disposal systems (r = .31, p < .05) and engage in high clothing consumption (r = 0.38; p < 0.05), while lower income groups are more likely to prefer to purchase used clothing (r = -.34; p < .05). Older individuals are less likely to give away clothing for recycling (r = -.29; p < .05) possibly due to social influences and cultural beliefs. Younger people however, favor synthetic-based clothing (r = -.31; p < .05) and recycling (r = -.29; p < .05) and engage in improper disposal methods such as dumping used clothing in water bodies (r = -.37; p < .05). Individuals with higher levels of education are less likely to engage in buying aso ebi (r = -.32; p < .05). The study highlights the need for targeted campaigns for different socio-economic groups, and infrastructural development to promote environmentally friendly disposal practices. Policy recommendations focus on encouraging recycling and reducing the environmental impact of textile waste.

Preparation and Nutritional Evaluation of Soursop Juice as Partial Replacement for Dairy Milk in Yoghurt Production

N. N. Akemien — 2024-11-15

Nowadays, virtually all major food stores offer a wide selection of plant-based milks made from almonds, oats, cashews, macadamia nuts, coconut and our old friend, the soy-bean. These forms of milk are typically lower in calories than dairy milk, and they do not contain saturated fat. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to investigate the preparation and nutritional evaluation of soursop juice milk as partial replacement for dairy milk in yoghurt production using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained shows that yoghurt enriched with soursop juice received a colour score of 7.57, which was slightly higher than that of plain cow milk yoghurt, indicating a positive contribution to colour acceptability. Aroma and taste ratings for soursop-supplemented yoghurt were above 7, placing them in the “I like it” category, suggesting favourable sensory attributes. Furthermore, it achieved an overall acceptability score of 7.00, indicating strong consumer preference and potential market appeal. The addition of soursop juice provided additional nutritional value, including increased dietary fibre and ash content of 1.98 and 2.00 respectively. This enrichment may offer enhanced health benefits compared to plain cow milk yoghurt. The presence of dietary fibre from soursop juice improved the stability of the yoghurt, reducing whey separation and enhancing texture. This suggests that the addition of soursop juice contributes to a more stable and desirable product. Soursop juice enhances the sensory attributes, nutritional profile, and stability of yoghurt compared to plain cow milk yoghurt. These improvements suggest that yoghurt with soursop juice may offer a competitive edge in the market, appealing to consumers seeking both better taste and nutritional benefits.

Thyroid Hormones and Interference in Thyroid Function Tests: A Review

O. O. Edet — 2024-11-15

The objective of this paper was to provide a critical and concise review on thyroid hormones and what constitutes interference in thyroid function tests using appropriate Online resources.Thethyroid function tests, play a valuable and significant role in diagnosing and managing thyroid disease. Discordance can exist between test results and symptoms, leading to false laboratory reports, misdiagnosis, and mismanagement of thyroid disease. Interference in thyroid function tests can be caused by heterophile antibodies, macro TSH, biotin interference, anti-streptavidin and anti-ruthenium antibodies, thyroid hormone antibodies, and the high dose hook effect. This review paper also discusses the importance of studying interference, the mechanical perspectives of interference, and protocols to limit or eliminate interference in thyroid function assays. Additionally, it highlights quality control and laboratory safety aspects, as well as advancements in healthcare team deliveries related to thyroid function tests.

Perceived Effect of Bush Burning on Agricultural Farmland in Oluyole Local Government, Ibadan, Oyo State. Nigeria

R. T. Afolabi — 2024-11-15

The practice of bush burning poses significant harm to agricultural land. The investigation examined the perceived effects of bush burning on agricultural land within the Oluyole local government area of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, this study adopted simple random technique to engaging a sample of one hundred (100) farmers. The data were analysed using percentage, mean and standard deviation. The survey findings revealed that males made up 62.0% of the participants, whereas females accounted for 38.0%. Furthermore, 40.0% of the participants were aged 35 years and above. The findings show that a substantial majority of farmers are married, accounting for 71.0%, and it was also found that a noteworthy portion, 40.0%, of farmers possesses literacy skills. The influence of bush burning on agricultural crops contributes to the control of pests and diseases. Promoting bush fallowing is considered essential to reduce the effects of bush fires, as it enhances the sustainability of cultivated crops. The findings demonstrate a notable connection between the socio-economic traits of farmers and their perceptions regarding the impacts of bush burning on agricultural crops. Therefore, it is advisable for agricultural extension agents to inform, assist, and enable farmers in adopting the best cultivation practices to reduce the effects of these activities on their farms.

Physicochemical Properties and Bacterial Population in the Rhizosphere of Mangrove Plant Species at the Upper Reaches of Santa Barbara River, Central Niger Delta, Nigeria

E. I. Ohimain — 2024-11-15

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the physicochemical properties and bacterial population of the rhizosphere of five mangrove plant species (Rhizophora mangle, Rh. racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia africana, and Nypa fruticans) at the upper reaches of Santa Barbara River, central Niger Delta, Nigeria using standard methods. The population of bacteria was highest in the rhizosphere of Rh. racemosa, being 8.38 x 10⁶ cfu/g, which was followed by N. fruticans with a density of 5.04 x 10⁶ cfu/g, while others were significantly lower, with the least density occurring under A. africana with a population density of 1.41 x 10⁶ cfu/g. Nineteen species of bacteria were presumably identified in the study area. Bacillus sp dominated the rhizosphere of all the mangrove plants with a frequency of 15.52%, 20%, 19.67%, 20.51 and 13.43% for Rh. racemosa, Rh. mangle, A. africana, L. racemosa and N. fruticans respectively. The 16S rRNA sequencing of isolates confirmed the presence of diverse species of Bacillus including B. mycoides, B. paramycoides, B. pumilus, B. siamensis, B. velezensis, the closely related Priestia megaterium, among other species such as Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, and Photobacteriuum ganghwense in the rhizosphere of the mangrove trees. The study therefore revealed the culturable bacteria guides in the mangrove rhizospheres which could potentially be developed for restoration and rejuvenation of impacted mangrove ecosystem.

Non-Isothermal flow of Third Grade Fluid with Thermal Radiation through a Porous Medium

A. B. Sikiru — 2024-11-15

A mathematical model is analyzed to study the effect of various physical parameters related to non-isothermal flow of third grade fluid in the presence of thermal radiation through a porous medium. Hence, the objective of this paper is to investigate the combined impacts of magnetic field, viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, varying thermal conductivity and viscosity on non-isothermal flow of a third grade fluid with thermal radiation through a porous medium. The Galerkin weighted residual method was used to solve the resulting non-linear ordinary differential equations numerically. The graphic representation and discussion of the effect of various significant parameters on the flow system are presented. The investigation of this problem leads to the conclusion that the thermal radiation parameter, the variable thermal conductivity and viscosity parameters have a significant impact on the mass flow and the energy transfer phenomena in the system.

Gamification as Catalyst for Enhanced Learning Outcomes in Upper Basic Education in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria

E. A. Irunokhai — 2024-11-15

Gamification is adding game mechanics into non-game environments, such as a website, online community, learning management system or even business intranet to increase participation. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of gamification as a catalyst for enhanced learning outcomes in upper basic education in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria using various standard and appropriate techniques. The study revealed that gender does not influence the teachers’ perception about gamification’s effectiveness as an instructional strategy, male and female teachers had relatively similar challenges in implementing gamification, the challenges faced by teachers in implementing gamification teaching strategy in order of severity include lack of appropriate technology, curriculum alignment issues, insufficient training and professional development, time constraints and it was discovered that gamification contributes significantly to students’ academic improvement as gamification increases student engagement and participation in class.

Proximate, Mineral, and Amino Acid Compositions of Dacryodes edulis (African Pear) Seeds gotten From the Same Parent Tree in Ekpoma in Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria

E. O. Okoro — 2024-11-15

The objective of this paper was to investigate the proximate, mineral, and amino acid compositions of Dacryodes edulis (African Pear fruit) Seeds gotten from the same parent tree in Ekpoma in Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The proximate analysis results of D. edulis seeds showed varied values ranging from 39.03±1.16 (%) for carbohydrate to 3.16±0.26 for ash. The amino acid profile of D. edulis seeds showed the presence of eight amino acids (Alanine, glutamine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine and tryptophan) with different concentrations, which ranged from 6.18 Pmol/g for threonine to 29.21 Pmol/g for proline. Similarly, the mineral analysis results showed the presence of twelve elements (Cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus) with the lowest mineral value of 20.00±0.97 mg/kg given by copper and the highest value of 17316.31±46.06 mg/kg obtained from potassium. Therefore, this study has shown that D. edulis seeds are rich in nutrients, containing both essential and non-essential amino acids, and their similarity to other poultry diets will allow for their substitution.

Assessment of the Levels of Immune Cells Ratios, Malaria Parasite Density, Anthropometric and Blood Pressure in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and Malaria Co-Morbidity attending Diabetic Clinic at a Tertiary Hospital in Nnewi, Anambra State, Ni

R. C. Chukwuanukwu — 2024-11-15

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is caused by defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the levels of immune cells ratios, malaria parasite density, anthropometric and blood pressure levels in individuals with T2DM and malaria co-morbidity attending the diabetic clinic at a tertiary Hospital in Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques for a total of 200 participants aged between 30 and 75.Results showed the mean BMI was significantly lower (p<0.05) in T2DM with and without MP and control group than in MP group alone while there was significantly higher mean SBP, DBP levels in T2DM with and without MP compared to MP group alone and control group (p<0.05) respectively. Furthermore, the mean PD was significantly higher in T2DM with MP compared to T2DM without MP, MP group alone and control group (p<0.05) while neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio was higher in T2DM with and without MP and MP alone than in control group (p<0.05) respectively. Thus, this study revealed that MP could worsen the severity of T2DM via alteration in immune cell ratios and blood pressure.

A Review on the Nobility and Medical Importance of Helium

E. P. Awhin — 2024-11-15

The colourless, odourless and monoatomic gas, helium, is considered as the second most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen. Helium is classified as a noble gas and it is the lightest noble gas. Noble gases including helium, although extremely inert chemically, display a remarkable spectrum of clinically useful biological properties. Medically, helium’s applications range from respiratory care, where it facilitates easier breathing through heliox mixtures, to cardiology and neurology, where it offers cardioprotection and neuroprotection during ischemia/reperfusion injuries.

Evaluation of Heavy Metals Level and their Potential Effects to Water, Sediment, and Water Hyacinth Plants in Opa Reservoir, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

K. T. Ogundele — 2024-11-15

The contamination of the aquatic ecosystem with heavy metals has become a rising global concern due to their possible adverse health effects on human beings and the environment. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the levels of Fe, Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, As, and Cr and their potential effects on water, sediment, and water hyacinth plants in Opa Reservoir, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The concentration of heavy metals in the hyacinth samples varied from 0.002 ± 0.000ppm to 0.5 ± 0.000ppm exceeding permissible limit except for Cu, Zn, and Fe. The metals in water samples ranged between 0.003 ± 0.001ppm to 0.5 ± 0.000ppm also surpassing the concentration limit established by WHO with only Cu, Zn, and Fe having lower concentrations. Sediment samples revealed a high concentration, varying from 0.005 ± 0.000ppm to 4.150 ± 0.002ppm. The values obtained were far above the permissible values set by WHO with only Zn, Fe, and As having lower concentrations. The contamination factor analysis indicated generally low contamination factor with the exception of Fe and Cr which showed moderate contamination. Although the pollution load index and geo accumulation index revealed that all metals were within the range of unpolluted geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor indicated varying degrees of contamination. While some metals exhibited depletion to minimal enrichment, others revealed significant or even extremely high enrichment pollution index. Considering the pollution status of the Opa reservoir, it is therefore recommended that regular monitoring of the reservoir be put in place to ensure the safety of human and aquatic ecosystems in general.

Effects of Hydro-Alcohol Extract of Mistletoe (Englerina drummomdii Balla ex Polhil & Wiens) Leaves on Histology of Ovaries and Uterine Tissues of Female Rats

K. B. Gbaranor — 2024-11-15

This paper evaluates the effects of hydro-alcohol extract of Englerina drummomdii Balla ex Polhil & Wiens leaves on the histology of ovaries and uterine tissues of female Wistar rats using appropriate standard methods with forty-nine (49) Wistar rats weighing between 160g to 180g were used for the study. Data obtained show that hydro-alcohol extract of Englerina drummomdii Balla ex Polhil & Wiens leaves when administered at a dose of 200mg/kg of extract, shows numerous viable follicles. Ovarian tissue shows atretic (AF) and degenerated follicles (DF) when treated with Monosodium glutamate (MSG) alone. And when MSG is co-administered with extract at a dose of 200mg/kg, it causes partial or complete blocks of ovarian tissues. 100mg of extract only caused degeneration of follicles with atretic follicles (AF). When mistletoe extract in low dose (extract 100mg/kg + MSG 800mg/kg) was co-administered with MSG 800mg/kg, it shows recovered secondary follicles (SF), mature ova (MO), germinal and growing follicles follicles, (GF). Mistletoe at low dose, high dose cause degeneration of ovarian and uterine tissues and when extract at 100mg/kg and MSG 800mg/kg is co-administered, it tends to restore the alterations in the histology of both the ovaries and uterine tissues.

Inventory Management System for Medical Stores in a Primary Health Care Centre in Jada, Adamawa State, Nigeria

E. D. Dzarma — 2024-11-15

Efficient inventory management is crucial for the success of any organization or establishment. Hence, the objective of this paper was to focus on the inventory management system by developing an optimal inventory policy for Medical Stores in a Primary Health Care Centre in Jada, Adamawa State, Nigeria using a multi-item inventory model with the assistance of Excel spreadsheets. Results obtain revealed that the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) for the Primary Health Care centre under investigation is optimal at 0.0086. This EOQ aligns with the storage capacity of 10,287 square meters, which closely meets the original storage capacity requirement of 10,288 square meters. By implementing this optimized inventory policy, the Primary Health Care could enhance its inventory management, reduce costs, and ensures efficient usage of storage resources. This research underscores the importance of tailoring inventory policies to meet the specific needs of healthcare facilities, which can lead to more effective operations and improved service delivery.

Preparedness of Maize Farmers against Climate Change Risks in Saki-West Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria

K. O. Ogunjinmi — 2024-11-15

Farmers must be prepared to face climate change risks to ensure sustainable maize production. This paper aimed to investigate maize farmers' preparedness against climate change risks in Saki-West Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods with 113 respondents through a questionnaire survey. The study found that respondents observed increasing rainfall (x̄=1.50) and temperature (x̄=133). Respondents primarily prepared for climate change by purchasing drought-resistant varieties and agrochemical inputs (x̄=3.27). The study found that farmers had difficulty in preparing for climate change due to a lack of access to extension agents (x̄=3.58), credit (x̄=3.47), and government policy (x̄=3.43). The multiple linear regression model found that participation in farmers' associations (β = -2.407, t=0.001) and access to extension agents (β = -4.645, t=0.002) were substantially associated with farmers' readiness for climate change risks. Therefore, improved extension services are recommended to the farmers.

Environmental Degradation, Improved Technologies Utilization and Output among Rain-Fed and Irrigated Sugarcane Farmers in Bauchi State, Nigeria

O. S. Balogun — 2024-11-15

In the northern part of Nigeria, desertification has grossly affected water available and land carrying capacity for both pastureland and farmlands. Using primary data collected in a three-stage purposive sampling procedure from a total of 231 sugarcane farmers, we accessed technology utilization in Rain-Fed Farming System (RFFS) and Irrigated Farming System (IRFS) among sugarcane producing farmers in Bauchi State. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Z-statistics, and Kendall’s concordance statistics. The farmers mean age was 43 years with an average of 7 years of formal education. About, 56.1% of the farmers in RFFS utilized light texture soil with good drainage, 69.9% raised sugarcane nursery during land preparation, 71.5% utilized Autumn planting while 76.4% utilized weeding by hoe; 31.7% applied NPK fertilizer at 112kg(N), 25kg(P), 48kg(K) rate/acre; and 64.2% utilized manual harvesting. Comparatively, 62.0% of farmers in IRFS utilized ploughing depth of 30cm during land preparation, 59.3% utilized combination of cultural and chemical methods of weeding, 74.8% utilized application of water once at every 7 days during growing phase of sugarcane, 31.7% applies inorganic fertilizer and 54.6% utilized early harvesting (10 – 11 months) of sugarcane plantation. The major constraint sugar cane production in the study area includes inadequate capital and access to credit facilities. The study recommends more education and sensitization for sugarcane farmers on how to appropriately employ improved technologies to optimize their production outcomes.

Cultural Influence on Dietary Patterns amongst Undergraduate Students at a Tertiary Institution in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

S. O. Seriki — 2024-11-15

This study investigated the influence of culture on dietary patterns among undergraduate students at a tertiary institution in Keffi Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 395 students selected via stratified random sampling. Data were analysed using reliability analysis, regression, and descriptive statistics. Cultural restrictions influenced 60.9% of students, with 49.5% favouring local Nigerian cuisine over Western options (27.9%). Regression analysis confirmed cultural factors as significant predictors of healthier dietary patterns (R-squared = 0.21, coefficient = 0.28, p < 0.05). Cultural traditions extend beyond individual preferences, influencing communal eating habits and overall dietary patterns. Tailoring health education to cultural contexts can promote healthier eating behaviours.

Estimation of Amylase Enzyme Levels in Drosophila melanogaster Exposure to Malathion Organophosphate Poisoning

B. Bindhani — 2024-11-15

Amylase, being a digestive enzyme breaks down polysaccharides, such as starch into simple sugars like glucose and maltose. Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide which is widely used in the agricultural field. Hence, the objective of this paper was to estimate amylase level in Drosophila melanogaster as a consequence of exposure to malathion organophosphate poisoning using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained show that mean amylase activity for control sample was 8.41±0.001 whereas mean Amylase activity for treated sample was 5.67±0.021 (mean ± standard error). The difference was statistically significant (p<0.0001). In malathion treated 3^rd instar larvae, a significant reduction in amylase levels was observed in this study which indicates potential metabolic abnormalities and impaired energy production due to decreased starch digestion. Low amylase levels are associated with increased morbidity and delayed growth rate due to reduced glucose levels. This study represents the relationship between amylase levels and clinical outcomes in acute organophosphate poisoning. Long-term organophosphate exposure may also affect human health, particularly in relation to chronic diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus. Our finding underscores that exposure to malathion like insecticide disrupts amylase activity and plays a critical role in energy metabolism.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration around Erelu Water Dam, Oyo, South-western Nigeria

O. P. Oladejo — 2024-11-15

Erelu water dam was constructed to supply quality water to Oyo town and its environs. Due to the agrarian nature of the Oyo and its environs, the dam receives inflows of anthropogenic contaminants, thereby increasing the concentration of heavy metals, which then pose threats to the water. Hence, the objective of this paper is to investigate the concentration of heavy metals around Erelu Water Dam, Oyo, Southwestern Nigeria, using appropriate standard methods, including atomic absorption spectrophotometers (AAS). The concentrations of Pb (0.008 mg/l), Cd (0.003 mg/l), As (0.006 mg/l), Ni (0.017 mg/l), Cr (0.012 mg/l), and Zn (0.035 mg/l) in treated water samples were below the permissible limit. The results of the analysis were compared with national and international standards for drinking water. The concentrations of lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium, and zinc in all the water samples (with the exception of treated water samples) exceeded the permissible limit of the Standards Organization of Nigeria, the United States Environment Protection Agency, and the World Health Organization for drinking water. The results show a high impact of contaminants in the untreated water. Stream water and river water are not safe due to the high concentration of contaminants inflow from effluents and other industrial and anthropological activities.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Content in Soil and Vegetation of Mangrove Forest after Oil Spill in Bodo Community, Rivers State, Nigeria

A. K. Badom — 2024-11-15

Mangrove forests are critical coastal ecosystems that provide essential environmental services. However, they are highly vulnerable to contamination from anthropogenic activities, such as oil spills. Hence, this study assessed the heavy metal content in soil and two dominant mangrove species—Rhizophora racemosa and Rhizophora harrisonii in the Bodo community, eleven years after a major crude oil spill. Four locations—A (Numuu Agbibel), B (Numuu Forge), C (Numuu Bia), and D (Numuu Alia) were purposefully selected. Soil and leaf samples were collected in triplicates during the rainy season and analyzed for copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) using standard methods. Cd and Ni were not detected in the soil and leaves across the locations. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in soil ranged from 0.47–1.06mg/kg for Pb, 0.04–0.17mg/kg for Cr, and 4.81–10.22mg/kg for Cu. No significant variations were observed in the concentrations of Pb, Cr, and Cu across the locations. In leaf samples, Pb concentrations ranged from 0.28–2.45mg/kg, Cr from 0.07–0.39mg/kg, and Cu from 2.32–6.92mg/kg. The variations in the heavy metal concentrations were not significantly different across the sites (p>0.05), except for Cu at location A. The concentrations of Pb, Cr, and Cu in both the soil and leaves were below the permissible limits. This study provides baseline data for future evaluation of heavy metal concentration dynamics in soil and the evaluated mangrove species. The need to repeat the study during the dry season to ascertain seasonal trends is emphasized.

Investigating the Intersection between Climate Change and Animal Welfare within Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi State, Nigeria

A. M. Umar — 2024-11-15

The objective of this paper was to investigate the connection between climate change and animal welfare within Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi State, Nigeria using four geospatial coordinates of the game reserve that is publicly available on websites and spooled over a 40-year period (1981 to 2020). Population data and other welfare issues were collected through interviews with personnel of the game reserve. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques and the results indicated that changes in temperature, rainfall pattern, atmospheric pressure affected the population of animals. Cases of abuse by holidaymakers and accidents along the road leading to the reserve affected the welfare and this consequently affected the population of animals especially the Tantalus Monkey and Water buck. Further indications regarding population of carnivores was affected when cases of bush burning were recorded. In conclusion, the evident impacts of climate change on ecosystems and habitats necessitate further research into its correlation with animal welfare, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive understanding and action.

Effect of Salinity on Growth and Chlorophyll Response of Scotch Bonnet Pepper (Capsicum chinense L.) Planted in Sandy-Loamy Soil in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

S. E. Abiya — 2024-11-15

Soil salinity is becoming more significant in agriculture because it stresses agricultural plants. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of salinity on the growth response of Scotch bonnet pepper (Capsicum chinense L.) planted in Sandy-loamy soil in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, production of chlorophyll measured at different concentrations of sodium chloride (0g, 6.4g, 12.8g and 19.2g of ds/m of NaCl) treatment using standard methods. Results from the study showed that plant height increased progressively in the control plants throughout the data collection period. The highest height was at the control plant in the 9th week after contamination (WAC) with a height of 30.6 ± 0.61c. This was higher significantly ((P > 0.05) when compared to the other treatments which were 13.86 ± 1.62, 13.70 ± 0.11, 10.09 ± 0.11 respectively. Number of leaves was also higher in the control when compared with the treatment. Also, a steady increase was observed throughout the duration of the study in the number of leaves whilst in the other treatments, there was observed decrease in number of leaves from 5th to 9th WAC. Leaf area was significantly higher at control than other treatments. Increasing salinity led to a significant decrease in chlorophyll production. The control plants had the highest chlorophyll production, with total chlorophyll being 41.28 µm. On the other hand, the plants treated with 19.22 NaCl ds/m had the least chlorophyll production; with total chlorophyll a being 21.12 µm. Results from this study suggest that high salinity levels can negatively affect the growth of Scotch bonnet pepper.

Influence of Hotel Sustainable Management Practices on Customer Behaviour in Selected Hotels in Ilorin-West Lga, Kwara State Nigeria

P. N. Meduna — 2024-11-15

The objective of this paper is to study the influence of hotel management practices on customer behaviour in selected hotels within Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara state. The hotels were selected using the observation and purposive sampling method while the random sampling technique was used to select the members of staff for each hotel. A total of 100 respondents were issued well-structured questionnaires. However 85 questionnaires were retrieved. Data was analysed using descriptive statistic. The findings revealed that the hotels engage in sustainable management practices which includes social practices, environmental practices and economic practices with the exception of higher remuneration for employees, aggressive marketing by employees, and waste recycling. The environmental and economic practices which are not adopted by the hotels could cause potential bad business for the hoteliers and its customers as well as its local communities because the poor environmental maintenance negatively affects human health. This is evident in the fact that there is no recycle of waste and most likely there might be open dumping of waste However, the sustainable management practices which are not carried out by the hotels have little or no effect on customer behaviour and as customers are more interested in repeat-buy and patronising the hotels more often.

Local Climate Conditions and Prevalence of Typhoid Fever Disease Patterns in a Vulnerable Community of Ikpoba Okha LGA of Edo State, Nigeria

A. E. Omoregie — 2024-11-15

Climate change presents a significant threat to water resources and public health, with increasing temperature and rainfall variability exacerbating waterborne diseases. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between local climate conditions and prevalence of typhoid fever disease patterns in a vulnerable community of Ikpoba Okha LGA of Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate methods. The data shows a persistent increase in typhoid cases, with spikes coinciding with higher temperatures and heavy rainfall, particularly in August and September, when flooding and poor water quality contribute to disease spread. The study highlights the critical need for improved water and sanitation infrastructure and targeted public health interventions to address the growing risks posed by climate change. By enhancing climate adaptation measures and reinforcing healthcare responses during high-risk periods, such as the rainy season, the incidence of typhoid fever can be reduced. These findings emphasize the importance of integrated environmental management and disease surveillance to safeguard vulnerable communities. In conclusion, the observed correlation between climatic factors and typhoid prevalence underscores the urgent need for climate resilience strategies to protect public health in regions like Ikpoba Okha, where climate variability increasingly affects disease patterns.

Assessment of Lead, Zinc and Cadmium Concentration and potential health-risk associated with consuming selected Leafy vegetables in Ikorodu Metropolis, Lagos State, Nigeria

O. A. Opasola — 2024-11-15

Heavy metal contamination in agricultural produce can be harmful to people's health. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to assess the concentrations of Lead, Zinc and Cadmium and potential health risks associated with consuming selected leafy vegetables of C. argentea (Soko), T. triangulare (Gbure), and A. viridis (Tete). Data obtained indicates that average concentrations of lead in C. argentea, T. triangulare, and A. viridis were found to be 0.12 mg/kg, 0.15 mg/kg, and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively, with p-values < 0.05, indicating significant contamination. Cadmium levels were also significantly high, with average concentrations of 0.03 mg/kg in C. argentea, 0.05 mg/kg in T. triangulare, and 0.04 mg/kg in A. viridis, with p-values < 0.05. Zinc levels, although within acceptable limits, showed considerable variation among the samples, with p-values > 0.05, indicating no significant difference from the permissible limits. T. triangulare exhibited the highest concentrations of lead and cadmium, suggesting a higher potential for bioaccumulation of these metals in this vegetable. The study indicated that the concentrations of lead and cadmium in the sampled vegetables exceeded permissible limits, posing significant health risks to consumers. The study concludes that leafy vegetables grown in Ikorodu are contaminated with heavy metals, particularly lead and cadmium, at levels that could pose health risks. These findings highlight the need for immediate measures to address contamination sources and ensure the safety of these vegetables for consumers.