Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

Hematology, Reproductive Hormonal Level and Conception Rate in Synchronized Indigenous Cows during Artificial Insemination Scheme in Kwara State, Nigeria

O. M. Adesina — 2025-03-25

Genetic improvement of indigenous cattle breeds through artificial insemination (AI) with exotic semen will aid production system intensification and solve herders-crop farmers’ conflict in Nigeria. Successful AI, however, depends on efficient estrous synchronization preparing the animal’s hormonal balance required for fertilization. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the hematology, reproductive hormonal level and conception rate in synchronized 33 White Fulani and 18 Gudali indigenous cows during artificial insemination (AI) scheme in Kwara State, Nigeria using standard methods. Successful conception was called using transrectal palpation and threshhold of progesterone post-insemination. Data obtained show that there was significant (p < 0.05) breed effect on neutrophils and lymphocytes (indicating better stress tolerance in Gudali than White Fulani) and farm location difference in white blood cells, neutrophils, monocytes, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume prior to synchronization. However, all hematological values were subsequently found within reference values for cow post-synchronization. Post-synchronized elevated LH, reduced FSH and progesterone, plus subsequent progesterone surge 16 weeks post-insemination as well as mean conception rate of 82.75% are indicative of reproductive success. Consequently, Fixed Time AI with 3 consecutive injection of 2ml chloprostenol was recommended for estrous synchronization in artificial insemination in Nigerian indigenous cattle.

Chemical Properties and Nutritional Quality of Nigerian Grown Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Cultivars

F. M. Makinde — 2025-03-25

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)) is quantitatively consumed in Nigeria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical properties and nutritional quality of Eva F1 and Roma cultivars locally grown in Nigeria. The results revealed a degree brix varying from 4.13˚ to 5.43˚ and a pH ranging from 4.28 to 4.34 corresponding to a titrable acidity of 0.88% to 1.18% citric acid equivalents. The colour measurements showed higher L* value for Roma paste (35.59) than Eva F1 paste (35.29) cultivar which indicated that Eva F1 paste is brighter than Roma paste. The moisture, ash, fat, protein, fibre and carbohydrate content ranged from 87.41% to 88.16%, 0.64% to 0.75%, 0.39% to 0.46%, 2.18% to 2.69%, 8.54% to 8.81% and 3.78% to 4.15%, respectively, for the two tomato cultivars. The results of the elemental analyses indicated that calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc concentrations were significantly higher in Roma than Eva F1 cultivar, while phosphorus was found to be significantly higher in Eva F1 cultivar. The results clearly ddemonstrated that differences between the cultivars influence the quality of tomato paste. The findings of this research will find applications in local tomato paste processing by taking advantage of unique characteristics presented by each cultivar.

Levels of Water Supply, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Status of Residents of Two Communities That Shares Boundaries with a First-Generation Tertiary Institution in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

E. E. Imarhiagbe — 2025-03-25

Levels of water supply, sanitation, hygiene and health status of residents of two communities that shares boundaries with a first-generation tertiary institution in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria was evaluated, using a structured questionnaire. Findings showed that residents primarily relied on boreholes within their premises as main water source, with 72.7 % and 87 % of respondents (Ekosodin and BDPA community respectively). The sanitation facilities were predominantly in both communities, however, 17.3% respondents in the BDPA community indicated that the toilets were not sufficient for use. Respondents (67.3 %) in Ekosodin community reported the availability of soap and water within their premises, against 42 % respondents in BDPA. Respondents of Ekosodin community (82.7 %) had separate containers for bathing and storing drinking water, contrary to the 31.3 % respondents of BDPA community. Health status’ findings revealed that a worrisome percentage of respondents (81.3%) in Ekosodin community and (66.7%) in BDPA community indicated the presence of rodents in their houses, hospital/clinic facilities were the primary choice for medical treatment in both communities. In conclusion, community-based intervention programs need to be carried out to educate the populace of both Ekosodin and BDPA residents on the implementation and maintenance of WASH facilities.

Characterization of Potential Refractory Utilization of Blended Sabon-Gari and Bandawa Clays Collected from Deposits in Jalingo and Karim-Lamido Local Government Areas, Taraba State, Nigeria

H. K. Idu — 2025-03-25

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the Characterization of Potential Refractory Utilization of Blended Sabon-Gari and Bandawa Clays collected from Deposits in the Jalingo and Karim-Lamido Local Government Areas, Taraba State, Nigeria. The results showed that the 20:80 mixture had the best performance index of all properties. The 20:80 mixture was then subjected to further XRD, FTIR and thermal conductivity analysis. The XRD pattern of the 20:80 mixture showed the predominant presence of montmorillonite, orthoclase, muscovite, albite and quartz. The FTIR spectrum showed bond stretching and bending vibrations associated with the hydroxyl group (OH), Si-O and Si-O-Si molecules, consistent with clay minerals. A nearly constant peak/intensity profile in the FTIR spectrum of the fired 20:80 mixture was observed in the wave number range of 1300 cm^-1 to 4000 cm^-1, indicating good thermal stability of the mixture, which is also consistent with this statement low thermal conductivity value of 9.38 W/mK compared to 44.8 W/mK for the unfired sample. Finally, it is concluded that the 20:80 mixture of Sabon-Gari: Bandawa clays meets the necessary conditions for use in the production of refractory materials for lining furnaces in the metalworking industry.

Introduction of New General Laplace-Type Integral Transform: The Iyeme-Okpo Transform

E. E. Iyeme — 2025-03-25

In this paper, a new general Laplace-type integral transform called Iyeme-Okpo transform that generalizes all the existing Laplace-type integral transforms has been introduced. Thus, existing integral transforms such as Laplace, Sumudu, Natural, Jafari, Elzaki, Mahgoub, Kamal, Mohand, Sawi, Aboodh, HY, Anuj, Y, Soham, G, Kushare, Emad-Falih, ZZ, SEE, Iman, R, and Formable transforms are special cases of this general transform. Also, we can introduce new Laplace-type integral transforms using this general transform.

Slope Stability Geology and Soil Conditions during Road Construction along the Lupeta–Wimba–Izumbwe Road Intersections in Mbeya District, Tanzania

M. J. Kotini — 2025-03-25

In the realm of geotechnical engineering, maintaining slope stability is critical, especially in newly cut slopes during road construction. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the Slope Stability Geology and Soil Conditions during Road Construction along the Lupeta–Wimba–Izumbwe Road Intersections in Mbeya District of Tanzania using appropriate standard procedures. Laboratory analysis determined shear strength parameters, with cohesion (c) ranging from 5 to 30 kN/ m², an angle of internal friction (Ø) between 20° and 35°, unit weight of soil (γ) varying from 16 to 20 kN/m³, and slope angles (α) between 25° and 45°. The study established a strong linear correlation between the angle of internal friction and the Dynamic Penetration Index (DPI), yielding a regression coefficient of 0.8, with the correlation equation Ø = 1.2515DPI + 0.3297. However, no reliable correlation was found between cohesion and DPI. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was employed to assess slope stability, revealing an overall factor of safety (FS) of 0.68, indicating slope instability. Acknowledging limitations related to pore water pressure and moisture content, the study introduces a quick methodology for slope stability monitoring using FEM, achieving early detection of slope failure.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Approaches for Target-Based Drug Discovery: A Focus on GPCR-Ligand Interactions

M. O. Otun — 2025-03-25

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most significant classes of drug targets due to their pivotal roles in various physiological processes and disease mechanisms. Traditional methods of drug discovery targeting GPCR-ligand interactions are often time-consuming, resource-intensive, and limited by experimental constraints. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has revolutionized target-based drug discovery, offering innovative approaches to predict GPCR-ligand interactions with enhanced accuracy and efficiency. This review explores the integration of AI and ML techniques in GPCR-targeted drug discovery, highlighting their potential to accelerate lead identification, optimize ligand binding predictions, and improve structure-activity relationship modeling. We discuss various AI/ML algorithms, including supervised learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning, and their applications in ligand-based and structure-based drug design. Additionally, we examine the challenges associated with data quality, model interpretability, and computational limitations. The review also emphasizes emerging trends, such as the use of neural networks and transfer learning, which are reshaping the landscape of drug discovery. By focusing on GPCR-ligand interactions, this paper provides insights into how AI and ML can transform traditional drug development processes, ultimately contributing to more effective and targeted therapeutics.

Decade of Electrical Submersible Pumps Failures: Case Study on Performance and Optimization

W. M. Mahmud — 2025-03-25

Electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are widely used as an artificial lift technique utilized for oil production worldwide. Run and pull reports and production tests were analyzed. The paper also recommends mitigation strategies for determined failures to prolong an ESP run life. Electrical failures are the most common ESP failures mainly due interruptions and discontinuations in electricity supply. Technical and operational failures because of improper ESP pump selection and planning. Employing ESP system design that takes into consideration reservoir potential and reservoir fluid and rock properties, while also accounting for the economic factor, can prevent these failures. Mechanical failures are mostly material dependent. It is therefore important to properly select material that is compatible and corrosion resistant to prevent grounded cable and motor and hole in production tubing. Suitable material implementation prolongs run life of an ESP assembly. Employing the proper material prevents component failures. Implementing suitable scale inhibitor to deal with scale depositions as well as utilizing gravel pack for sand screening assists in reducing ESP failures. Regular well cleaning may also reduce pump flow passages being stuck. Some ESP assembly failures are related and can cause other failures. Thus, early prevention of such failures results in failures discontinuation.

Infant Mortality from Scabies Complicated by Sepsis and Renal Failure–A Case Report in Twin Infants at a Government Hospital in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

I. G. Enato — 2025-03-25

Scabies remains a common parasitic infestation associated with poor living conditions and overcrowding which is caused by the sarcoptes scabies mite; and mostly affects those in extremes of age. This paper therefore evaluates Infant Mortality from Scabies Complicated by Sepsis and Renal Failure in Twin Infants at a Government Hospital in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate clinical and standard methods such as papules which can be scaly, presence of burrows, intense nocturnal pruritus and irritability; and excoriations on the skin which can serve as a portal for infection. Although Scabies is considered to be benign; it can however be complicated in rare case with overwhelming bacterial infection leading to septicaemia and renal compromise especially in children; and this requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. We report a case of scabies complicated by overwhelming sepsis in twin infants arising from delay in seeking care and impeded diagnosis due to atypical presentation from possible associated abuse of super-potent steroids in Twin infants; eventually resulting in the mortality of one of the Twin. Availability of proper diagnostic measures and tools; along with appropriate treatment is essential for scabies cases to prevent attendant complications. Abuse of triple action creams should be discouraged and its availability restricted due to the far-reaching implications of its use and complications.

Concentrations and Seasonal Variations of Physicochemical Parameters in Gubi Reservoir, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria

F. Muhammad — 2025-03-25

Physicochemical parameters of a river give fairly detailed information about the quality of the river or reservoir and also depict the suitability of the body of water for both humans that consume such water and survival of the living biota within water body. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to examine the concentrations and seasonal variations of physicochemical parameters in Gubi reservoir, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. The mean values of temperature was (24±0.2⁰C), pH (7.3±0.0), turbidity (16.4±0.5NTU), TDS (98.4±1.2mg/L), EC (180.8±2.9µc/cm), DO (6.9±0.1mg/L), BOD (3.3±0.1mg/L), water hardness (60.4±1.9mg/L(CaCO₃), NO3-N (4.5±0.2mg/L) and PO4-P (1.3±0.0mg/L). The parameters were within the permissible levels except PO4-P which was lower than the permissible limits. Monthly and seasonal variations were also recorded. Physicochemical parameters should be constantly monitored in the reservoir and the state environmental protection agency should enforce appropriate measures concerning disposal of waste into the reservoir.

Potential Production of Fuel Pellets for Energy Generation and Utilization from Common Food Wastes Generated in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

A. C. Adingwupu — 2025-03-25

The amount of solid waste generated in Nigeria continues to increase due to the rising population and poor waste management ethics. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to investigate the potential production of fuel pellets for energy generation and utilization from common food (rice, yam peel, potato peel, and eba) wastes generated in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained show that the volatile matter and fixed carbon of the pellet obtained after drying were in the range of 68.2% to 78% and 10.62% to 12.62% respectively which showed good qualities of a combustible solid fuel. This study has been able to establish that the lower heating value of food waste pellet generated from some common food waste in Nigeria such as rice, eba, orange peel, potato peel and yam peel range from 16.114MJ/kg to 17.735MJ/kg. The dried sample has high volatile matter of 68.2% to 78%, fixed carbon of 10.62% to 12.72%, low ash content of 1.73 to 9.87% and considerably low sulphur content of 0.06% to 0.1% which is suitable for energy utilization. The low ash content and sulphur content revealed of the pellet also are highly desirable of solid fuels. The higher heating value of the pellets was between 16.114MJ/kg to 17.735MJ/kg. The pellets' competitive energy content and environmentally favorable properties make them an efficient option for heat and power generation, particularly in rural and semi-urban regions.

Functional and Swelling Properties of Galactomannan Hydrogel Extracted From Neem (Azadiracta Indicia) Stem Bark Obtained From Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria

D. Ibrahim — 2025-03-25

Neem stem bark is a galactomannan material having hydrogel properties because of its three- dimensional network leading to swelling propensity, viscosity, and binding properties which can be used for dual purpose of binder and enhancing medicinal properties of same cure. Hence, the objective of this work was to investigate the Functional and Swelling Properties of Galactomannan Hydrogel extracted from Neem (Azadiracta indicia) Stem Bark obtained from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria. The physicochemical, functional properties of the neem stem bark were analyzed to ascertain the active ingredient, the swelling properties were observed at distilled water, pH2.2 and 7.4 corresponding to the pH for large and gastrointestinal respectively. The functional and proximate analysis differs with geographical location taking account on the mineral composition of the soil. Hydrogel of 500 mm has the height swelling at (0 – 9 hours) of all the conditions showing absorption in the order of 6.5g, 3.9g, 5.2g and 2.6g relating the swelling percentage as NSB4<NSB3<NSB2<NSB1 at significant difference p<0.05 values all at the hour of 1-9 hours. This proves that the neem is also suitable as a binder

Assessment of the Perception of Abattoir Environmental Hygiene and Sanitation Practices in Ubakala, Abia State, Nigeria

O. Okimiji — 2025-03-25

The study assesses hygiene and sanitation practices in abattoirs in order to maintain meat safety procedures. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the perceived environmental hygiene and sanitation practices of slaughterhouses in Ubakala, Abia State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures including 50 structured questionnaire. Results reveal that the majority of operators (85.0%) were men; 50.0% belonged to the 31-41 age group, while 80.0% were married. About 75.0% attended secondary school, and 40.0% average monthly income range from ₦201,000 and ₦300,000. Features of the slaughterhouse show that 95.0% of the time, more than seven cows were killed every day, and 80.0% of the time, the abattoir was located next to a river or stream. Hence, 60.0% of people burn their waste, 65.0% dispose of waste often, and 85.0% wash their soiled aprons once a week. Ninety percent reported a lack of infrastructure, while only five percent reported the use of pest control devices; a hundred and fifty percent reported veterinary doctor inspections, and sixty-five percent mentioned medical examination and care given to employees who handle meat and exhibit symptoms like diarrhea, coughing, or skin infections (95.0%). There are high levels of meat hygiene practices and low levels of bacterial contamination in beef. The study suggests increasing the inspection of meat sold to the public and training meat handlers in hygiene maintenance.

Physiochemical Properties and Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Some Rivers around Ewekoro Local Government, Ogun State, Nigeria

C. O. Ogunkoya — 2025-03-25

This study examines the physiochemical properties and concentrations of selected heavy metals in selected river waters around Ewekoro, an area characterized by intensive mining and industrial activities, particularly cement production. The research aims to assess the impact of these activities on water quality by analyzing parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), and alkalinity, alongside heavy metal concentrations (copper, zinc, iron, lead, cadmium, calcium, arsenic, and nickel). Twelve (12) water samples were collected from three rivers—Akinbo, Alaguntan, and Elebu using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results indicate that most physiochemical parameters fall within WHO, NAFDAC, and FOEN permissible limits. Elevated levels of iron (0.18–1.449 mg/L) and lead (up to 0.52 mg/L) were detected, exceeding recommended thresholds. The Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HMPI) revealed localized contamination, with values ranging from 1.14 to 6.69, indicating varying degrees of pollution, particularly in areas influenced by industrial discharges. Low dissolved oxygen levels (2.7–3.66 mg/L) suggest organic pollution, posing risks to aquatic ecosystems. Despite the general compliance with international water quality standards, the elevated concentration of Fe, Pb, TH, and alkalinity highlights potential environmental and public health risks, hence there is a need for continuous monitoring, stringent enforcement of industrial discharge regulations, and targeted remediation strategies to mitigate pollution and protect public health. These findings highlight the critical role of industrial activities in water quality degradation and emphasize the importance of sustainable water resource management in the region.

Benchmarking Assessment of Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms of K-Nearest Neighbor, Random Forest, Decision Tree and Its Variants Based On Efficiency and Performance Metrics

Y. Y. Abdullahi — 2025-03-25

Machine learning provides more verbose algorithms capable of accurately predicting, classifying groups as needed. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to assess the benchmarking of Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms of K-Nearest Neighbor, Random Forest, Decision Tree and it variants (ID3, C4.5, C5.0 and CART) based on efficiency and performance metrics using python programming after downloading dataset from Kaggle repository. Dataset to the aforementioned models reveals that, the C4.5 variant of decision tree had the highest prediction accuracy, CART and KNN had the minimal learning and prediction time. If accuracy is the based preference, C4.5 variant of decision tree should be recognized, but when the chief concern is nominal time for training and prediction, then CART and KNN standout.

Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Content of Sediment, Water and Fauna of Printer Waste Toner Burdened Drainage System and its Receiving River around Mile 1 Diobu, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

C. C. Okafor — 2025-03-25

The objective of this paper was to evaluate some physicochemical parameters and heavy metals content of sediment, water and fauna of waste toner burdened drainage and its receiving river around Mile 1 Diobu, Rivers State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Results from the study area found pH levels to be within WHO set limits in both waste water and sediments. Nitrate levels were below WHO set limits. In contrast, Phosphate, EC and TDS were above the WHO permissible limits. Heavy metals content of waste water and sediments found Zn to be below WHO permissible limits. Ni, Mn, Pb, Fe and Cd were all above WHO limits. Zn, Ni, Mn, Pb, Fe and Cd were all above WHO limits in periwinkle (Tympanotonusfucastus), periwinkle shells, fish (Elopssenegalensis), orange crab (Cardisomaarmatum) and black crab (Callinectesamnicola). EDXRF characterization of waste toner shows a concentration of 35.4% of Fe₂O₃; MnO with a concentration of 20.56% and ZnO with a concentration of 15.1% among other toxic metallic oxides observed. The study recommended that further research should be carried out to ascertain the impacts of micro plastics, heavy metals and PAHs in receiving stream where drainage empties into.

Effect of Chemically Modified Biowaste-Low Density Polyethylene Waste Composites for Sorption of Heavy Metals in Soil Samples collected at Waste Dumpsite in Uvwie Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria

K. A. Ibe — 2025-03-25

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of chemically modified biowaste-low density polyethylene waste composites prepared in a 1:1 and 1:2 ratios for sorption of heavy metals in soil samples collected at waste dumpsite in Uvwie Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Data obtained show reduction of values of metal concentration across board, before and after treatment with sorbents. These average values of these parameters include pH (before: 6.01±0.23, after: 6.15±0.25), cadmium (before: 12.39±1.77; after: 9.24±3.24), chromium (before: 1.65±0.43; after: 1.26±0.29), iron (before: 744.38±207.77; after: 478.44±262.94), zinc (before: 12.83±3.12; after: 10.00±1.01), nickel (before: 28.72±4.70; after: 20.33±6.51), lead (before: 19.48±17.92; after: 12.85±4.44), and manganese (before: 16.41±4.46; after: 10.31±6.54). The sorption capacity of the modified sorbents was higher than that of the unmodified sorbents. Modification of the sorbents surface increases the surface characteristics thereby decreasing the concentration of heavy metals and increasing the sorption of these heavy metals from contaminated soils. The unmodified composite 1:2 (LDPE: sawdust) sorbed more metals than unmodified composite 1:1 because the increased proportion of sawdust provided a greater surface area, higher porosity, and more functional groups for metal adsorption. The modified composite 1:1 CaCO₃ and composite 1:2 Mg(OH)₂ sorbed Mn, Ni, Fe, Pb and Cd more than the other sorbents. The composite 1:1 SiO₂ and composite 1:2 Ca(NO₃)₂ sorbed Cr more than the other sorbents and least sorbents that sorbed Cr are composite 1:1 K₂CO₃ and composite 1:2 Mg(OH)₂ while composite 1:1CaCO₃ and composite 1:2 Mg(OH)₂ sorbed Zn more than the other sorbent. It is due to the varying chemical properties and interactions of the modifying agents with the specific metal ions. Each combination of composite ratio and modifying agent creates a unique sorbent with distinct sorption behaviors for different metals.

Design and Implementation of Stock Market Prediction System for Used Cars in Nigeria

A. A. Ibrahim — 2025-03-25

Stock market prediction of commodities have undergone changes from the traditional to modern methods of using machine learning. Hence, the objective of this study was to design and implement a stock market price prediction system for used cars in Nigeria using machine learning techniques, the extra tree algorithm and support vector machine (SVM). The dataset used included such attributes as fuel type, number of doors, number of cylinders, drive wheel and price amongst others. The model was designed by training and testing using pre-processed data. Python programming language was used in the implementation. The results obtained for the mean square error and the R-squared showed high accuracy and therefore made the model ideal for car price prediction in the automobile Nigerian market.

Effect of Chronic Exposure to Low-Level Radon Gas from Tertiary Institutions Workplaces in Western Nigeria

E. A. Oni — 2025-03-25

The carcinogenic effect of exposure to radon on human health is a concern globally. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the effect of chronic exposure to low-level radon gas from tertiary institutions workplaces in Western Nigeria using dosimetric and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Data obtained show that 84.09% of 132 workplaces investigated are within 100 Bqm^-3 (0.01 WL) action level recommended for indoor radon. The average values obtained for the estimation of excess lifetime cancer risk at each studied institution ranged from 0.28% to 0.50% for the dosimetric method and 0.32% to 0.58% for the probabilistic method. The sensitivity analysis revealed that annual occupational exposure to radon decay products is the highest contributor to the risk estimate, followed by the mean life time duration, while the risk factor contributes least. Thus, chronic exposure to low-level indoor radon can lead to lung cancer, most especially for a non-smoker, at a certain stage in life if adequate precautionary measures are not taken to reduce the concentration of indoor radon. Hence, the use of air conditions should be minimized at the workplaces by cultivating a healthy life style of allowing sufficient diffusion of indoor radon-induced air with outdoor air.

Isolation of Native Fungi from Sawdust Collected at a Sawmill from Adeleke Area, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria

A. P. Akomolafe — 2025-03-25

Sawdust is an agricultural waste and could be utilized in several productive and beneficial entities. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to assess the Isolation of Native Fungi from Sawdust collected at sawmill from Adeleke area, Ogbomosho, Oyo state, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Results were obtained at 25°C and 35°C in this study. At 35°C, the result reveals that Aspergillus carbonarius cultured with sawdust had the highest enzymatic activity of 3.65±1.414 than with CMC where it had an enzymatic activity of 2.9±0.070. Rhizopus nigrican had an enzymatic activity of 3.5±1.414 with sawdust than with CMC where it had an enzymatic activity of 2.7±1.414. Aspergillus flavus had an enzymatic activity of 2.45±0.707 with sawdust than with CMC where it had an enzymatic activity of 1.95±0.707. Aspergillus Niger had an enzymatic activity of 2.4±1.414 with sawdust than with CMC where it had an enzymatic activity of 1.6±1.414. Trichoderma harzianum had an enzymatic activity of 2±1.414 with sawdust than with CMC where it had an enzymatic activity of 1.3±1.414. In this study, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Rhizopus nigrican, and Trichoderma harzianum showed significant cellulolytic ability to degrade sawdust. Rhizopus nigrican showed the highest fermentation ability and producing clear zones of 40mm (25°C) and 34mm (35°C) (p<0.001). Hence, the use of Rhizopus nigrican in the production of cellulase using sawdust as an agro waste is possible because of its high cellulolytic ability which was observed at both temperatures.

Landuse and Landcover Changes in Anyigba Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria

I. Ademu — 2025-03-25

The objective of this paper was to investigate the landuse and landcover (LULC) changes in Anyigba, Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria to evaluate the annual rate of change, predicts future trends, and examines the implications of these changes using Landsat imagery from 1998, 2010, and 2022 obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and processed by ArcGIS. The findings reveal significant shifts in LULC patterns between 1998 and 2022. Urban areas expanded dramatically by 84.56 km² (1289.02%), with an annual growth rate of 3.52%, while agricultural land, once the dominant category, declined by 52.15 km² (34.58%). Similarly, bare surfaces shrank by 11.30 km² (57.95%). Projections for 2035 indicate continued urban expansion to 176.14 km² (79.50%), coupled with significant reductions in forest/vegetation cover (6.68%), bare surfaces (1.35%), and agricultural land (12.46%).These changes have profound implications, including the loss of forest and vegetation, increased urbanization, declining agricultural land, and diminishing bare surfaces. Such trends pose challenges for sustainable development and necessitate effective planning. The study underscores the importance of regular monitoring, control, and evaluation of LULC dynamics to mitigate haphazard development and its adverse effects on local communities.

Assessment of Physicochemical, Heavy Metals and Microbial Parameters in Leachate and Groundwater around Solid Waste Dumpsites at Onne, Rivers State, Nigeria

T. O. Olagbemiro — 2025-03-25

The study assessed groundwater contamination from dumpsite leachate in Onne, Nigeria, over 12 months (May 2022–May 2023). Physicochemical (pH, EC, DO, BOD, TDS, turbidity, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate), heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg, Fe, Cu), and microbial (faecal and total coliform) parameters were analyzed in leachate and groundwater samples using standard methods. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, Tukey's HSD post-hoc, Pearson correlation) evaluated spatial variations and relationships between leachate and groundwater characteristics. Results showed significant contamination, with EC (232.3 ± 25.9 µs/cm), sulphate (3.77 ± 0.38 mg/L), phosphate (6.14 ± 0.36 mg/L), nitrate (1.19 ± 0.25 mg/L), Fe (0.32 ± 0.12 mg/L), Pb (0.02 ± 0.03 mg/L), and Hg (0.01 ± 0 mg/L) in groundwater samples, some exceeding WHO/NSDWQ limits. Leachate contained significantly higher levels of heavy metals, particularly Fe (77.4 ± 16.3 mg/L), Cu (23.1 ± 4.73 mg/L), and Cr (1.23 ± 0.4 mg/L), suggesting potential leachate migration influencing groundwater quality. Microbial counts (<2 MPN/g) remained within acceptable limits, with no significant variation. The analysis revealed significant spatial variations in the physicochemical, heavy metal, and microbial parameters across the dumpsites. The following recommendations are made; implement waste segregation and recycling programs at the source to reduce the amount of waste reaching the dumpsites and develop and implement leachate treatment systems to prevent contamination of groundwater and soil.

Predictors and Occurrences of Sexually Transmitted Infections amongst Students of a Tertiary Institution in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

U. A. Adaka — 2025-03-25

This Study aims to investigate the predictors and occurrences of sexually transmitted infections among students of a tertiary institution in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 156 students, aged ≥ 18 years. The results revealed a higher-than-expected prevalence of gonorrhoea, whereas other STIs such as trichomoniasis, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS showed lower-than-expected cases. Significant behavioural risk factors included smoking (37.2%), alcohol consumption (39.7%), and engaging in unprotected sex (71.1%, sometimes or always). Peer pressure played a notable role in sexual behaviour, with 51.9% of the students feeling pressured to engage in risky sex. The study found that while 66.7% of the students received sexual health education and 76.9% knew how STIs were transmitted, only 43.6% had ever been tested for STIs. Additionally, 64.1% of students perceived stigma associated with STIs, and 38.5% felt uncomfortable discussing their sexual health. These findings highlight critical public health concerns and gaps in sexual health education and service accessibility. Recommendations include enhancing comprehensive sexual health education, improving access to on-campus testing and counselling services, and implementing. Stigma reduction campaigns. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, health educators, and university administrators to develop effective strategies for STI prevention and management among university students.

Effect of Poultry Manure and Granite Rock Dust Applications on the Chemical Properties of Soil under Amaranthus cruentus at Organic Farm in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

S. D. Oyekunle — 2025-03-25

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of poultry manure and the time of application of granite rock dust on the chemical properties of soil under Amaranthus cruentus at an organic farm in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria, using standard procedures. Results of physical and chemical properties of soil show that pH = [7.18], organic carbon= [1.84], nitrogen = [0.09], phosphorus = [5.18 mg/kg], potassium = [1.29 cmol/kg], calcium = [2.69 cmol/kg], magnesium = [0.96 cmol/kg], manganese = [5.48 mg/kg], zinc = [1.48 mg/kg], and copper = [0.29 cmol/kg]. Application of poultry manure and rock dust affected these values as pH (8.46, 6.97); % OM (22.33, 82.56), % TN (3.42, 9.88), % OC (31.01, 7.56), % Total P (1.87, 4.28), % Ca (2.89, 0.76), % Mg (0.46, 1.89), % K (2.89, 0.78), % Na (0.99, 12.04), % S (0.38, 0.08), Cu (mg/kg) [362, 3.14], Fe (mg/kg) [1982, 2.89], Zn (mg/kg) [283.5, 0.17], Mn (mg/kg) [281, 1.88]. This study concludes that Amaranthus cruentus could be grown by applying some poultry manure and rock dust to improve the soil chemical.

Assessment of Household Hygiene, Potable Water Sources, and Sanitation Practices in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria

A. E. Omoregie — 2025-03-25

Access to potable water and proper sanitation remains a pressing global issue, particularly in developing regions like Nigeria, where waterborne diseases are prevalent due to inadequate water and sanitation facilities. Consequently, the paper assesses household hygiene, potable water sources, and sanitation practices in IkpobaOkha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standardized procedures with structured questionnaires surveying 1,131 households with children under ten. Results indicated that 83.6% of households rely on boreholes as their primary water source, 9.5% use wells, and 3.4% harvest rainwater. The study in IkpobaOkha LGA showed that 63% of households (708 out of 1,131) do not treat their drinking water, raising significant public health concerns. The findings also reveal diversity in sanitation practices, with 431 households using pit latrines, 594 utilizing flush toilets connected to pit systems, and 106 relying on bush toilets. These patterns highlight varying access to improved sanitation facilities. In terms of water storage, 512 households use tanks, 371 use plastic buckets, and 248 use wooden pots. The frequency of cleaning water storage facilities also varies, with 68 households cleaning weekly, 138 bi-weekly, 564 monthly, 352 quarterly, and nine (9) annually. Only eight (8) children visit hospitals weekly, 171 bi-weekly, 364 monthly, 486 quarterly, and 102 yearly. Most children (486) visit quarterly, suggesting a preference for routine health check-ups. The regression results indicated a statistically significant relationship between poor sanitation and water sources. Significant challenges in water quality, sanitation infrastructure, and hygiene practices were identified. The study highlights the need for improved sanitation, water treatment methods, and infrastructure development to mitigate public health risks and achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6, ensuring clean water and sanitation by 2030.

Evaluation of the Physicochemical Characteristics and Pollution Source Apportionment of Ojobo Creek Burutu Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria

D. Okoro — 2025-03-25

The rapid expansion of industry, agriculture, and urbanization is significantly altering the aquatic environment. To effectively manage and conserve aquatic ecosystems, it is crucial to accurately conduct comprehensive water quality assessments and identify pollution sources. Hence, this study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and pollution source apportionment of Ojobo Creek, Burutu Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria, using a multivariate analytical approach. Surface water samples were collected monthly over a six-month period, from July to December 2024. The water samples were analysed using various standard methods. The results revealed that pH ranged from 6.60 to 6.90, with an average value of 6.73; Turbidity varied between 60.50 and 105.50 NTU, averaging 87.50 NTU; Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ranged from 4.52 to 4.69 mg/L, with a mean value of 4.61; Lead (Pb) concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 mg/L, averaging 0.09 mg/L; while nickel (Ni) ranged from 0.07 to 0.14 mg/L, with an average of 0.09 mg/L. Notably, Pb, Ni, and turbidity exceeded WHO standard limits, indicating potential health and environmental risks. Cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed both natural and anthropogenic sources of contamination. These findings emphasize the need for effective pollution control measures and sustainable water management strategies to safeguard environmental quality and public health.

Metabolic Syndrome and Common Cancers in Nigeria: A Systematic Review between 1999 and 2022

O. O. Ajayi — 2025-03-25

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cancers pose significant public health challenges worldwide. However, the exact mechanisms linking MetS to carcinogenesis remain incompletely understood, particularly in the context of Nigeria where information on this association is limited. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to provide a systematic review of metabolic syndrome and common cancers in Nigeria spanning the period 1999 to 2022 by harvesting information and data across academic databases including Google Scholar and PubMed. The focus was on exploring the association of metabolic syndrome with breast, prostate, liver, cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers specifically within Nigerian populations. Each constituent of metabolic syndrome was individually investigated alongside each highlighted cancer type (e.g., hypertension and its correlation with liver cancer). Seventeen scholarly articles meeting the inclusion criteria were identified, shedding light on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and various cancers among Nigerians. These studies predominantly reported one or two components of MetS in the context of the specified cancers. Notably, only a singular report discussed the association between MetS and breast cancer within this population. The study highlighted a lack of information regarding the mechanisms linking Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) to carcinogenesis specifically within Nigeria. It suggests the need for further research endeavors aimed at clarifying these mechanisms.

Evaluation of Diversity and Abundance of Diptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera in Afuremo, Oye-EgboandFaalex Areas inOye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

C. B. Akinmuleya — 2025-03-25

This study aimed at evaluating the diversity and abundance of Diptera, Hemiptera and Orthoptera in Afuremo, Oye- Egbo and Faalex areas in Oye- Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria from January to April 2024 using a combination of Sweep net, Pitfall, jarring and Active hunting methods. Data obtained reveals, a total of 333 individuals belonging to 3 orders, 26 families and 40 species were identified from Afuremo, Oye- Egbo and Faalex. Diptera was the most dominant order across the three study areas with 164 individuals. Out of these numbers 96 individuals were obtained from Afuremo, 21 individuals were obtained from Oye-Egbo while 47 individuals were obtained from Faalex. In Afuremo, Coniceratibialis (Diptera: Phoridae) had the highest relative abundance of 31.25% while both Aedesinfirmatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Muscadomestica (Diptera: Muscidae) had the lowest relative abundance of 1.04% respectively. However, in Oye-Egbo, Cimexlectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) had the highest relative abundance of 64.29% while Brassolissophorae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Plodiainterpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Lymantriadispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) had the lowest relative abundance of 9.09% respectively. In Faalex, Eupeodesfumipennis (Diptera: Syrphidae) had the highest relative abundance of 68.09% while Limnellaquadrata(Diptera: Ephydidae) had the lowest relative abundance of 2.13%. Oye- Egbo had the highest Shannon, Margalef and Evenness values (1.09, 0.47, 0.99) respectively while Faalex had the lowest Shannon and Evenness values (0.90, 0.82) respectively. The results suggest that Afuremo is a biodiversity hub and has favorable microclimatic condition that ensures the sustenance of Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hemiptera.

Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Epoxidized Rubber Seed Oil from Acetic and Formic Acids under Identical Reaction Conditions

I. O. Bakare — 2025-03-25

The main objective of this article was to report the synthesis and the physicochemical properties of epoxidized rubber seed oil (ERSO) from acetic and formic acids under identical reaction conditions at 60 °C. The effect of organic acids on epoxy content and other physicochemical properties were determined. The differences observed in the ERSO samples were explained in terms of the structural parameters derived from FTIR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The physicochemical characteristics of the ERSO samples were similar to those of the currently available commercial epoxy vegetable oils.

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Efficacies of Bidentate Schiff Metal Complexes Derived From Terephthalaldehyde and 2-Aminophenol

W. A. Osunniran — 2025-03-25

The objective of this paper was to investigate the synthesis and antimicrobial efficacies of Bidentate Schiff metal complexes of Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) complexes derived from equimolar ratio of terephthalaldehyde (TPA) and 2-aminophenol (AMP) The ligand and complexes were characterized using physicochemical techniques - melting point, solubility, conductivity and spectroscopic parameters - FTIR and UV-Visible. FTIR spectrum of the Schiff base ligand showed absorption bands at 1671 cm^-1which shifted to 1689 - 1698 cm^-1in the spectra of metal complexes indicating of coordination of metal ion to the ligand through azomethine N-atom. In the same vein, the sharp absorption bands at 3323 - 3366 cm^-1 in the spectra of metal complexes showed coordinated water of crystallization. Square planar geometry was proposed for all metal complexes based on the available spectroscopic data obtained. The antimicrobial results showed that both the ligands and the metal complexes inhibited bacterial and fungi growth, more effective than some of the standard antimicrobial drugs used. The Cu (II) complex exhibited encouraging antibacterial activities against all strains of microbes, the ligand, Mn (II), and Co (II) metal complexes were only active against staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia Coli, and Candida albicans while Ni (II) complex showed no activity against both bacteria and fungi strains. MIC (Mininum Inhibitory Concentration) of Manganese complex is 20 mg/ml while MIC that prevents the visible growth of the tested organisms for Schiff base ligand, Copper and Cobalt complexes is 40 mg/ml.

Potential Impacts of Future Variation in Temperature and Rainfall on Hydrology and Sediment Yield in a Water Catchment in Central Uganda

A. R. Mwangu — 2025-03-25

Upper Ssezibwa catchment is experiencing variations in temperature and rainfall affecting the hydrological process through variable surface runoff, increased sediment yield, siltation of river channels leading to increased flooding in the lower part of the catchment. All of these degrade the environment and affect the sustainability of the water resources. Climate projections indicate a progressive increase in rainfall and temperatures in the catchment and requires attention. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the potential impacts of future variation in temperature and rainfall on hydrology and sediment yield in a water catchment in central Uganda using appropriate standard methods. Results for Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model calibration- (R²=0.85, NSE=0.82, KGE=0.76, PBIAS = -18.5) and validation (R²=0.72, NSE=0.66, KGE=0.66, PBIAS= -19.3) indicate a good agreement with the observed values. The model projected 1.3⁰C and 1.5⁰C increase in temperature and 10.9% and 10.4% relative change in precipitation for the period 2025-2055 under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios. Future projections show climate variability will lead to increase in surface runoff and sediment yield during rainfall peaks is likely to increase river discharge, silting of the river channel and flood occurrence. Quantifying water balance and sediment yield within the catchment is crucial for planning downstream projects and water management generally.

Effects of Malathion Organophosphate Exposure on Histology of Salivary Glands of 3rd Instar Larva and Brain of Adult Common Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

B. Bindhani — 2025-03-25

Malathion is a common organophosphate insecticide globally used in agriculture. Previous studies show that exposure to malathion causes considerable decrease in levels of amylase and acetylcholinesterase in Drosophila, which has a crucial role in neurotransmission. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of malathion organophosphate exposure on histology of salivary glands of 3rd instar larva and brain of adult common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained reveals that larval salivary glands suffered severe structural distortion, including destruction of epithelial cell layer. The adult Drosophila brains also demonstrated significant evidence of neuro-degeneration, including cellular degeneration. The results point to a gross histological deterioration in both the brain and salivary gland of larval and adult Drosophila upon the treatment with malathion. The histopathological data shows that malathion has detrimental effects on Drosophila. The cytotoxicity towards epithelial cells of the salivary gland may represent a generalized effect on the digestive system and neurodegeneration within the brain points to the likelihood of permanent neural damage. Based on these findings, both neuronal and digestive functions could be altered after a long-term exposure to Malathion, hence, this substance could also have a detrimental effect on human health.

Co-Digestion of Cow Dung, Poultry Manure, Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Water for Biogas Production: Performance Evaluation of Fixed Dome and Floating Drum Digesters

O. T. Ojetokun — 2025-03-25

Biogas production from agricultural wastes has not been fully explored as a means of waste management and production of organic fertilizer. Hence, the objective of this paper was to explore the performance evaluation of fixed dome (FXD) and floating drum digester (FLD) for the production of biogas from the co-digestion of cow dung (CD), poultry manure (PM), palm oil mill effluent (POME) and water (WW) using appropriate standard procedures. Results showed that in the water/manure treatment, the FXD digester produced significantly more biogas (8.18 dm³) at 33°C and pH 6.8 than other treatments. In the POME/manure treatment, the FLD digester yielded the highest biogas volume (8.05 dm³) at 34°C and pH 6.4. FXD digesters were more suited for water/manure treatment, while FLD digesters were preferable for the POME/manure treatment. Analysis of digested slurry revealed N, P, and K contents of 2.54, 1.25, and 7.68 % for FXD digester, and 2.53, 1.76, and 50.14 % for FLD digester. These slurries may serve as high-quality organic manure, replacing chemical fertilizers in agriculture. The study underscores how substrate types, digester configurations, pH and temperature influence biogas production, emphasizing the sustainable potential of agricultural waste utilization.

Innovative Techniques for Enhancing the Reliability of Machine Learning Classifiers in Protein-Protein Interaction Hotspot Prediction

M. O. Otun — 2025-03-25

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a crucial role in numerous biological processes, with specific regions known as hotspots being key determinants of binding affinity and stability. Accurate prediction of these interaction hotspots is essential for understanding molecular mechanisms and facilitating drug discovery. Machine learning (ML) classifiers have emerged as powerful tools for PPI hotspot prediction due to their ability to identify complex patterns in large biological datasets. However, challenges such as data imbalance, model overfitting, and limited generalizability often affect the reliability of these classifiers Consequently, the objective of this review is to explore innovative techniques that enhance the reliability of Machine learning (ML) classifiers for Protein-protein interactions (PPI) hotspot prediction using multi-omics data, explainable AI (XAI) and transfer learning to improve model performance and interpretability. Key approaches include advanced feature engineering, integration of multi-omics data, ensemble learning methods, and the application of deep learning architectures. Additionally, strategies for addressing data-related issues, such as synthetic data generation and transfer learning, are discussed. The review also highlights the importance of model interpretability and robust validation techniques to improve predictive performance. By examining these cutting-edge methodologies, this paper provides insights into the development of more accurate and reliable ML models, ultimately contributing to advancements in computational biology and therapeutic target identification.

Evaluation of the Floral Diversity and Physicochemical Composition of Honey Procured from some Markets in Anambra State, Nigeria

N. C. Ikegbunam — 2025-03-25

The identification of different plant species in honey is vital as they contribute towards the composition of honey and helps to verify honey authenticity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the pollen content and physicochemical composition of honey from different markets (Okpuno Market, Eke Awka, Ifite Market, Eke Nibo and Nkwo Amaenyi) in Anambra State, Nigeria using standard methods. The best recorded values for the tested parameters were; conductivity (0.39±0.03%) in Okpuno sample, pH ( 2.80± 0.2) in Nkwo Amaenyi Sample, moisture content (10.32±0.03%) in Okpuno sample, ash (0.46±.02%) in Ifite market sample, protein (1.31±0.03%) in Ifite sample, fat (0.16±0.03%) in Eke-Awka sample, polyphenol (8.1±0.25%) in Eke-Awka sample, free acidity (28.93±0.25 meq kg-1) in Nkwo Amaenyi sample, HMF (5.75±0.03 mg/kg) in Nkwo Amaenyi sample, Sucrose (7±1 mg/100g) in Eke-Awka sample, reducing sugar (62.16±0.5%) in Okpuno sample etc. Microscopic examination revealed 37,590 pollen grains, dominated by Phyllanthus amarus, Elaeis guineensis, Combretaceae/Melastomataceae, Lannea sp., and Parinari excelsa. The most dominant families of plants present in the samples were Fabaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Arecaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae and Anacardiaceae. All the samples were identified as multifloral honey, derived from the nectar of various plant species, with no single species being predominant. The wide variety of pollen types indicates that honeybees travel long distances for nectar and other food sources, indicating authenticity and good quality honey. The sugar assays revealed that all honey samples did not contained the appropriate amount of sugar for acceptable quality honey. However, most measured parameters met international standards, indicating safe human consumption.

Evaluating the Mechanical Properties of Tensile Strength and Hardness after Optimization during a Mild Steel Metal Plate Welding Operation

S. O. Emumena — 2025-03-25

The choice of choosing between alternatives is a prerequisite for a chain of different engineering selection problems, such as process selection, machine selection, tools selection, material handling equipment selection, supplier selection. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the mechanical properties of tensile strength and hardness after optimization using the application of Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) during a steel metal welding process. The result obtained reveals that the weld current 170amp, weld voltage 20v, filler rod diameter 22mm and gas flow rate 3.3lit/min gave the optimal tensile strength of 496.5N/mm2 and Hardness of 190.2.

Review and Analyze the Sources, Characteristics and Composition of Electronic Waste

N. H. T. Ly — 2025-03-25

The objective of this paper was to review and analyze the sources, characteristics and composition of electronic wastes by collecting the studies related to the research problem from various databases. The results of the evaluation of articles show that electronic waste includes all old or expired electrical and electronic equipment that has been discarded by consumers. With an average growth rate of about 2.6 million tonnes per year, it is estimated that by 2030, the amount of e-waste generated will be up to 82 million tonnes. E-waste is classified into many different categories and contains many valuable materials that can be recovered and reused to overcome the shortage of raw materials, while limiting the adverse impacts of hazardous substances in e-waste on the environment and human health. The results of the research provide a general and valuable overview of the sources, characteristics and composition of electronic waste.

Influence of Untreated Pharmaceutical Effluent on the Germination and Growth of Amaranthus Viridis L. (African Spinach) Collected From Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Y. E. Bayode — 2025-03-25

The swift advancement in the pharmaceutical industry has raised concerns regarding the impact of its wastewater on the environment, particularly on edible plants. It has also been observed that peasant communities close to pharmaceutical industries use waste effluents from the industries to grow crops. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of untreated pharmaceutical effluent on the germination and growth of Amaranthus viridis L. (African spinach) collected from Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. It was observed that low levels of pharmaceutical wastewater promoted growth, whereas higher levels negatively impacted plant development and decreased chlorophyll content, resulting in hindered growth and lower yields. The germination percentage was recorded at 100% in the control group. However, it decreased between 61.18% and 79.14% in spinach grown on soils polluted with pharmaceutical effluent. The spinach plants from 100% treatment soils had 2 branches, while the plants from 60% treatment soils had 4 branches. Total fresh weight in spinach from soil contaminated with 60% wastewater had the highest value of 65.82g, while those from soil containing 100% wastewater had the lowest value of 34.67g. The control group's total fresh weight was 51.69g. This study emphasizes how urgently the pharmaceutical industries need strict wastewater treatment procedures. Additionally, it offers useful information that helps farmers, environmental scientists, and legislators balance ecological health with agricultural output.

Radiation Doses and Radiological Risks Associated with Radiodiagnostic Examinations at a Tertiary Institutional Hospital, Ondo State, Nigeria

C. J. Olowookere — 2025-03-25

The benefits of conventional x-rays imaging procedures in diagnostic radiology cannot be overemphasized despite modern advances in imaging technologies. This is because millions of conventional radiographs are produced annually in attempts to carry out diagnosis; however, like other fields of human endeavor, it has its attendant risks. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate radiation doses and radiological risks associated with radiodiagnostic examinations at a tertiary institutional hospital in Ondo State, Nigeria, using appropriate standard techniques. This study examined the quality control test of the facility used at our institution, the dose delivered to patients during examinations, and the level of risks arising from the imaging. During the quality control tests, the mean filtration factor of 0.81 recorded is greater than the recommended limit of 0.75. This implies that there is adequate beam filtration; however, tube potential requires a little adjustment to enhance the quality image and optimized dose. The results of ESD for adult patients showed that the values in the following procedures: Chest AP/PA, Lumbar LAT, Knee AP/LAT, Thoracic Spine AP, and Abdominal AP are less than HPA (UK) and Canada published data. Additionally, the ESDs received by pediatrics in Head AP and Abdomen AP/PA are lower than the published values measured in Ethiopia (Jimma and Addis Ababa). The results of effective doses (for adults) recorded in Lumbosacral LAT, Cervical Spine AP, Thoracic Spine, Abdominal AP, and Hip are lower than the published values from Canada, the UK, and Serbia. Results of the inherent risk descriptions indicate that Chest AP/PA for adults and pediatrics have minimal risks (1 in 100,000), while other examinations such as Head AP, Lumbosacral LAT, Cervical Spine, Thoracic Spine, Abdomen AP, and Hip indicate negligible risks (1 in 1 million). Results presented indicate that the risks are to a greater extent negligible, but there is room for improvement in the practice.

Effect of Cutting Speed, Depth of Cut, and Feed Rate on Metal Removal Rate in the Machining of a Cylindrical Mild Steel Bar

P. H. H Ucheonwu — 2025-03-25

Metal cutting, plays a critical role in the manufacturing industry. To ensure sustainable growth in the quality of produced designed and manufactured, certain area of interest such as the cutting parameters, must be fully developed. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on the metal removal rate in the machining of a cylindrical mild steel bar using appropriate standard method. From the study, a mean and standard deviation of 4.26 and 2.31 respectively is obtained. Data obtained shows that the metal removal rate obtained revealed sharp variation as a result of the influence of the cutting parameters. The feed rate revealed the most variation in its effect on the metal removal rate, as it was observed that the rate of removal increased greatly and progressively as the feed rate increased. However, a decline was observed, which is attributable to the wear of the cutting tool.