Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

Performance Evaluation of Grey Relational Analysis Method in the Optimization of Machining Operation Performed on Cylindrical Mild Steel Bar

2025-02-16T07:51:09+00:00

Machining operation is a core aspect of the manufacturing industry as it involves a process of material removal using cutting and machine tools to accurately obtain the required product dimensions with good surface finish. The objective of this paper was to investigate the performance evaluation in the optimization of machining operations performed on a 30 mm cylindrical mild steel bar, with cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut as cutting parameters and metal removal rate and surface roughness as responses using a lathe machine to obtained the responses, afterwhich the results were analysed by Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) technique. Data obtained show that the nineteenth experimental run with the following combined parameters; cutting speed 120rev/min, feed rate 0.1rev/mm, and depth of cut 0.5mm gave the optimal responses.

Variety and Intra-Row Spacing On Growth and Yield of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L) By Nigerian Farmers to Improve Productivity in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria

2025-02-16T08:00:59+00:00

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the variety and intra-row spacing on growth and yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by Nigerian farmers to improve productivity in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria during the 2024 rainy season using appropriate techniques. Data obtained show that the values of count, plant height, leaf area, stem girth at 30, 45, 60, and 75 days after planting; tuber number, length, diameter, and yield were assessed and results indicated no significant (p>0.05) effects on establishment count, plant height, tuber length, and diameter. However, significant (p≤0.05) effects were observed in leaf area, tuber number, weight, and yield. Marabel (variety 2) outperformed Connect, recording the highest yield (85,700kg/ha), with the 30×25cm spacing also yielding highest (72,375kg/ha). Hence, Marabel and 30×25cm spacing are recommended for potato cultivation.

Bioaccumulation of Selected Heavy Metals in some Plants Growing Around Artisanal Gold Mining Sites in Kataeregi, Niger State, Nigeria

2025-02-16T08:06:47+00:00

This investigation was carried out to assess bioaccumulation of selected heavy metals in some plants growing around artisanal gold mining sites in Kataeregi, Niger state, Nigeria and to ascertain the selection criterion for candidate plant’s capacity for phytoremediation in the process of cleaning up the metal-contaminated soil of the site. At mining sites, samples of soil and eight distinct plant species were gathered. An atomic absorption spectrometer was employed to ascertain the concentration of bioaccumulation of selected heavy metals in the soil and different parts of the plants. Pb content of the soil was 1071±168.8 mg/kg while Cd, Cr, Zn, and As were 13.38±0.432, 10.26 ±1.635, 194.6±6.245 and As 11.08±2.06 respectively. While the result of hyper bioaccumulation ability of the collected plants shows that Calotropis procera recorded highest root and stem Pb contents of 87±31.0 and 87.3±1.20mg/kg respectively. For Cd, Azadiracta indica, E camaldulensis recorded highest root cadmium content of 1.7±0.28 and 8±0.54 respectively. Azadiracta indica recorded the highest Cr in root, stem and shoot measuring 21±6.27, 18±0.38 and 16±0.38mg/kg respectively. Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Vitallaria pardoxa recorded the highest root, shoot and leaves Zn content of 142±4.8, 107±0.89, 98±0.30,56±0.30, 93±0.86 and 153±0.68 mg/kg respectively. For As, the highest concentration was recorded in root of Ocimum basilicum with 11.89±0.01 mg/kg while the stem of Calotropis procera recorded highest of 2.70 mg/kg. The three plants examined had bioaccumulation potential and can be used for phytoremediation.

Evaluation of Some Physicochemical Parameters in Borehole and Well Water in Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi State, Nigeria

2025-02-16T08:13:24+00:00

This study evaluated the physicochemical parameters of borehole and well water in Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Results for borehole water showed EC values ranging from 4.14 µS/cm (Rafin Gimba borehole) to 7.59 µS/cm (Dungah borehole), while well water EC ranged from 4.62 µS/cm (Rafin Gimba well) to 7.72 µS/cm (Maryam well). Borehole water pH values ranged between 7.10 and 7.50 and those for well water ranged from 6.90 to 7.50, all within the NSDWQ (Nigerian Standard for Water Quality) and WHO (World Health Organization) acceptable range of 6.5 – 8.5. However, TDS values for borehole water (up to 4,634 mg/dm³) and well water (up to 4,710 mg/dm³) exceeded the NSDWQ limit of 500 mg/dm³, potentially indicating salinity risks. Turbidity values for both borehole and well water (up to 16.00 NTU and 15.00 NTU respectively) surpassed the maximum standard of 5.00 NTU, suggesting possible microbial contamination. Despite variations in TSS and TH, most values are within permissible limits, except for some locations with elevated hardness exceeding 150 mg/dm³ standard. These findings highlight the need for regular monitoring and treatment of water sources in the study area to ensure compliance with drinking water quality standards.

Biosorption of Oil and Heavy Metal Ions from Produced Water Using Sesame Residues

2025-02-16T08:20:19+00:00

With the ever-increasing use of water for municipal and industrial purposes, it has become necessary to appraise water quality on a continuous basis. Crude oil production is accompanied by generation of large volumes of produced water. The produced water contained dissolved and dispersed oil which is hazardous to both human health and aquatic lives. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the removal of oil, cadmium and lead ions from produced water by sesame pod and stalks collected from farm-site in Bartak Village of Alkaleri Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Effects of loading rate, stirring speed and sorption time were studied. The results of EDS spectroscopy revealed that sesame pod contained 65.21% C; 18.22% Ca; 13.11% Si; 1.22% K; 0.02% Ag; 1.29% Mg; 0.12% Sr; 0.31% Cu; 0.11% Zn; 0.01% Zr; 0.05% S; 0.31% Rb and 0.02% Na while sesame stalk contained 69.35% C; 13.58% Ca; 14.29% Si; 1.13% K; 0.02% Ag; 1.03% Mg; 0.32% Sr; 0.13% Cu; 0.01% Zn; 0.15% Zr; 0.38% S; 0.13% Rb and 0.14% Na respectively. Biosorption study with the two biosorbent (sesame pod and stalk) showed that both can be used in the removal of oil, cadmium and lead ions from produced water given up to 96.7% oil removal for sesame pod and 97.2% removal for sesame stalk at an equivalent dosage of 1.0 g (for both sesame pod and stalk) per liter produced water after 30minutes equilibrium time and initial oil concentration as high as 435.5 mg/l. Finally, the prepared sesame pod and stalk biosorbents are characterized significantly by their high ability to adsorb oil and suspended solids from produced water, as a result, reduces the economic cost of water treatment.

Solid Waste Management: Generation, Characteristics, Disposal, and Recommendations for Sustainable Management at a Tertiary Institution in Bangladesh

2025-02-16T08:25:31+00:00

The study was carried out at a public university regarded as the cleanest campus in Bangladesh because of its immaculate appearance and abundant greenery. However, the university's cleanliness has recently been severely impacted by irresponsible solid waste disposal and improper waste management. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the generation, characteristics, disposal, and recommendations of sustainable solid waste management at a tertiary institution, the University of Rajshahi in Bangladesh using appropriate standard methods. During the study period, the university's average monthly solid waste generation was estimated to be 32033.30 kg (32.03 metric tons), of which the greatest portions were made up of food waste or organic waste and paper (69.30% and 10.84%, respectively). There were 5.05%, 3.39%, 2.23%, 0.82%, 1.12%, and 7.24%, of plastics, textiles and wood, leather and rubber, metal, glass, and other wastes, respectively. The campus generates about 0.10 kg of solid waste per person per day. The total amount of waste generated daily was 250.19 kg (23.45%) of recyclables and 816.52 kg (76.55%) of non-recyclables. There are 48 dumping sites on campus, most unsanitary and seriously threaten the university's safety. Therefore, university authorities must quickly enhance the campus's environmental conditions through efficient solid waste management.

Preliminary Evidence Of Possible Neurotoxic Activity Of Aqueous Annona muricata (Soursop) Leaf Extract In The Cerebellum Of Adult Wistar Rats

2025-02-16T08:34:13+00:00

Global trends show a rising adoption of plant-based diets due to their therapeutic benefits, however, studies show that some medicinal plants may induce neurotoxicity. Accordingly, this study investigated the preliminary evidence of possible neurotoxic activity of aqueous Annona muricata (Soursop) leaf extract (AMLE) on the cerebellum of adult Wistar rats using appropriate standard procedures after the cerebella were assayed for antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation and histological changes. Findings revealed no significant difference (p>0.05) in the body, brain, cerebellar, relative cerebellar weights, and cerebellum-brain weight ratio of all AMLE-treated rats compared to control. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in CAT activity in AMLE-treated rats compared to control, however; there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in SOD activity and a significant increase (p<0.05) in MDA concentration in rats treated with 5000 mg/kg BW of AMLE compared to control. Also, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in ambulation, line crossing, and movement initiation score, and a significant increase (p<0.05) in immobility in rats treated with 5000 mg/kg BW of AMLE compared to control. Histological findings reveal relatively normal and intact histology of the cerebellum in all AMLE-treated rats following comparison to control. Conclusively, treatment of the experimental rats with AMLE did not adversely affect the cerebellum except for a few parameters at 5000 mg/kg BW, thus indicating that AMLE may be toxic at higher doses.

Sum of Poisson-Distributed Random Variables: A Convolution Method Approach

2025-02-16T08:43:19+00:00

This paper presents a two-parameter extension of the classical Poisson distribution, specifically tailored for rare event modeling. The proposed model is constructed as the sum of two independent Poisson random variables, using a convolution method. Some properties of the distribution, including the probability mass function (PMF), moment-generating function (MGF), mean, variance, higher-order moments, Skewness, and kurtosis, are derived.

Bidirectional Communication Network: Exploring the Gut-Brain Axis as a Target for Ocimum Gratissimum Modulation in Neurodegenerative Disorder

2025-02-16T08:47:47+00:00

The intricate relationship between the gut and brain, known as the gut-brain axis, is increasingly recognized as a key player in neurological health and disease. Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, are often accompanied by gut dysbiosis and inflammation, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue through modulation of this bidirectional communication network. This review explores the potential of Ocimum gratissimum, a plant with known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, to influence the gut-brain axis and offer benefits in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. The study aim to synthesize current research investigating the effects of O. gratissimum and its bioactive compounds on gut microbiota composition, gut barrier integrity, and neuroinflammation, and to discuss the mechanistic pathways through which these interactions may impact neurodegenerative pathology. By reviewing the available evidence, the study highlight the promising, albeit preliminary, role of O. gratissimum as a potential therapeutic or adjunctive treatment strategy by targeting the gut-brain axis in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.

Protective Effects of Ethanol Tuber Extract of (Tigernut) C. Esculentus against Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats

2025-02-16T08:50:58+00:00

Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate the protective effects of ethanol tuber extract of (Tigernut) C. esculentus (ETECE) against Arsenic Trioxide (ATO)-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats using appropriate standard procedures. Histological examination revealed that ATO exposure led to severe cardiac damage, characterized by coronary vascular ulceration, interstitial congestion, perivascular myocardial degeneration, and perivascular fibrosis. However, treatment with escalating doses of ETECE and vitamin C resulted in mild attenuation of these effects. Notably, the 200 mg/kg body weight dose of ETECE demonstrated a comparable protective effect to that of vitamin C. In summary, ETECE exhibited a moderate mitigating effect against ATO-induced cardiotoxicity, indicating that while ETECE may offer some level of cardioprotection, it is unlikely to be a complete safeguard against ATO-induced cardiac damage.

Evaluation of Hydrogels in Improving Soil-Water Retention, Plant Survival and Climate Adaptation Strategies in Kitui County, Kenya

2025-02-16T09:00:17+00:00

Water scarcity and land degradation pose significant challenges in ASALs, exacerbating food insecurity and ecosystem vulnerability. Hence the objective of this paper was to evaluate the efficacy of hydrogels (synthetic superabsorbent polymers) in improving soil-water retention and plant survival (M. volkensii), aligning with SDGs 6 and 15 and climate adaptation strategies conducted in Kitui County, Kenya using appropriate standard techniques. Results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in soil moisture retention (mean difference of 2.00, p < 0.001) and improved seedling survival (p < 0.05), highlighting hydrogel’s role in enhancing plant resilience under water-scarce conditions. From implication of soil-water retention improvement findings, hydrogels are noted to mitigate nutrient leaching, reduce irrigation needs, and improve soil structure to address challenges like high evapotranspiration and degraded soils. However, scalability and cost remain barriers, with bio-based hydrogels emerging as viable alternatives. This research highlights hydrogel’s potential to support climate adaptation, reforestation of degraded lands, and LDN, and thus complementing global frameworks like the Kyoto Protocol and Kenya’s NCCAP. Recommendations include integrating hydrogels with sustainable practices, such as agroforestry, and advancing research on cost-effective, eco-friendly formulations. Overall, this study contributes to knowledge by demonstrating hydrogels’ transformative capacity for sustainable agriculture in ASALs to enable resilience against climate variability and water scarcity.

Evaluation of the Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Solanum torvum (Egg Plant) on Renal Health Using Wistar Rats

2025-02-16T09:05:15+00:00

The widespread belief among users of plant-derived medicines that they are unlikely to cause harm has resulted in a lack of caution in their usage, underreporting of toxicity information, and potential abuse of these substances. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of ethanol leaf extract of Solanum torvum (eggplant) on renal health in Wistar rats using standard techniques. Twenty adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five rats each. The data obtained showed that there was a less than 50% increase in body weight across all groups investigated. Rats that received 400 mg/kg of S. torvum ethanol leaf extract had the highest level of creatinine, while those given 300 mg/kg of S. torvum ethanol leaf extract had the highest level of urea. The results revealed that ethanol leaf extract of S. torvum did not impede growth but distorted kidney's histological structure.

Evaluation on the Use of Synthetic Essential Oils as Perfumery Diluent in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2025-02-16T09:15:15+00:00

Essential Oils (EOs) is responsible for their essence or odor, however, the natural composition of the product has been long defeated with the introduction of synthetic products to gag the inequality in demand and supply chain. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the Use of Synthetic Essential Oils as Perfumery Diluent in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained show that among heavy users of diluted (synthetic) essential oil is female (63%) as against the male (37%) counterparts. The three tires age ranking in this study revealed that 51% of the total users fall within the age bracket of 15-25 years, 26-50 years (38%) and only 51-70 years (11%). Due to time spent and complicated body beauty care processes female salon (65%) consume more EOs than men salon (35%); exposing them more to the danger of synthetic essential oils. The study revealed that synthetic essential oils are dangerous to human health, therefore, it is a wake-up call for caution in the used of synthetic essential oil to avert inherent self-inflicting health challenges. Cutting the supply chain by enforcing criminal laws against illegal Essential Oils business actors is a way forward to correct this menace.

Rainfall and Temperature Trends in Ogbia Local Government Area Bayelsa State, Nigeria from 1993 To 2023

2025-02-16T09:21:28+00:00

The objective of this paper was to examine the rainfall and temperature trends in Ogbia Local Government Area (LGA) Bayelsa State, Nigeria from 1993 to 2023 by obtaining a 30-year dataset from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) using the SARIMA model, which combines seasonal and non-seasonal components to capture periodic variations effectively. The results revealed a significant increase in annual rainfall from 1993 to 2023, with an annual trend of +15.86 mm/year. Rainfall ranged from 2,252.9 mm in 2020 to 4,658 mm in 2021, with an average of 2,962.31 mm, showing notable interannual variability. July was the wettest month (473 mm), whereas December was the driest month (29 mm). Projections indicate annual rainfall will rise from 3,231.95 mm in 2025 to 3,628.49 mm by 2050, reflecting intensified rainfall patterns. Temperature analysis revealed a gradual warming trend, with an average of 31.66°C and extremes ranging from 30.88°C to 32.72°C. February is the hottest month (34.4°C), while May to July sees cooler temperatures due to rainfall. Projections suggest temperatures will rise to 33.4°C by 2050, with a statistically significant warming trend (R² = 0.584, p < 0.001). Temperature anomalies range from -2.0°C to +2.22°C, with moderate variability. The study urges climate adaptation through afforestation, urban planning, and climate-smart agriculture. Policymakers must prioritize renewable energy and public awareness to mitigate risks. Advanced research and stakeholder collaboration are essential to protect ecosystems, agriculture, and livelihoods.

Influence of UREA and NPK Fertilizers on Selected Soil Properties that Could Control Nutrient Uptake in Local Maize Variety in a Semi-Arid Area of Tanzania

2025-02-16T09:25:07+00:00

The decline in agricultural production in different regions of the globe has necessitated the use of fertilizers. However, inorganic fertilizers are blamed to affect soil properties consequently affecting crop performance. This paper aimed to investigate the influence of UREA and NPK fertilizers on soil properties that could control nutrient uptake in regional maize variety in Tanzania using appropriate standard methods. Differences in soil properties on application of UREA, NPK and control (no fertilizer) were observed before and after growing maize. Data obtained in UREA, NPK and Control were Soil pH (8.48 ± 0 – 8.22 ± 0.08), (8.48 ± 0 – 7.3 ± 0.25), (8.48 ± 0 – 8.72 ± 0.09); Bulk density (1.39 ± 0.014 – 1.40 ± 0.008), (1.39 ± 0.029 – 0.04 ± 0.010), (1.38 ± 0.035 – 0.21 ± 0.035); Soil moisture content (15.25 ± 0.30 – 10.86 ± 1.12), (15.27 ± 0.39 – 2.67 ± 0.89), (15.14 ± 0.87 – 17.19 ± 3.41); Water holding capacity (0.27 ± 0.02 – 1.13 ± 0.09), (0.28 ± 0.02 – 1.11 ± 0.27), (0.28 ± 0.02 – 1.60 ± 0.17); Porosity (38.45 ± 2.07 – 45.64 ± 0.34), (39.67 ± 1.26 – 97.11 ± 3.12), (38.68 ± 0.34 – 91.38 ± 1.45) respectively. NPK application improved aeration, lowered soil pH and compaction but promoted dryness. On the other hand, the use of UREA resulted in compaction of the soil, lowered aeration and water holding capacity. This is an indicative of interference with water, nutrient and air availability. Revisitation of formulations of UREA and NPK fertilizers is recommended considering the global soil water shortage.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Some Fungi Species in Soil Contaminated with Spent Engine Oil in Mechanic Garages at Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria

2025-02-16T09:30:50+00:00

The objective of this paper was to isolate and identify by molecular characterization of some fungi species in soil contaminated with spent engine oil in mechanic garages at Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Standard soil isolation technique was employed to obtain fungal isolates growing in the top soils (0-15 cm deep). Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was used for culture and the incubation temperature was 30^oC for 7 days. The 18S rRNA genome was amplified, sequenced and analyzed. The five fungal isolates obtained were Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma spp, Fusariumspp, Mucor spp and Penicillium spp. The identification of Aspergillus niger was taken further because it was present at all sites examined. Outside the morphological characterization, the molecular characterization of the species with known fungal species from the gene bank indicated more than 98% similarity for Aspergillus niger. This study contributes to the database on locally available fungal diversity and their ecology. These microbes exhibited applicable bioremediation potential for the clearing of the spent engine oil polluted site in Kaduna metropolis.

Microbiological and Nutritional Characteristics of Locally Fermented Fufu Commonly Sold in Amai, Delta State, Nigeria

2025-02-16T09:41:05+00:00

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the raw material for various local dishes around the world with popular ones such as garri, eba, fufu, tapioca abacha and starch in Nigeria, however, microbial and nutritional quality information are scanty on these dishes. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the microbiological and nutritional characteristics of Locally Fermented Fufu commonly sold in Amai, Delta State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained from the sample analysis revealed the presence of various species of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Bacillus spp. Aspergillus spp and Rhizopus spp however, Aspergillus spp was the predominant fungi. The outcome of the nutritional analysis of the fufu product reveals some parameters such as moisture content, protein content, carbohydrate content. The result revealed high carbohydrate (87.26%) indicating fufu as an energy-giving food, other compositions such as fiber content (3.75%) and ash content (2.22%) suggest that fufu promotes gut health and digestibility. The results of this study shed light on the cultural, macroscopic, microscopic, and nutritional characteristics of the of fufu samples. The proximate analysis of the fufu provided valuable insight to its nutritional content which specifies that fufu is rich in energy giving nutrient (carbohydrate).

Gender Disparities in Malaria Outcomes amongst Residents of Edo South Senatorial District, Edo State, Nigeria

2025-02-16T09:48:08+00:00

The debate over which family members are most vulnerable to the malaria disease often highlights gender as a key factor in malaria outcomes. Physiological differences, work environments, and social roles all influence susceptibility. The aim of this research therefore was to ascertain the frequency of occurrence of malaria amongst male and female household members, in order to determine gender disparities as it relates to malaria outcomes in the study area, Questionnaires from household survey were administered to 630 respondents in the study area using the systematic random sampling technique. To ascertain if malaria is gender dependent, a cross tabulation and Pearson Chi-Square test analysis was carried out, with the stated hypothesis that there is no association between the sex of respondents and malaria occurrence. Results from the Chi-square analysis depicted that there was no significant association between the sex of respondents and the number of times they had fallen ill due to malaria in the last one year. With a p-value of 0.9855, which was much higher than the significance level of 0.05, the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant association between the sex of respondents and the number of times they have fallen ill due to malaria was accepted. In order words, sex does not appear to significantly influence the occurrence of malaria amongst respondents in Edo South Senatorial District.

Evaluation of the Impact of Impact of Traffic Congestion on Commercial Property Rental Value in Mararaba, Karu LGA, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2025-02-16T09:51:14+00:00

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the Impact of Traffic Congestion on Commercial Property Rental Value in Mararaba, Karu LGA, Nasarawa State Nigeria using appropriate standard procedure after collecting data from 127 respondents through a structured questioner administration. The study concluded that the traffic congestion has effect on the commercial property rental value in the study area. The study further established that: the problems including air pollution, crime activities and waste of productive hours were prevalent issues caused as a results of traffic congestion in the study area; main causes of traffic congestion in the study area are proximity of commercial properties (market) to the highway, early morning and evening hours rushing to and from work, and nonchalant attitude (behavior) of road users; traffic congestion has effect on the rental value of commercial properties in the study area hence business activities were found to increase as a result of traffic congestion and Estate Surveyors charged more rent as a result of this; Therefore, the study concluded that the traffic congestion has an impact on commercial properties value in the study area. The study further recommends ensuring effective and efficient traffic management/planning and Improvement of-street parking space, provision of pedestrian facilities.

Physico-Thermally Modified Chrysophyllum albidum Seed Shell Activated Carbon for Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Simulated Wastewater

2025-02-16T10:23:31+00:00

The objective of this paper was to physico-thermally modify Chrysophyllum albidum seed shell (CASS) to Chrysophyllum albidum seed shell activated carbon (CASSAC) for removal of malachite green dye from simulated wastewater using isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic models after applying appropriate standard techniques. The result of physico-thermal treatment of CASS to CASSAC showed that the modification of CASS increases total pore volume to 0.522 cm³/g, average pore size to 24.22 Å and surface area to 1450.20 m²/g. The maximum dye removal efficiency was 80.12% at experimental conditions of (initial dye concentration - 50 mg/L, CASSAC dosage - 0.30g, pH 8, and agitation time - 60 min). The Temkin and pseudo-first-order models best fit the data, indicating homogeneous monolayer adsorption driven by physisorption. Thermodynamic study showed adsorption is feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. On the other hand, the reusability study was carried out and the adsorbent was utilized in three cycles with a drop in the removal efficiencies from 80.0 to 58.9% after the third cycle usage. This study concludes that CASSAC effectively removes malachite green dye from wastewater through adsorption, offering a cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly solution for textile wastewater treatment.

Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicity Effects of Methanol Extract of Pyrenacantha staudtii Hutch and Dale (Icacinaceae) in Wistar Rats

2025-02-16T09:58:16+00:00

Pyrenacantha staudtii has been used for its medicinal purposes especially in Africa and these supposed activities have been investigated scientifically, but the safety of this plant has not been established. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity effects of methanol extract of Pyrenacantha staudtii Hutch & Dale (Icacinaceae) in Wistar Rats using appropriate standard procedures. The acute toxicity study shows that the plant is relatively safe with median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 2,236 mg/kg. The sub-chronic toxicity study revealed no significant effect of the plant extract on biochemical and hematological parameters except for procalcitonin (PCT) and Platelet large cell ratios (P-LCR), which were significantly reduced compared to the control. Overall, the results from this study show that Pyrenacantha staudtii leaf extract is relatively safe when administered orally on acute or sub-chronic basis.

Seasonal Variations of Heavy Metals Concentrations in Water and Histopathological Evaluation of Tilapia Fish (Orechromis Mosambicus) Harvested from Gusau, Kaura -Namoda and Mafara Dams, Zamfara State, Nigeria

2025-02-20T07:53:55+00:00

The objective of this paper was to investigate the seasonal variation of heavy metal concentration in water and histopathological evaluation of tilapia fish (Orechromis mosambicus) harvested from Gusau, Kaura-Namoda, Tsafe and Talata Mafara dams in Zamfara state, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Results obtained showed that the concentrations [mg/l] of Pb in the Dams were 0.0038±0.64 (Gusau dam); 0.0069±0.23 (Kaura-Namoda dam); 0.0057±0.89 (Tsafe dam), 0.0076±0.75 (Talata Mafara Dam) during the rainy season and 0.0067±0.67(Gusau dam); 0.124±0.88 (Kaura-Namoda dam); 0.1678±0.93 (Tsafe dam), 0.1563±0.07(Talata Mafara Dam) for the dry season respectively. The result revealed a spatial and non-uniform distribution in the concentration of the heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb and Fe) in the water, in all locations studied. The concentrations of heavy metal are generally higher during the dry season than in the wet season. Zn and Cr levels were within international safe limits while Cd, Pb levels were far above the WHO and USEPA limits. The histology assessment of tissues such as gills, liver and skin (muscle) showed that most common gill abnormalities observed in the fish sample inhabited in all the locations have desquamation of lamellar epithelium, hypertrophy of epithelial cells, lifting up of lamellar epithelium, intraepithelial oedema, aneurysm, hyperplasia, and haemorrhage in the gill filament. Histology of liver revealed the presence of heterogeneous parenchyma characterized by vacuolization, foci of necrosis, hypertrophy of nuclei and degenerated hepatocytes. Histology changes of the skin (muscle) were mostly at the level of the epidermis, without major changes in the dermis and hypodermis.

Moringa Oleifera Extract Mitigates Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Gastric Toxicity in Wistar Rats

2025-02-20T08:05:20+00:00

Toxic substances like arsenic trioxide pose a significant threat to gastric health, often leading to severe complications or even death. The search for natural remedies has brought attention to Moringa oleifera, renowned for its medicinal properties and bioactive compounds. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the protective effects of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera on arsenic trioxide-induced gastric toxicity in adult Wistar rats using appropriate standard procedures after treating the Wistar rats with varying concentrations of arsenic trioxide as follows: Group A (control) received only feed and water, Group B was treated with 10 mg/kg arsenic trioxide, Groups C-E received arsenic trioxide plus 200 mg/kg (low dose), 400 mg/kg (intermediate dose), or 800 mg/kg (high dose) of Moringa oleifera, respectively, while Group F received only 800 mg/kg Moringa oleifera. Treatments were administered orally for 28 days. The stomach weight (g) across the different groups was as follows: [A = 1.30 ± 0.25, B = 1.87 ± 0.09, C = 1.33 ± 0.07, D = 1.77 ± 0.20, E = 1.50 ± 0.10, and F = 1.57 ± 0.17 P = 0.1486, P > 0.05], organosomatic index [A = 0.0069 ± 0.0009, B = 0.0071 ± 0.0004, C = 0.0079 ± 0.0004, D = 0.0086 ± 0.0005, E = 0.0089 ± 0.0009, and F = 0.00797 ± 0.0007, P = 0.3180, P > 0.05], initial body weight (g) [A = 174.0 ± 12.64, B = 262.6 ± 9.628, C = 157.7 ± 6.087, D = 180.0 ± 11.87, E = 153.5 ± 8.047, and F = 185.3 ± 13.65. After treatment, the final body weight (g) for the respective groups was [172.4 ± 12.00, 265.2 ± 1.463, 160.6 ± 9.563, 192.2 ± 13.56, 157.6 ± 9.642, and 189.0 ± 10.29] respectively, indicating variations in weight changes across the groups. The statistical values obtained were converted into graphical representation in form of bar charts. Results showed no significant differences in body weight, organ weight, or organosomatic index across groups. However, histological examination revealed that Moringa oleifera extract provided notable ameliorative and protective effects against arsenic-induced gastric damage. These findings provide evidence of the therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera in managing gastric toxicity caused by toxicants like arsenic trioxide, offering promise for natural, plant-based interventions.

Concentration of Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Ni, Cd and Pb in Periwinkles Clams and Nile tilapia Harvested from Selected Communities in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

2025-02-20T08:10:31+00:00

Niger Delta region is home to several seafood and a source of livelihood for the people; however, environmental pollution has exposed the marine ecosystem due to anthropogenic activities. Consequently, the objectives of this paper were to assess the concentration, dietary exposure and human health risk assessment of Ni, Cd and Pb in periwinkles (Tympanotanum fuscatus), clams (Mya arenaria), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis noliticus) harvested from Egbormung, Krakrama and Bassambiri communities in the Niger Delta Region Nigeria using appropriate standard methods after HCl/HNO₃ (3:1) digestion and AAS model 210 VGP Buck scientific analysis. Data obtained showed that the concentration of Cd (0.004±0.001 – 1.283±0.197 mg/kg); Ni (0.047±0.007 – 5.220±0.276 mg/kg); Pb (0.200±0.000 – 20.822±0.094 mg/kg) for periwinkles, Cd (0.003±0.001 – 0.656±0.027 mg/kg); Ni (0.081±0.003 – 2.333±0.157 mg/kg); Pb (0.339±0.002 -16.763±0.071 mg/kg) for clams and Cd (0.002±0.001 – 2.362±0.139 mg/kg), Ni (0.064±0.004 – 1.639±0.067 mg/kg), Pb (1.250±0.019 – 41.237±0.374) for Nile tilapia. The results of the risk of consumption of the seafood from Egbormung samples are (5.51E-01, 2.15E-01, 9.13E-01); from Krakrama samples are (8.29E-01, 1.06E+00, 2.28E+00) from Bassambiri are (1.47E+00, 7.92E-01, 2.88E+00); from Kono, the control site are (1.28E-02, 2.08E-02, 7.54E-02) for periwinkles, clams and Nile tilapia respectively. High HI values were obtained for seafood samples from the coastal rivers in the order: Fish > clams > periwinkles and Bassambiri > Krakrama > Egbormung respectively. All three seafoods had high levels of Pb while Ni levels in periwinkles and Nile tilapia were higher than clams Cd in clam samples were higher than the other seafood samples.

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Removal Efficiency of Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minor in Tertiary Institution Referral Hospital Effluent at Hawassa City, Ethiopia

2025-02-20T14:56:29+00:00

Healthcare wastewater discharged without proper treatment is an emerging environmental issue. Existing wastewater treatment technologies for the remediation of heavy metals are costly, time consuming, and don‟t provide a satisfactory solution. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the heavy metal removal efficiency of Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minor for six heavy metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb) from a tertiary institution referral hospital effluent at Hawassa City, Ethiopia, using appropriate standard procedures. The average heavy metal concentrations in both macrophyte treatments were as follows: Zn > Ni > Co > Cr > Pb > Cd. ANOVA showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two macrophytes in removing all evaluated factors. The maximum removal was revealed for Zn (98.35%) by L. minor compared to A. filiculoides (94.13%). The BCF values for L. minor and A. filiculoides were in the following order: Cd > Pb > Zn > Co > Ni > Cr and Cd > Pb > Zn > Cr > Co > Ni, respectively. Finally, both macrophytes were effective phytoremediation choices for the treatment of hospital effluent.

Bioremediation Efficacy and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Reduction in Crude Oil Contaminated Soil Using Cow Dung

2025-02-20T15:01:53+00:00

Crude oil contamination poses significant ecological and agricultural challenges, particularly in oil-producing regions such as Nigeria's Niger Delta. The persistence of toxic petroleum hydrocarbons, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), adversely affects soil health, plant growth, and food security. Rich in essential nutrients, cow dung enhances the growth and activity of oil-degrading microorganisms such as Marinobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp., promoting the breakdown of these hydrocarbons. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the bioremediation efficacy and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) reduction in crude oil contaminated soil using cow dung using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained indicates a reduction range of between 54.48 - 60.19% of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content in the crude oil contaminated soil after bioremediating with the cow dung. This result is attributed to increased nutrient availability and improved oxygen diffusion associated with optimal amendment rate. In comparison, natural attenuation in untreated soil achieved only a 17.22% reduction. This approach aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 12 and SDG 15) which is to promote responsible waste utilization and ecosystem restoration. The findings underscore cow dung's viability as an eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy for mitigating the environmental impacts of crude oil pollution.

Phytochemical Characteristics, in-Vitro and in-Vivo Antioxidant Potentials of Ethyl acetate Fraction from Apple-ring acacia (Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev.) Leaves Extract on Albino Rats

2025-02-20T15:16:19+00:00

The objective of this paper as to investigate the phytochemical characteristics, in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant potentials of ethyl acetate fraction from apple-ring acacia (Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev.) Leaves Extract on Albino Rats using appropriate standard procedures. Phytochemical examination identified alkaloids, steroids, saponins, glycosides, phenols, and tannins in both extracts. The antioxidant potential evaluated using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, show ethyl acetate fraction exhibited dose-dependent activity akin to that of vitamin E (34.69, 40.28, 70.26). In-vivo investigations assessed the impact of the extracts on oxidative stress indicators, comprising malondialdehyde (MDA) [102.77±2.99], glutathione (GSH) [110.28±0.39], catalase (CAT) [1.93±0.12], superoxide dismutase (SOD) [3.58±0.14], and concentrations of vitamins A [61.02±0.48], C [555.99±1.66], and E [71.24±0.49] respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction dramatically (P<0.05) decreased MDA levels, signifying diminished lipid peroxidation, while preserving GSH, CAT, and SOD levels near baseline. The results indicate a significant antioxidant capacity of the ethyl acetate fraction, offering defense against oxidative The research indicates that the ethyl acetate fraction of Faidherbia albida leaf exhibits significant antioxidant activity, positioning it as a viable candidate for medicinal use in managing oxidative stress.

Therapeutic Characteristics of Essential Oils: Historical and Scientific Considerations

2025-02-20T15:23:46+00:00

Essential oils (EOs) have been recognized globally for their medicinal value since ancient times. Records have shown that in Mesopotamia, Persia, ancient Egypt, China, and India, EOs were used in various forms to treat different ailments. However, their therapeutic property most often remained a mystery. EOs have been used in aromatherapy to heal both body and mind and as perfumes, fragrances, and flavors for foods and beverages. Essential oils are highly economically valued; peppermint, lavender, geranium, eucalyptus, rose, bergamot, sandalwood, and chamomile EOs are the most frequently traded. Additionally, EOs are exciting and powerful natural plant products with great religious significance, and as recorded in historical books, EOs such as frankincense and myrrh were among the important gifts usually offered to the kings as a symbol of protection and command of influence and attraction. This study presents the historical and scientific shreds of evidence surrounding the therapeutic characteristics of EOs. The myths and scientific facts based on chemical composition, about EOs are highlighted. A perspective is given on the best approach to using essential oils to achieve maximum results and future expectations about the science of essential oils.

Prevalence and Potential Risks of Antibiotic Resistance in Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates in Human and Non-Human Models Collected from Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu in South East Nigeria

2025-02-20T15:29:04+00:00

Streptococcus agalactiae, a pathogen within the Streptococcaceae family, is significant for its role in neonatal infections, bovine mastitis, and zoonotic threats. Initially identified in animals, particularly in cases of bovine mastitis, S. agalactiae has also become a concern for human health, raising alarms about interspecies transmission, especially in regions with close human-animal contact. The extensive use of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine has accelerated the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains, complicating treatment efforts. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to investigate the prevalence and potential risks of antibiotic resistance in S. agalactiae isolates in human (pregnant and non-pregnant women) and non-human (cow’s milk and fish tissue of catfish and Tilapia) models collected from Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu in South East Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained show that the percent (%) antibiotic resistance in human and non-human models were Ampicillin 55.6 and30; Penicillin 31.5 and 30; Erythromycin 27.8 and 35; Ceftriaxone 22.2 and 40; Chloramphenicol 46.3 and 20; Tetracycline 20.4 and 50 Gentamicin 42.6 and 40; Ofloxacin 25.9 and 35 and Ciprofloacin16.7 and 40 respectively. Significant antibiotic resistance was observed, particularly in human isolates against Ampicillin and Penicillin. On the other hand, non-human isolates exhibited higher resistance to Tetracycline, likely due to its widespread use in livestock. These findings indicate varying patterns of resistance between human and non-human isolates. The results emphasize the need for stricter antibiotic stewardship and surveillance to prevent the spread of MDR strains, especially in areas where human-animal interactions are common. Addressing these challenges is critical for public health, particularly in Nigeria, where the risks associated with interspecies transmission are pronounced.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Hand-dug Well Water Conditions and Hygiene Practices among Households in Selected Areas of Ado-Odo/Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria

2025-02-20T15:34:30+00:00

Water resources characterization is an essential component of quality water deliveries to the populace. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the physicochemical characteristics of hand-dug well water conditions and hygiene practices among households in selected areas of Ado-Odo/Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained showed that the mean pH concentrations ranged from 2.2 – 7.26; temperature 27.2 – 35.5°C; TDS 46.33 – 442 mg/L and EC 21.67 – 128.33 μS/cm, respectively. Significant variations (p<0.05) were observed in the water concentrations sampled across the study area. About 70% of the wells are of medium risk and 56% of the well owners indicated that their well water suffers a colour change, especially during the wet season and 58% reported typhoid as illness suffered most in the last six months. We observed housefly infestation and human excreta odour, including unhygienic activities around the well heads which mostly have cracked casings. Well owners displayed low knowledge about their well water quality and well sinking standards. The study concluded that, wells in the area may be exposed to faeco-oral disease pathogens.

Influence of Physicochemical Parameters on Distribution and Abundance of Plankton in Lake Geriyo, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

2025-02-20T15:38:38+00:00

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the influence of physicochemical parameters on the distribution and abundance of plankton in Lake Geriyo, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. The physicochemical parameters showed that the pH of the lake ranged from 6.35±0.07 to 8.56±0.08, Temperature from 6.35±0.07 to 29.22±1.07, Electrical conductivity 147.77±15.75 to 582.22±8.39, Total Soluble Solid 0.02±0.01 to 0.33±0.07, Dissolved Oxygen 2.19±0.20 to 7.76±0.25, Biological Oxygen Demand 1.01±0.22 to 4.89±1.21, Chemical Oxygen Demand 1.27±0.03 to 5.53±1.22, and ammonia recorded 0.24±0.04 to 0.45±0.04. Eight thousand, one hundred and eighty plankton were recorded across all Sites. This comprises of 4756 phytoplankton and 3424 zooplankton. The phytoplankton analysis showed that a total of nine (9) families and zooplanktons had seven (7) groups. Phytoplankton showed that Euglenophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Fragilariophyceae and Cyanophyceae had a positive correlation to pH, D.O, B.O.D, C.O.D, and Ammonia. While, Chlorophyceae, Zygnematophyceae and Ulvophyceae are negatively correlated to pH, Temperature, T.D.S and conductivity. The influence of the environment on the zooplankton composition revealed that malacostraca and Ostracoda showed a positive correlation with Temperature, pH, conductivity, TDS, TSS, while copepoda, monogonta, bdelloidea, insect, and branchiopoda are negatively correlated to temperature, D.O, B.O.D, C.O.D, ammonia.

Replacement of Yellow Maize with Citrus Peels Fermented with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on the Growth Performance and Biochemical Profile of Nile Tilapia

2025-02-20T15:44:35+00:00

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of replacement of yellow maize with citrus peels fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth performance and biochemical profile of Nile tilapia using appropriate standardized procedures. Results showed that growth performance was the same (P > 0.05) in all the treatment groups. Fish weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio followed the same trend. Fish weight gain was 10.8, 10.0, 9.86, 9.76 and 8,80g respectively in fish fed diets 1 -5. The peels significantly increased the carcass iron, and with marginal increments in other minerals. The effect of the peels reduced marginally the total cholesterol, malondialdehyde, glucose, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein; while the high-density lipoprotein increased marginally. In conclusion, Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented citrus peels can replace 100% of yellow maize in the diets of Nile tilapia; and improve the nutritional qualities of the food fish.

A Comprehensive Review of Heavy Metals and Decontamination Efforts in Nigeria

2025-02-20T15:49:57+00:00

The objective of this review article was to provide a comprehensive summary and up-to-date overview of the current state of knowledge in heavy metals and decontamination efforts in Nigeria. The sources of heavy metals, both natural and anthropogenic, the toxicity effects, and water contamination in Nigeria have been examined in detail, as well as treatment technologies, primarily through biosorption. The literature has been reviewed, focusing on the removal of heavy metal ions using biological-based biosorbents. Key parameters, such as temperature, pH, and contact time, as well as biosorbent characteristics, have been investigated. Potential future research directions have been proposed.

Performance Evaluation of a Terminal Gas Turbine Generator of a Simulated and Modeled Gas Plant

2025-02-21T16:32:42+00:00

Gas turbine power plants have gained a wide spread acceptance in the power generation and mechanical drive. Their compactness, high power to weight ratio, ease of installation, early commissioning, fast starting and quick shut down time have made them popular prime mover. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the performance evaluation of a terminal gas turbine generator of a gas plant simulated and modeled by MATLAB 2014 to analyze and evaluate the overall efficiency, thermal efficiency, thermal power, heat rate, specific fuel consumption, and work ratio. The results obtained shown that the overall efficiency, average thermal efficiency, average heat rate, average thermal power, average specific consumption, and average work ratio of gas turbine generator were gotten as 22.23%, 23.09%, 16250kW, 5892kW, 0.3390kg/kW-h, and 0.4564. Furthermore, the results revealed that overall efficiency, thermal efficiency, thermal power decrease as a result of increase in compressor inlet temperature.

Developing an Enhanced Payroll Management System

2025-02-21T16:39:57+00:00

Payroll, as a part of human resource management, is the process of accurately calculating employees’ salaries and emoluments. The process of salary computations is quite tedious if done manually and therefore requires more effort, time, and energy, especially in a large organization. Hence, the objective of this paper is to develop an Enhanced Payroll Management System for Improved Efficiency and Accuracy using appropriate computational techniques. The system was developed and implemented using the Bootstrap framework, Personal Home Page (PHP), Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), JavaScript (JS), Ajax, and MySQLi databases. Some results obtained from the proposed system show significant improvement in terms of accuracy, efficiency, trustworthiness, and flexibility. This development demonstrates that data confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the system have increased and equally provided a user-friendly environment for employers to analyze salaries, all payments, allowances, and deductions, as well as be able to print reports and pay slips for decision-making.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties, Drying Process and Drying Conditions of Natural Rubber Latex and Ribbed Smoked Sheets

2025-02-23T10:53:17+00:00

Natural rubber (NR) is an important export commodity in Nigeria with versatile applications in many industries. Its latex or lump forms are regarded as the farm gate while the ribbed smoked sheet (RSS) is the raw materials feeding the rubber industry and both are very essential in the productions process. Consequently the objective of this paper is to investigate the Evaluation of physicochemical properties, drying process and drying conditions of natural rubber (NR) latex and Ribbed Smoked Sheets (RSS) obtained from Benin City, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained show that the constituents of Hevea (NR) latex are dry rubber content (%) 35.60; Lipids (%) 1.08; Protéines (%) 1.23; Carbohydrates (%) 1.40; Minerals (%) 0.47; Water (%) 60.22; Sspecific gravity (28 °C) 0.931± 0.003; Total solid content (TSC) (%) 43.20 ± 1.03; Mechanical stability M.S.T (%) 650 ± 1.06; Volatile fatty acids VFA (%) 0.18 ±0.07; Nitrogen Content (%) 0.55 ± 0.03, while the property of the ribbed smoked sheets (RSS) were Dirt % (wt) 0.15; Ash % (wt) 0.11; Volatile matter % (wt) 0.38; Wallace plasticity Po (47), PRI (74) and lightly brown in colour. The results obtained showed that processing NR into RSS not only served as a preservative, which improved the storage durability, but also imparted flavour, aroma, and attractive colour to the cured sheets. This study sheds more light on the processing, storage conditions, durability, and efficient production of high-value-added RSS developed from natural rubber latex.

Remediation of Crude Oil Polluted Soil Using Biochar and Nanocomposites Prepared From Bread Fruit Seed Husk

2025-02-23T11:30:50+00:00

Crude oil contamination presents significant environmental challenges, particularly in soil fertility. This study investigates the use of breadfruit seed husk-derived biochar, combined with iron (FeNPs) and copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles, for degrading total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in contaminated soils. FeNPs and CuNPs were synthesized and characterized using standard methods, including SEM, UV-Vis, and FTIR. The study examined the degradation of TPH in three soil samples (A, B, C) treated with biochar, FeNPs, and CuNPs, both individually and in combination. The FeNPs + Biochar combination achieved the highest TPH degradation (up to 89.03% in soil sample A), significantly outperforming CuNPs + Biochar and biochar alone. Results indicate that FeNPs, through redox reactions, are more effective in breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons than CuNPs, which show lower efficiency due to dependence on specific soil conditions. This study suggests that the combination of biochar and FeNPs offers a promising, eco-friendly approach for the remediation of crude oil-contaminated soils.

Corrosion Inhibition Potential of Lagenaria breviflora (Christmas melon) Leaf Extract on Aluminium in Hydrochloric Acid Environment

2025-02-24T20:38:02+00:00

The objective of this paper was to investigate the corrosion inhibition potential of Lageneria breviflora (Christmas melon) leaf extract (LELB) on aluminium in 0.5M hydrochloric acid environment using weight loss method. Data obtained from phytochemical constituents LELB reveals the presence of tannins, diterpenes, sterols, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and phenols. FT-IR analysis indicates O-H and N-H stretching vibrations identified in the 3193.73 cm^-1 range and S-C=N stretching vibrations in the 2163.89 to 2114.61cm^-1 range. The C-N bond stretching vibration was observed around 1243.19 cm-^1, whereas the N-H bond vibration was noted at about 1592.20 cm^-1. The C-I functional group was assigned the absorption bands seen at 523 cm^-1. Weight loss analysis indicates that LELB extract had 68% corrosion inhibition efficiency for aluminium in 0.5M hydrochloric acid environment. Thermodynamic parameters and activation energy were also evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the formation of an adsorbed protective film on the aluminium surface. The findings suggest that lagenaria breviflora leaf extract could be an effective corrosion inhibitor for aluminium in hydrochloric acid solutions.

Causes of Collapsed On-Site Wastewater Management Systems within Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

2025-02-24T20:46:24+00:00

On-site wastewater management systems play a pivotal role in domestic wastewater management. However, their structural failure poses significant risks to human lives and can result in environmental hazards. Hence the objective of this paper was to investigate the causes of collapsed on-site wastewater management systems within Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques after collecting soil samples from 3 collapsed on-site wastewater management systems within the area of study. Data obtained reveals that the soil types investigated alternated between A-2-4 and A-2-6 Silty and Clayey soils according to AASHTO classification. Specific gravity test result values ranged from 2.54 to 2.62, and the gradation test from 9.87 to 17.25 for the 0.75micron sieve. The liquid limit ranges from (21.34 to 30.99) % and the plasticity index ranges from (0 to 17.44) %. Compaction results show that the soil has its maximum dry density (MDD) ranging from (1.79 to 1.90) g/cm³ and its optimum moisture content from (8.8 to 14.0) %. While the triaxial test has its cohesion ranging from (2 to 26) % and its angle of internal friction as (8.03 to 20.54) ^oC. Reasons deduced to have been the cause of the observed variations in the strength properties and cohesion values of the soil samples of the same location include differences in soil composition, stress history, sample collection technique, and laboratory testing variability.

Anti-microbial and Phytochemical Characterization of Leaves Extracts of Starburr (A. hispidum) collected from Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria

2025-02-24T20:52:22+00:00

Starburr (Acanthospermum hispidum) extract has been reportedly used in North and Western Nigeria and Nigeria at large to treat stomach ache, malaria and abdominal pain. In view of its usage, the objective of this paper was to characterize, carry out the anti-microbial activity and qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of leaves extracts of Starburr of A. hispidum collected from Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. Fine powdered sample of A hispidum leaves were extracted using n-Hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol sequentially in the increasing order of polarity using maceration extraction method. Percentage yield of the leaves of A hispidum. extracts were n-hexane (3.6 %) acetone (4.0 %) ethyl acetate (2.2 %) and methanol (4.10 %). Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides and terpenoids. Quantitative phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids (1.456) saponins (3.56) tannins (0.04852) terpenoids(0.05208) for methanol extract alkaloids(1.176) saponins(3.64) tannins(0.0372) terpenoids(0.0398) for ethyl acetate extract and alkaloids(0.328) saponins(3.20) tannins(0.02344) terpenoids(0.01948) for acetone extract. Antimicrobial activity analysis revealed inhibition growth of clinical pathogens which are E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, S. pneumonaie, C. albicans as compared with standard of penicillin with inhibition zone of 18 mm and ketokonazol with inhibition zone of 24 mm . The methanol extract with zone of inhibition range of 10 mm to 18.5 mm of the leaves showed a promising potency against the test microbes.