Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

Histological Assessment of Placental Development Following Maternal Administration of Monosodium Glutamate in Wistar Rats

2024-06-14T06:28:48+00:00

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive commonly consumed as a flavor enhancer. It has been a target of research due to toxicological effects. The aim of this study is to histologically assess the effect of maternal administration of monosodium glutamate on placental development in Wistar rat using appropriate standard methods after establishing pregnancy in animals with regular cyclicity by pairing them overnight with sexually active males in the ratio 2:1 and placentae harvested for histological studies. Histological studies of the placenta when treated with MSG showed there was varying alterations in the histomorphology of the placental ranging from degenerative changes in glycogen cell island in junctional zone of (gestational day )GD 15, mild congestion of sinusoid in labyrinth zone of GD 17, dilated and congested fetal capillary of labyrinth zone in GD 19, vacuolar degeneration of glycogen cell island in junctional zone of GD 17, dilated and congested spiral artery in junctional zone of GD19, dilated sinusoid in labyrinth zone of GD 19. In conclusion, this study shows that there is evidence of placental toxicity following maternal consumption of monosodium glutamate in Wistar rats. Further studies are recommended to assess the mechanism of MSG-induced placental toxicity, as well the effects of MSG-induced placental toxicity on the overall development of the fetus.

Proximate, Minerals and Vitamin Composition of Synodontis ocellifer and Malapterurus electricus Freshwater Fish Species obtained from Ega Market in Idah Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria

2024-06-14T06:33:49+00:00

The objective of this paper was to investigate the proximate, minerals and vitamin composition of Synodontis ocellifer and Malapterurus electricus freshwater fish species obtained from Ega Market in Idah Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria using standard procedure. The highest protein content was recorded for Synodotis ocellifer at 24.76±0.000^a and for Malapteruru selectricus at 20.625±0.019^b, highest moisture was recorded for Malapterurus electricus at 71.07±0.042^a and for Synodontis ocellifer at 68.30±0.141^b.The highest ash content was recorded for Synodontis ocellifer at 3.075±0.035^aand forMalapterurus electricus at 2.875±0.356^b.The highest crude fibre was recorded for Malapterurus electricus at 1.030±0.014^a, while the lowest crude fibre was recorded in Synodontis ocellifer 0.140±0.028^b.The highest Fat content was recorded Synodontis ocellifer at 3.110±0.014^aand forMalapterurus electricus at 3.025±0.007^b. The highest carbohydrate content was recorded for Malapterurus electricus at 1.38±0.084^a and for Synodontis ocellifer at 0.705±0.134^b. There is a significant difference between all the proximate compositions for Synodontis ocellifer and Malapteruru selectricus at p-value< 0.05.Synodontisocellifer, the highest mineral content was recorded for K at 942.10±0.14^a followed by Ca at 317.950±0.214^a, while the lowest was observed in Fe at 2.35±0.70^b. For Malapterurus electricus, the highest mineral content was recorded for K at 610.70±0.00^bfollowed by Ca at 203.40±0.14^b, while the lowest was observed in Zn at 2.30±0.14^b.There was a significant difference between all the mineral compositions for Synodontis ocellifer and Malapterurus electricus except for P, at p-value< 0.05. The highest Vitamin C content was recorded for Synodontis ocellifer at 5.35±0.035^a, while the lowest Vitamin C content was recorded for Malapterurus electricus at 4.77±0.035^b. The highest Vitamin A content was recorded for Synodontis ocellifer at 144.33±1.689^a, while lowest Vitamin A content was recorded at 130.02±0.000^b. There is a significant difference between all the vitamin compositions for Synodontis ocellifer and Malapterurus electricus at p-value< 0.05.The nutrient profile of these fish species will provide information to dieticians, livestock farmers, marketing industries and other fisheries stakeholders. Synodotis ocellifer has the highest protein content and could be recommended as a possible effective way to solve protein malnutrition.

Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors: An Overview

2024-06-14T06:39:24+00:00

This review, mainly paid attention to how supercapacitor electrodes are made in order to increase energy transfer and storage, so that, superior performance energy and power density can be gained as excellent operating conditions plus long cycling life is attained. Review shows that specific capacitance of supercapacitor is influenced by electrolyte accessibility, pore size distribution, and structure, electrolyte type, pore shape plus electrical conductivity also affects it. Instrumental analysis of performance of electrode materials was looked into by means of supercapacitor evaluation techniques like CV, EIS and galvanostatic charge/discharge. We understood from review that solvent used in making of electrolytes has enormous effect on it working voltage; the electrolyte–electrode relations with ionic conductivity of electrolyte were shown to have participated very much in internal resistance of SCs. In conclusion, studies on electrode materials for SCs in general, have significantly progressed and have brought lots of innovative improvements in supercapacitors proficiency and application; but, further studies on optimization of energy density and power density of EC need to be carried out while their weight, volume and production expenditure require reduction.

Cytotoxicity and Anti-Diabetic Properties of Leaves of Some Medicinal Plants collected around Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria

2024-06-14T06:45:48+00:00

The aim of this study is to establish the anti-diabetic potential of Blighia unijugata Baker, Anthocleista djalonensis, Senna sieberiana, Senna singueana and Ficus exasperate. Blighia unijugata Baker, Anthocleista djalonensis, Senna sieberiana, Senna singueana Delile and Ficus exasperate Vahl were extracted with methanol and fractionated using petroleum ether, chloroform and ethylacetate. The phytochemical analysis, cytotoxicity and antidiabetic properties of the fractions were investigated using standard methods. Phytochemical results of the plants fractions showed various amount of alkaloids ranging from 1.2 - 4.7%with moderate amount of flavonoids, steroids, saponins and trace amount of tannins. The results of cytotoxicity using Fundulopachas gadneri showed senna singueana Delile, ethylacetate fraction and Blighia unijugata Baker- pet ether fraction being the most active (LC₅₀ 5. 23). Antidiabetic results showed that most of the fractions are highly active reducing the sugar level of the induced albino rats to normal with Ficus exasperate Vahl, ethylacatate fraction and Blighia unijugata Baker-chloroform fraction showing higher activity against all the induced rats. Comparatively the two fractions showed higher activities than the standard drugs. The results of this research therefore showed Ficus exasperate Vahl, ethylacatate fraction and Blighia unijugata Baker-chloroform fraction possess great potentials as anti-diabetic agents with animals treated withBlighia unijugata Baker-chloroform fraction having better recovery because the experimental animals had steady weight gain and could therefore be a potential as anti-diabetic drugs.

Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Telfairia occidentalis on acyclovir induced renal damage in adult Wistar rat

2024-06-14T11:38:41+00:00

This study investigated the effects of aqueous leaf extract of Telfairia Occidentalis on acyclovir-induced renal damage in the kidneys of adult Wistar rats. A total of thirty adult Wistar rats weighing an average of 200g were used for this study. They were randomly grouped into six (A, B, C, D, E and F), with each group consisting of five rats each. Group A was given distilled water, group B was administered with 400mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of T. Occidentalis, group C was administered 1000mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of T. Occidentalis, group D was administered 28mg/kg body weight of acyclovir, Group E was administered 400mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of T. Occidentalis and 28mg/kg body weight of acyclovir and Group F was administered 1000mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of T. Occidentalis and 28mg/kg body weight of acyclovir. Aqueous leaf extract of T. Occidentalis and acyclovir were given via orogastric method. Biochemically, group D showed elevation of urea, creatinine, SOD and CAT levels statistically, while other groups revealed reduction in the urea, creatinine, SOD and CAT values statistically. Histological results showed that there was inflammation, vascular distortion and tubular necrosis in the kidney of Group administered with only acyclovir while there was protection in the kidney of rat administered with aqueous leaf extract of T. Occidentalis and acyclovir,. In conclusion, aqueous leaf extract of T. Occidentalis has the potential to protect the kidney from acyclovir induced renal damage in adult Wistar rat.

Seasonal Variations of Selected Ornamental Plants as Biomonitors of Air Pollutants in Ondo State, Nigeria

2024-06-14T11:45:29+00:00

This objective of this paper was to evaluate the seasonal variations of fourteen (14) ornamental plants as biomonitors of air pollution in three urban areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. The study was carried out in three areas that were purposively selected in Ondo State which are Oduduwa Road, Oloko (traffic congested area), FUTA area (Less traffic congested area) and uncongested area in Elizade University as control. The ornamental plants namely Roystonea regai, Convallaria majalis, Polyalthia longifolia, Ficus benjamina, Dieffebachia amoena, Colocasia esculent, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Codyline fructicosa, Viburnumt tinus variegatum, Variegatum punctatum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Tradescantia pallida, Codiaeum variegatum, Acalypha wilkesiana were selected purposively and their ascorbic acid contents, pH, relative water contents, total chlorophyll contents and air pollution tolerance index were evaluated using standard methods. The biochemical parameters and APTI values of the ornamentals showed that they have less (APTI<17) tolerance indices during the dry and the wet seasons. Thus, they are more susceptible to air pollutants as biomonitors. At congested areas ornamentals had lesser APTI values at the sampling site than the control site with Tradescantia pallida having the highest (8.86) mean value while Variegatum punctatum had the lowest value of 6.81 during the wet season while Codiaeum variegatum with value 7.08 and the lowest for Variegatum punctatum with value 4.71. Conclusively, this study recommends that in addition with the aesthetic values of the ornamental plants, they can be useful as model bioindicators of air pollution in urban settings.

Palynological and Sequence Stratigraphy Framework of Campanian-Maastrichtian Deposit of Anambra Basin, Awgu Section, Southeast Nigeria

2024-06-14T11:53:14+00:00

A combination of palynological and palynofacies data are used as lithological evidence to describe sequence stratigraphic framework. Hence, the objective of this paper as to deploy the palynological and sequence stratigraphy framework of Campanian-Maastrichtian deposit of Anambra Basin, Awgu Section, Southeast Nigeria using standard techniques. The sequence stratigraphic analysis of the various succession in the studied outcrop sections identified parasequences limited by flooding surfaces with no evidence of erosion. The Nkporo and Mamu Formations were dated using the associated palynomorphs. The Anambra Basin show some complexity in terms of depositional style, sequence stratigraphy and control during the early and post infill of the structurally control basin. The outcrop sections logged reveals the presence of key stratigraphic surfaces and system tracts. The results from this study provides useful information of reservoir and seal rocks that are essential for hydrocarbon accumulation and stratigraphic trapping on the bases of the alternating high stand, low stand and transgressive system tracts.

Mineral Composition of Seed and Leaf of Terminalia cattappa (Almond Tree) Tree species Collected from a Forestry Arboretum in a Teaching and Research Farm, Rivers State, Nigeria

2024-06-14T12:00:24+00:00

The Objective of this Paper was to evaluate the Mineral Composition of Seed and Leaf of Terminalia catappa (Almond Tree) tree Species Collected from a Forestry arboretum in a teaching and research farm, Rivers State, Nigeria after using Standard methods after acid digestion. The result in Minerals Content showed that the seed had Zinc 2.57±0.01, Iron 8.76±0.01, Potassium 152.0±1.00, Sodium 109.4±17.8, Manganese 2.10±0.25 while the leaf had Zinc 2.57±0.01, Iron 8.89±0.01, Potassium 480.5±0.50, Sodium 114.1±40.2, Manganese 52.6±1.80.Also, the result in total mineral content shows that potassium had the highest both in seed and leaf 316.3± 189.7 followed by sodium .In conclusion, the leaf had the highest mineral content as compared to the seed. There is need to establish the plantation of Terminalia catappa for conservation and optimum utilization of this important socio-economic tree species.

Kinetics and Equilibrium Assessment of Anticorrosion Efficiency of Palm Kernel Oil as Green inhibitor on Aluminium Sheet in Acidic Medium

2024-06-17T12:21:36+00:00

Chemical industries are currently looking for environmentally friendly, reliable inhibitors to stop different metals or alloys from corroding in both acidic and basic media. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to assess the kinetic and equilibrium models of anticorrosion efficiency of palm kernel oil as green inhibitor on aluminium sheet in acidic medium using weight loss method at various concentrations of the oil (2-10 ml) and different time interval of 24 – 120 h. The oil was extracted using Soxhlet extraction method and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). The result revealed maximum inhibition efficiency of approximately 96% at 6 ml concentration of the oil and at the time interval of 24 h. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of C=C-H, Ar-H bending out of plane, C-H bending in plane, C-O, N-O asymmetric stretch, C=C stretch, C=N stretch, and O-H functional groups at various peaks (wave numbers). The adsorption of the oil extract on the surface of the test coupon obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the kinetic study of the anticorrosion process obeyed pseudo first order kinetic model. However, based on the outcome of this study, palm kernel oil is considered as an excellent corrosion inhibitor and can be used as an alternative inhibitor to replace the non-biodegradable ones.

Erectile Dysfunction in Men with Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Treatment Approaches

2024-06-17T12:30:50+00:00

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent condition with significant physiological and psychological implications for men, particularly those with diabetes. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a systematic review to explore the multifaceted aspects of ED in men with diabetes, encompassing prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, treatments, psychological interventions, and emerging therapies. Secondary data were gathered through a comprehensive literature search of reputable databases using relevant keywords from 1996 to 2020. The data obtained indicate that the global prevalence of ED increases with age, with substantial rates observed in older men. Cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes, hormonal imbalances, and psychological factors are identified as major contributors to ED development. The quality of life of men with ED is profoundly affected, leading to psychological distress and strained relationships. Future perspectives involve personalized treatments, nanotechnology, and innovative therapies. While promising, challenges in managing ED include stigma, underreporting, complex etiology, and limited access to specialized care. Comprehensive and individualized approaches are crucial to optimize treatment outcomes for men with ED, particularly those with diabetes.

Application of Bokashi Organic and Nitrogen-Phosphorous-Potassium Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in a Hydroponic System at a Green House in Madiun, Indonesia

2024-06-17T12:36:51+00:00

Urban farming is a current trend because of the many benefits it can obtain economically, healthily, ecologically, and socially. Limited urban land, especially residential environments, requires practical and economical cultivation techniques, including a hydroponic system. Hence, the objective of this paper was to apply Bokashi organic and nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) inorganic fertilizer to the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in a hydroponic system at a greenhouse in Madiun, Indonesia using standard methods from December 2023 to January 2024. The study showed that using organic bokashi fertilizer with NPK inorganic fertilizer gave good results, which is no different from AB-Mix instant nutrition regarding growth and the harvested product. Organic fertilizer without additional NPK provides less than optimal growth due to a lack of macronutrients. Further, more applied research is needed to obtain a farmer-friendly hydroponic technology package that is truly applicable, easy, and cheap so that it can strengthen urban farming programs in many metropolitan areas in Indonesia.

Delineation of Topography with respect to Mean Sea Level using the Geoid Method for B-Dere and Ejama-Ebubu in Rivers State, Nigeria

2024-06-17T12:43:34+00:00

Accurate leveling is critical to every hydrogeological investigation. Areas of study in need of data point leveling include flooding, design of drainage infrastructure, mapping of drainage basins, solute/contaminant transport, groundwater recharge and discharge zones. The objective of this paper is therefore to employ the use of geoid method in the correction of Global Positioning System (GPS) derived elevation values to delineate the natural topography vis-à-vis the mean sea level at B-dere and Ejama-Ebubu in Rivers State Nigeria. The data revealed that B-dere study site located about 19 km southeast of Ejama-Ebubu was found to be below sea level as all five sampling points returned elevation values varying between -6.4 m-msl and -3.5 m-msl. Four sampling points located northwest of Ejama-Ebubu study site out of the thirteen positions occupied also yielded elevation values differing between -4.2 m-msl and -1.1 m-msl. These areas are topographic troughs and subject to flooding - a realization impossible to reach using the GPS elevation reading directly since results are always positive.

Pollution Level of Heavy Metals and Risk Implications from the Lower Omo River: East African Fresh Water in the Semiarid Region of Southern Ethiopia

2024-06-17T12:47:19+00:00

The Omo River passes through Omorate town, where domestic, municipal, and industrial waste from the town and its vicinities, including agrochemicals, flows into the river.Hence, this research aims to assess heavy metal contamination levels and associated risks in the Lower Omo River, located in the semiarid region of Southern Africa. The mean concentrations of the detected heavy metals in the river water were 0.439mg/L for (Mn), 0.1 (Zn), 0.168 (Cu), 0.393 (Cr), 0.318 (Pb), 0.007 (Ni), 8.926 (Fe), and0.06 (Co).The order for the mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the water was Fe >Mn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn > Cu > Co > Ni. The mean levels of lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and chromium (Cr) were above the acceptable limits for water set by WHO. The HPI value indicates that all water sample sites were heavily polluted. The HQs through oral ingestion and dermal for both children and adults were in the order of Cr >Pb> Mn > Fe >Cu > Co > Ni > Zn. The HQ value greater than 1 was examined for Cr, Pb, and Mn both in children and adults through ingestion and dermal route from the River water.The CRs for both children and adults via ingestion of the River water followed the order Cr > Pb. According to CRI value, the River water could be classified as very high environmental risk.

Paraquat-Induced Acute Toxicity Response in Juvenile African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

2024-06-17T12:52:48+00:00

The extensive application of Paraquat in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors has led to severe physiological and environmental consequences. Hence, this paper was aimed at investigating the Paraquat-induced acute toxicity response for 98 hours in juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus using standard methods. The mean weight and mean total length of the fish were 60.67 ± 0.2 g, and 23.06 ± 0.2 cm. The fish were randomly distributed into a transparent plastic aquarium (22.6 x 18.5 cm). Paraquat was introduced at concentrations of 0.00, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 mg/l into the aquaria with the corresponding percentage mortality for 0, 30, 40, 55, 75, and 100% respectively. The observed behavioral changes and mortality were time and concentration-dependent. Symptoms of toxicity exhibited by the fish include loss of equilibrium, startle responses, hyperactivity, abnormal swimming, hemorrhage, and general restlessness. The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) estimated by probit analysis was 1.017 mg^-l. The physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were in the following range DO, 3.00 - 5.80 mgL^-1, temperature, 19.75 - 21.90 ^oC, TDS 10.10 - 20.20 mgL^-1, alkalinity 40.80 - 91.00 mgL^-1, and pH, 6.7 - 8.04 respectively. The measured haematological parameters showed a concentration-depending pattern of alterations due to paraquat exposure. The highest haematological parameters such as TWBC, 124.50 ×10⁹L^-1, TRBC, 2.01 ×10¹²L^-1, Tplt, 85.00 ×10⁹L^-1, and LYM, 84 % were recorded in 2.0 mgL^-1 paraquat concentration. This result revealed the toxic effects of Paraquat on juvenile Clarias gariepinus. Hence, the need for its regulation in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.

Effect of Bi-Herbal Formula of Picralima Nitida and Cymbopogon Citratus Aqueous Leaf Extracts On Cyclooxygenase-2 and Interleukin-10 Gene Expressions in Phenyl-Hydrazine Induced Anaemia in Albino Wistar Rats

2024-06-17T13:11:19+00:00

Picralima nitida and Cymbopogon citratus has been associated with anti-inflammatory and hematopoietic properties, hinting at their potential effectiveness in addressing the complications of anaemia. Investigating their impact on the gene expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) can provide insights into their modes of operation and capacity to regulate inflammatory pathways and immune responses linked to anaemia. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bi-herbal formula of Picralima nitida and Cymbopogon citratus aqueous leaf extracts on COX-2 and IL-10 gene expressions in Phenyl Hydrazine-Induced Anaemia in Albino Wistar rats. A total of sixty adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into six groups; A, B, C, D, E and F representing control, phenyl-hydrazine group, ferrous sulphate group, phenyl-hydrazine + 100mg/kg bi-herbal formulation of Picralima nitida and Cymbopogon citratus, phenyl-hydrazine+ 200mg/kg bi-herbal formulation of Picralima nitida and Cymbopogon citratus and phenyl-hydrazine + 400mg/kg bi-herbal formulation of Picralima nitida and Cymbopogon citratus respectively. mRNA COX-2 and mRNA IL-10 were determined using polymerase chain reaction. Data obtained was analysed by the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. There was a significant increase in the mRNA expression of COX-2 of groups C, D, E and F when compared to groups A and B (p<0.05). There was a significant increase in the mRNA expression of IL-10 of groups C, D, E and F when compared to groups A and B (p<0.05). In conclusion, the mRNA expression of COX-2 and IL-10 showed significant up-regulation in response to the bi-herbal formulation.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles of Zno, Carbon Dot and Zno-Carbon Dot Nanocomposite from Groundnut Shell Wastes

2024-06-17T13:14:47+00:00

The objective of this paper was to biosynthesis and characterize nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), carbon dots (C.dot), and zinc oxide carbon dot (ZnO-C.dot) nanocomposite from Groundnut Shells. The nanomaterials were characterized using different analytical techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR), Energy DispersiveSspectrometry (EDX), Powdered X-ray Diffractometry (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) respectively. The UV-visible spectra revealed that ZnONPs, C.dot, and ZnO-C.dot exhibited maximum absorption peaks at 372 nm, 235 nm, and 283 nm, respectively. The FTIR results of ZnONPs, C.dot, and ZnO-C.dot revealed strong reactive functional groups for OH and C=O with a high electron density. The EDX results revealed the elemental composition of the nanomaterials in weight percentages for each element. The SEM images of the synthesized nanomaterials revealed that ZnONP had a spherical shape, C. dot had a network-like shape, and ZnO-C dot had an irregular shape. According to TEM, the average particle size of the nanoparticles was 3.42 nm for ZnONP, 2.89 nm for C.dot, and 3.47 nm for ZnO-C.dot. The XRD spectra results showed that all of the nanomaterials were crystalline, with the exception of C. dot, which is amorphous.

Comparative Analysis of Characteristics of Drought over Some West Africa Regions Based On Selected Drought Assessment Indices

2024-06-17T13:21:18+00:00

Prolonged absence of moisture exacerbates drought and assessment indices such as Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) are critical tools. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the comparative characteristics of drought over West Africa using SPI and SPEI. The data used in this work was established on four monthly time scales of 3, 6, 12, and 24 and covered a period between 1979 and 2021 (42 years) at five regions in Hyper-Arid region, Sahelian region, Sudano region, Dry-Sub-humid region, Moist-Sub-humid region. The data was further analyzed and the characteristics of the drought were assessed. Data obtained revealed that there were some differences between SPI and SPEI in regional drought characteristics. Most of the regions considered experienced extreme drought in 1982. The result also revealed that more droughts were experienced in the eighties than in the nineties. Likewise some regions experienced severe drought in 2021 due to increase in drought intensity in the year 2021 as recorded by SPI and SPEI. Therefore it is vital for frequent assessment of meteorological drought characteristics in West Africa using recent data in order to explore its impact because climate change prediction can cause places that are currently experiencing mild or moderate drought to become more severe in the future, and the total impact of drought in West Africa will increase. This study could also assist water resource planners to better understand the drought events.

Spatial Model for Predicting the Cost of Constructing Hand-Dug Wells in Abeokuta City, Nigeria

2024-06-17T13:26:12+00:00

The heavy reliance on groundwater sources, the high cost and difficulties in accessing groundwater from a basement complex in Abeokuta necessitate the development of a simple prediction model. Hence, the objective of this paper was to develop a spatial model for prediction of the cost of constructing hand-dug wells in Abeokuta city, Nigeria, using geographic information systems. The static water level (SWL) of wells was measured across the city, and the digital terrain model (DTM) of the city was created in the GIS. Map algebra was applied to determine the depth and predict the overall cost of well construction. The map of the overburden removed was derived as the algebraic difference between the DTM and SWL extended down by the height of four concrete rings (OVERBURDEN = DTM – SWL+ 4 rings below the SWL). The map of the total cost of well construction in any part of the metropolis was produced by multiplying the sum of the cost of one unit of concrete ring and excavation of the depth of one concrete ring with the map of overburden. The model was validated by an empirical investigation of eight randomly selected wells. The results revealed relatively good accuracy, with correlation coefficients of 0.94, R2 values of 0.76, RMSE values of 0.27 and mean absolute percentage errors of 9.24 and 3.23 for the SWL and construction cost, respectively. The paper concludes that such spatial decision support is good for municipal water planning.

Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Sediments and Groundwater from Selected Areas in Funtua Town, Katsina State, Nigeria

2024-06-17T13:30:13+00:00

Natural radionuclides, particularly ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K are the main sources of radiation exposure. Therefore, their detection is key to radiation safety measurement, among others. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the natural radioactivity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K of 15 sediment and water samples from selected locations in Funtua town, Katsina state, Nigeria using gamma spectroscopy NaI (TI) and CR-39 Can detectors respectively. Data obtained show that, the activity concentrations in the sediment samples were found to range between 11.50 - 61.89, 7.15 – 69.46, and 646.01 – 1368.33 Bq/kg with average activity concentrations of 37.15, 35.66, and 914.73 Bq/kg for ²³⁸U,²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K, respectively. These average values exceeded the worldwide values of 25, 25, and 370 Bq/kg respectively. In water samples, the values of 238U ranged from 0.20 to 36.78 Bq/L ( ); activity concentration values for 232Th radionuclide ranged from 2.75 Bq/L to 76.90 Bq/L ( ) and that of 40K radionuclide ranged from 42.28 Bq/L to 179.95 Bq/L ( ) respectively. These values are higher than the recommended value of 30000 g/L as reported by the EPA. The average activity concentrations of ²³⁸U,²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K were found to be higher in the sediment samples than in the water samples. The estimated total annual effective dose AED in the water sample was found to be less than the worldwide values of 0.1mSv/y or 0.2 to 0.8. The excess life cancer risk ELCR of radon in the water ranged from 0.0983×10^-4 to 1.8084×10^-4 with a mean value of 0.7949×10^-4. This value is less than the worldwide limit of 1.0×10^-4. Therefore, the groundwater (wells) in Funtua town is said to be safe based on the effects of the activity concentrations of these natural primordial radionuclides and radon on the environment. However, the need for continuous monitoring should be a priority.

Integrated Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration for Gold Mineralization: A Case Study in Lokoja Sheet 247, Ajaokuta L.G.A, Kogi State, Nigeria

2024-06-17T13:36:11+00:00

This paper presents an integrated geophysical and geochemical data exploration for assessing the potential presence of gold in Lokoja Sheet 247, Ajaokuta L.G.A of Kogi State, Nigeria by using interpretation of varying derivatives to delineate structural features, with a specific focus on the NE – SW direction, aligning with the regional trend. Additionally, x-ray fluorescence analysis was employed to examine samples from the study area. The interpreted aeromagnetic data unveiled a high anomalous area, prompting further geochemical investigation. X-ray fluorescence analysis indicated gold concentrations ranging up to five parts per million in certain samples, signifying potential high-grade gold mineralization in the study area. Based on the integrated geophysical and geochemical findings, it is recommended that more detailed exploration efforts be concentrated in the eastern half and northwestern portion of the study area. Notably, this research utilized x-ray fluorescence analysis, which proved effective at this stage; however, for more robust information, future exploration endeavors should incorporate advanced geochemical analyses. Moreover, follow-up ground geophysical surveys, including Induced Polarization, ground magnetic, and electromagnetic methods, are deemed necessary.

Potential of Castor Seed (Ricinus communis) for Remediation of Petroleum Products Contaminated Soil in Billiri, Gombe State, Nigeria

2024-06-17T13:41:30+00:00

Petroleum products consist of hazardous chemicals such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and naphthalene, which can be detrimental to all parts of the ecosystem, especially the land. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the potential of castor seed (Ricinus communis) for remediation of petroleum products contaminated soil in Billiri, Gombe State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Tests results showed that the petroleum products significantly altered the physicochemical properties, heavy metals and THC of the soil. The soil porosity decreased from 76.20% to 36.5%; the soil pH decreased from 7.10 to 6.0; the THC increased from 0.268 mg/kg to 878.4 mg/kg while heavy metals content such as copper level increased from 17.20 mg/kg to 53.9 mg/kg; the lead content increased from 10.39 mg/kg to 16.0 mg/kg; while the iron content increased from 31.72 mg/kg to 63.4 mg/kg after the contamination. After the 14 weeks phytoremediation period, Ricinus communis was able to degrade the THC in the soil from 878.4 mg/kg to 254 mg/kg while also showing potential for the degradation of other heavy metals in the soil.

Lead Acetate-induced Changes in Haematological Indices and Bone Marrow of Adult Wistar Rats: Protective Role of α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E)

2024-06-17T13:46:05+00:00

Lead exposure has been associated with several adverse health effects involving multiple body systems and organ failure. Hence, the objective of this paper was to the effects of α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) on haematological indices and bone marrow of lead acetate (LA)-exposed adult Wistar rats. Twenty (20) adult Wistar rats (n=5) were randomly assigned as follows: Control group (A) received 1ml of distilled water; Group B received 100 mg/kg body weight (BW) of LA; Group C received 50 mg/kg BW of α-Tocopherol and 100 mg/kg BW of LA; Group D received 50 mg/kg BW α-Tocopherol only. All administrations, via an oral gavage, lasted for twenty-eight days. Following the sacrifice of experimental rats, blood samples were collected in Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid bottles for hematological analysis and the femur of rats were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological evaluation. Results showed that the haematological indices in group B rats were significantly different (P<0.05) when compared to control. Also, the histological findings in group B rats revealed mild hypoplasia of the haematopoietic cells with severe vacuolations following comparison to control. However, in group C rats treated with α-Tocopherol, the adverse effects of LA were attenuated. Rats in group D showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in the parameters investigated when compared to control. Conclusively, results from this study showed that α-Tocopherol can mitigate the toxic effects of lead on the haematological system, and further studies are needed to corroborate these findings and investigate the mechanisms of action.

Evaluating the Ameliorative Effect of Glycine on Cadmium-Induced Kidney Damage in Adult Wistar Rats

2024-06-17T13:50:18+00:00

The escalating exposure to heavy metals due to industrialization and anthropogenic activities has led to adverse health effects. Cadmium is one such heavy metal that can accumulate in biological organisms and disrupt cellular functions. Glycine, an amino acid and a neurotransmitter in the brain, has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which have been studied by some researchers. Hence the objectives of this paper was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of glycine on cadmium-induced kidney damage in adult Wistar rats using standard technique. There was significant decrease (P˂0.05) in body weight of rats treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of cadmium when compared to control. No significant change (P˃0.05) in serum Na⁺, K⁺and Cr levels in both Cadmium and Glycine treated groups when compared to control. However, administration of Cadmium showed features of tubular necrosis, interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells, vascular hypertrophy and interstitial congestion in treated rats which were reversed with treatment with Glycine. Focal tubular necrosis was seen in kidney of rat treated with Cadmium and 1000 mg/kg body weight of Glycine. This study demonstrates that Glycine at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight has an ameliorative and anti-oxidant effect against Cadmium-induced kidney damage in adult Wistar rats.

Modeling the Cost of Green Space Investment in Residential Areas in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

2024-06-17T13:53:44+00:00

Understanding the costs of development, maintenance and replacement of green spaces may help in effective planning and development of green spaces. However, traditional methods to ascertain the costs of the same are complex and requires many data and expertise. The objective of study was to develop a mathematical model for estimating the cost of green space investment in residential areas of Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania using structured questionnaires for data collection. The study revealed that the investment cost of green spaces was influenced by income of the households, age of green space, area covered by green space, green space type and settlement where the household resides. The mean calculated from the model looked lower by 0.1% implying that the model can best predict the overall mean of investment cost by 99.9%. The model can be used to estimate the economic value of green spaces in data scarce situations for various purposes like compensation and property valuation.

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Levels and Contamination Indices of Groundwater Sources in Kaduna South Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria

2024-06-17T13:57:59+00:00

Global concern over heavy metal pollution in groundwater resources has recently increased because of its potential impact on public health. Evidence shows that unsafe water is responsible for approximately 1.2 million deaths yearly, prompting a surge in research on groundwater quality worldwide, particularly in developing nations. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate the heavy metal levels and contamination indices of groundwater sources in the Kaduna South Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria, using appropriate standard methods. Findings indicate that a significant majority (67%) of the pollution metrics demonstrated high levels of heavy metal contamination, exceeding the established threshold values, suggesting its unsuitability for consumption. Also, correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant positive association (p <.05) between the pollution indices, particularly with Pb, suggesting its role as a prevalent contaminant affecting the groundwater quality. Our findings demonstrate the varying extent of groundwater contamination and emphasise the importance of a multi-index approach in presenting a holistic overview of the status of groundwater pollution, with significant implications for improving water quality in the study area and for strategic planning and intervention in water quality monitoring and surveillance.

Climate-Smart Agriculture for Sustainable Agricultural Development in Nigeria: An Empirical Review

2024-06-17T14:01:59+00:00

Feeding over 200 million people in Nigeria requires a radical transformation in agricultural sector. These therefore require growing more food and achieve food security. Meanwhile, the resources needed for sustainable food security in Nigeria are already stretched, coupled with a negative effect of climatic change on agricultural production and food storage in developing countries like Nigeria, where the capacity to adapt to changes in climate is weak. Therefore, the paper reviewed climate-smart agriculture for sustainable agricultural development and establish that climate-smart agriculture can increase agricultural productivity, increases farm incomes, food security and agricultural development in a sustainable manner while building resilience of agricultural products to climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. The noticeable climate-smart agriculture practice adopted by the farmers in Nigeria includes the use of improved crop varieties, laser land leveling, zero tillage, residue management, nutrient management, and crop diversification. Nigerian farmers should be adequately trained in climate-smart agriculture by government at all levels and motivated to adopt its practices for mitigation and adaptation measures to climate changes. Also, adequate information and communications channels should be established in order to pass weather forecast information to farmers in Nigeria. Likewise, Socio-economics characteristics of the farmers should be considered in making any agricultural policies in Nigeria.

Spatial Distribution and Status of Biota Habitats in the Forest Reserves of Omo and Ago-Owu in Ogun State, Oluwa in Ondo State, and Ife and Shaha in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria

2024-06-17T14:06:33+00:00

The biota comprises all living organisms (bacteria, fungi, plants, animals) that inhabit a given area. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the spatial distribution and status of biota habitats in the forest reserves of Omo and Ago-Owu in Ogun State, Oluwa in Ondo State, and Ife and Shaha in Osun State of southwestern Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. The field surveys were conducted in relation to a 5 km × 5 km grid of cells across the target region. Twenty-three transects 5 km in length were created, and walks of 2.5 km from the boundary to the center of the grid cell enabled observation and data collection in these forest complexes. Mammals were detected at very low rates, especially in the Osun reserves. From the 23 transects totaling 115 km, only 140 mammals were encountered. Most large mammals, particularly elephants, are relatively abundant across much of the western Omo Forest. Hunters’ reports showed that chimpanzees are still present in southern Shasha and in Oluwa Forests. Our assessment revealed that except for the 4.6 km² Strict Natural Biosphere Reserve in Omo, all the remaining natural forests have been heavily damaged by many years of intensive logging. However, if protected and given time, these forests can still regenerate.

Evaluation of the Variability and Frequency of Infectious Diseases in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Ngorongoro District in Arusha Region, Tanzania

2024-06-19T04:17:22+00:00

The Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) frequently experiences the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. However, it is unclear how emergence varies or changes in frequency. Hence, the objective of this was to evaluate the Variability and frequency of infectious diseases in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Ngorongoro district in the Arusha region of Tanzania using appropriate standard methods such as questionnaire surveys, field visits, documentation reviews, and focus group discussions. A total of 396 households participated in the survey from four selected villages, Nainokanoka, Endulen, Kayapus, and Meshili, within the NCA. The collected responses were analysed to determine physical and cultural practices potentially influencing the variability and frequency of infectious diseases. The results suggest a combination of environmental factors, cultural practices, and wildlife conservation measures influence the variability and frequency of infectious diseases in the study including climatic conditions, meat consumption, and scarcity of suitable land for pasture, the presence of wildlife corridors, large livestock numbers and lack of hygiene. Diseases frequently reported to occur were Anthrax, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Rabies, Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), and Malaria. Mitigating pathogens transmission risk will require mapping high-risk areas precisely and public education initiatives to minimize contact between pathogens and the populace within the study area.

Evaluation of In-vitro Response of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper Fruit) Bak. f. Seedlings as Shoot Explants to a Combination of Plant Growth Regulators

2024-06-19T04:24:52+00:00

Dennettia tripetala (Pepper fruit) an important tree crop deeply ingrained in the socio-cultural life of the people of Nigeria, faces the threat of extinction due to inconsistent fruiting, poor seed germination and slow seedling growth. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the in-vitro response of Dennettia tripetala (pepper fruit) seedlings as shoot explants to growth regulators using standard procedures by culturing 10 weeks old seedlings of the plant as shoot explant in three (3) levels of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and six (6) levels of 6-Benzyl amino purine (BAP) or Kinetin supplemented in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Data collected included the weight of callus, period of callogenensis, texture and colour of callus. From the results obtained, D. tripetala shoot explants cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various levels of NAA in combination with BAP/Kinetin at different levels effected callus formation at varying degrees. Generally, the nature of the callus observed was either friable or compact with the former occurring more. The colour of the callus was either white or brown. The highest callus intensity was observed in the media containing NAA at 0.5mg/l in combination with Kinetin at 1mg/l and also in the media containing 2.5 mg/l NAA in combination with 1 mg/l BAP. MS media supplemented with 1.5 mg/l NAA+0.1 mg/l BAP and 2.5 mg/l NAA + 1 mg/l BAP were optimum for early callogenesis in NAA+BAP combinations while 2.0 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l Kinetin was optimum for early callogenesis in NAA + Kinetin combinations. The result shows that shoot explants of the plant are amenable to tissue culture when subjected to appropriate hormonal combination. Further work is needed in the area of embryogenensis, plantlet production and subsequent regeneration of the tree crop.

Epidemiology of Hepatitis-B Infection among Pregnant Women in Yola North Local Government Area Adamawa State, Nigeria

2024-06-19T04:31:39+00:00

Hepatitis b virus infection presents major threat to public health throughout endemic countries of tropical and sub-Saharan Africa. There is a scarcity of data on HBV in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Hence, the objectives of this paper is to evaluate the epidemiology of hepatitis B infection among pregnant women in Yola North Local Government Area, Adamawa State Nigeria using Structured questionnaire to collect information from 1,254 pregnant women who come for antenatal clinic (ANC) for the first visit. Five (5) mL of blood samples were drown from each consented pregnant women for serological analysis by using rapid diagnostic test/ELISA. A pooled prevalence of 4.1% was recorded for HBV. Of all the sociodemographic characteristics studied, only occupation recorded a significant association with HBV (P=0.023) with highest prevalence among house wives (2.2%) and lowest among civil servants (0.6%). Also, considering the eight attitudes-related questions used to assess the participants, a good attitude of 73.9% toward HBV was reported. Three factors that recorded significant association with hepatitis b infection were; ever screened for HBV (AOR=0.349; 95% CI= 0.121-1.007; P=0.052), can be infected with HBV (AOR=0.107; 95% C.I =0.017-0.660; P=0.016) and people with HBV are discriminated in the society (AOR=3.071; 95% CI= 1.508-6.253; P=0.002). Therefore, awareness on modes of transmission, early detection and screening of HBV for all pregnant women attending ANC must be strengthened to minimize and control vertical transmission of the infections.

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Otitis Media amongst Children Aged 0–48 Months in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

2024-06-19T17:59:58+00:00

Acute Otitis media (AOM), an inflammation of the middle ear, is a common infection in children worldwide. It poses significant health challenges as it is the leading cause of hearing loss. This paper therefore investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with Otitis media amongst 120 children aged 0–48 months attending hospital in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Ear swab specimens were collected using sterile swab sticks for bacterial isolation and identification. Information on sociodemographic and potential risk factors associated with otitis media was obtained from parents of the children via questionnaire. Streptococcus pneumoniae (20%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18.3%) were the major causative agents of AOM. The prevalence of AOM was found to be higher among male children (54.2%) than females (45.8%) in the age group 0-12 months. The highest rate of occurrence was found among children whose mothers had low socioeconomic status (61.7%), low educational level (45.8%), unemployed (71.7%), use bottle-feeding method (52.5%), procumbent position during feeding (81.7%), use cotton buds for ear cleaning (80%), poor feeding hygiene (56.7%) as well as children who have not taken pneumococcal vaccine (68.3%), and those with symptoms related to respiratory tract infections (78.3%). In conclusion, AOM is highly prevalent in Adamawa majorly affecting children less than one year. The main predisposing factors are bottle feeding, procumbent feeding position, poor hygiene, not vaccinating, use of cotton bud and upper respiratory tract infections. There is a need to inform mothers about the risk factors associated with AOM.

Effect of Malathion on Catalase Enzyme and Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Adult Flies and 3rd Instar Larvae of Drosophila melanogaster

2024-06-19T18:06:38+00:00

Farmers widely use insecticides and pesticides, in agriculture, which main ingredient is organophosphate, like, malathion. For prolong exposure of this organophosphate may affect neuronal behaviour and metabolic mechanism of non-target organisms. To study of these impacts, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of Malathion on catalase enzyme and Acetylcholinesterase activity in adult flies and 3rd instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster using appropriate standard methods. The study results have showed that both the activity level of Acetylcholinesterase and Catalase enzymes has been significantly dropped down in adults and 3^rd instar larvae of Drosophila. Decrease level of Acetylcholinesterase indicates over accumulation of Acetylcholine neuro-transmitter, which can lead to hamper in their locomotion, behaviour, vision and other neuronal functions. Reducing level of Catalase indicates ROS generation, mainly H₂O₂ that can damage any metabolic activity. Thereby, we can suggest to control the usage of malathion organophosphate in agriculture purpose.

Application of K-Nearest Neighbours and Long-Short-Term Memory Models using Hidden Markov Model to Predict Inflation Rate and Transition Patterns in Nigeria

2024-06-20T20:44:16+00:00

It fluctuates in most countries in the world regardless of whether the countries are been developed, developing or underdeveloped. The widespread effects of inflation have a significant impact on most countries including Nigeria because it is a global phenomenon influenced by variety of factors such as economic growth and monetary policy. This paper proposes the application of K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models using Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to predict the inflation rate and its transition patterns in Nigeria with Secondary data collected from National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) official website. Empirical analysis revealed that GDP per capita show a significant influence in inflation rate and contributes to inflation forecasting in Nigeria.