A Comprehensive Review of Heavy Metals and Decontamination Efforts in Nigeria

Abstract

The objective of this review article was to provide a comprehensive summary and up-to-date overview of the current state of knowledge in heavy metals and decontamination efforts in Nigeria. The sources of heavy metals, both natural and anthropogenic, the toxicity effects, and water contamination in Nigeria have been examined in detail, as well as treatment technologies, primarily through biosorption. The literature has been reviewed, focusing on the removal of heavy metal ions using biological-based biosorbents. Key parameters, such as temperature, pH, and contact time, as well as biosorbent characteristics, have been investigated. Potential future research directions have been proposed.