Histopathological, Pathomorphological and Oxidative Stress Responses of Glyphosate Exposed Probiotics Fed Clarias gariepinus

Abstract

This study assessed changes in tissues and antioxidant enzymatic activities of glyphosate exposed probiotics fed Clarias gariepinus. Sublethal exposure of 1/10 and 1/100 LC₅₀ at 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% probiotics inclusions was carried out for 28days.  Histological and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined using standard methods. Histopathological as well as structural changes and antioxidant enzyme activities in studied organs were dose dependent considering the concentration and percentage of glyphosate and probiotics respectively. Exposure at 1/10 and 1/100 LC₅₀ erodes and destroys tissue architecture in proportionate fashion expressed as lamella erosion and necrosis in gills and liver respectively with corresponding reduced SOD, CAT and GSH activities in the liver. Regeneration and healing of tissues were more pronounced at C. gariepinus fed 0.2% probiotics 1/10 LC₅₀ exposure level as against 0.15% probiotics 1/100 LC₅₀ exposure level. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased significantly (p < 0.05) in glyphosate probiotics fed C. gariepinus compared to 0% probiotics fed glyphosate exposed fish.  CAT and GSH were higher at 0.2% probiotics compared to control. Level of peroxidation reduced as percentage of probiotics increased with control MDA value the highest compared to those at different inclusion levels. Conclusively, probiotics can help reduce cytotoxic effects of toxicants and stressors in Clarias gariepinus at relative inclusion levels.