Nanostructured materials in agriculture: The influence of bismuth ferrite and graphitic carbon nitride on maize growth performances in Samaru, Nigeria

Abstract

This study explores the application of nanostructured materials, specifically metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), bismuth ferrite (BiFeO₃), magnesium-doped bismuth ferrite (Bi_0.7Mg_0.3FeO₃), and a heterojunction of g-C₃N₄ and bismuth ferrite (g-C₃N₄/BiFeO₃), in influencing maize growth and performances in Samaru, Nigeria. The study involves the synthesis and characterization of these nanostructured materials, confirming their structural integrity and stability for photocatalytic applications. The greenhouse experiment employs a range of treatments, including a control (no fertilization), +P +K inorganic fertilizer, the recommended farmer's fertilizer rate (120:60:60), and varied levels of the synthesized nanostructured materials (1 g, 2 g and 3 g). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design, and maize (SAMMAZ 15) was used as test crop. Graphitic carbon nitride consistently exhibits the highest plant height, while the recommended rate and magnesium-doped bismuth ferrite exceled in stem girth. Root dry weight was significantly higher in the recommended rate and bismuth ferrite treatments, emphasizing their positive influence on root development. Similar trends were observed in shoot dry weight, with the recommended rate outperforming other treatments. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of treatment levels, identifying level 2 (2 g) as optimal for improved maize performance, aligning with the recommended rate of traditional fertilizer application. While nanostructured materials showed promising performances compared to the control, their impact on growth is comparable to conventional fertilizers. This research provides valuable insights into the potential of nanostructured materials in promoting maize growth, emphasizing the need for further exploration of their mechanisms and optimal application levels in agricultural practices.