Prospects for an integrated control of Loranthaceae species parasitizing Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn in Burkina Faso

Abstract

This study investigated the potential components of an integrated management of Loranthaceae species (mistletoes) which constitute a major constraint to the survival and fruit production of many trees such as Vitellaria paradoxa in West Africa. Three types of pruning, five doses of each of two herbicides and host resistance were evaluated in mistletoe-infested parklands. Natural enemies were surveyed with a view to biological control. Pruning of the host branch along with the parasite’s haustorium (endophytic system) led to the total elimination of the parasite. When the endophytic system was spared, the time of pruning and species of parasite significantly influenced the number of sprout stalks per tuff. Their interaction was also significant. Death of at least 80% of treated Loranthaceae tufts was recorded for doses of 15 g l^-1 of glyphosate and 20 g l^-1 of 2,4-D. The artificial infestation of stands with parasite seeds revealed the likely existence of genetic resistance to mistletoe in V. paradoxa. The agroforestry parkland survey showed that birds, chiefly Pogoniulus chrysonocus, and insects are potential natural enemies of Loranthaceae. Results showed that Loranthaceae control could be achieved with techniques already used to successfully manage weeds. However, there is need to improve control components and their integration to successfully manage mistletoes in Burkina Faso.

Keywords: Vitellaria paradoxa, Loranthaceae, mechanical, herbicides, host resistance, bio-control