Spring quality assessment and effects on the health of inhabitants of Santa Sub-Division, North West Region, Cameroon

Abstract

Lack of published data on the petrography and quality of drinkable water sources in Santa Sub Division renders the water quality in the locality doubtful. This research work was therefore aimed at evaluating the quality of spring water and its effects on human health since they depend on springs as their major source of drinking water. This work examines some petrographic, physicochemical and bacteriological properties and anthropogenic activities on water sources. Rock and water samples were collected from Mbei, Mbu, Njong and Santa Akum localities and analyzed using standard methods. Petrographic studies revealed three rock types: basalts, trachytes, and rhyolites. Organoleptic and physicochemical parameters fell within WHO limits indicating no contamination except for iron. Water facies were HCO₃ –CO₃–Cl, Ca–Na–K, SO₄–Ca–Mg and HCO₃–Ca–Mg while the major ions were HCO3^-, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ with Total dissolved solids having the highest concentration (147.6 for both seasons), suggesting an influence of rock silicate weathering and ion exchange processes. However, pathogens were present in all the springs thus prevalence of waterborne diseases in Santa. This poor water quality was likely due to poor hygiene and anthropogenic activities. This water may lead to health implication to the community.

Keywords: Santa Sub-division, spring quality, bacteria, contamination, petrography, anthropogenic.