Open access statement

Ethiop. J. Sci. Technol. provides immediate open access to its content from the date of publication on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The publications are open access for academic work, allowing any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search or link to the full texts of its articles and to use them for any ethical purposes. There is no charge for any reader to access articles for their own scholarly use.

Open access copyright policy

All articles are published under the CC-BY Creative Commons attribution license (current version is CC-BY, version 4.0 ). This means that the author(s) retain the copyright of their manuscripts and all articles published in the journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction on various media, provided that the original work will be cited accordingly.

 CC BY

This license allows re-users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.

Publication ethics and malpractice statement

• The Journal’s editorial board members are recognized experts in the particular field they represent and their full names and affiliations and roles must be shown on the journal’s web site
• The editor is responsible for deciding which of the papers submitted to the journal will be
• The editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the parties involved in the process.
• Peer-reviews help the editor and the editorial team in making editorial decisions and may also help the author in improving the paper.
• Referees who think they are not qualified to review the manuscript or cannot do the review within the time frame suggested should notify the editor and withdraw from the review
• Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential
• Reviews should be objective and personal criticism of the author is Referees should express their views clearly with supporting arguments.
• Reviewers should identify cases in which relevant published work referred to in the paper has not been cited in the reference section. They should point out whether observations or arguments derived from other publications are accompanied by the respective source. Reviewers will notify the editor of any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal
• Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions associated with the papers.
• Authors of original research reports should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and are unacceptable.
• Authors could be required to provide the raw data of their study together with the paper for editorial review and should be prepared to make the data publicly available if practicable. Ensure accessibility of such data to other professionals for at least ten years after publication (preferably via an institutional or subject-based data repository or other data center), provided that the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and legal rights concerning proprietary data do not preclude their
• Authors will submit only entirely original works, and will appropriately cite or quote the work and/or words of others.
• Papers describing essentially the same research should not be published in more than one Submitting the same paper to more than one journal is unethical practice.
• All authors should include a statement disclosing any financial or other substantive conflicts of interest that may influence the results or interpretation of their manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.
• If significant error is discovered on the published work, the author should immediately notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper in the form of an

Content disclaimer

The author(s) of each article appearing in this Journal is/are solely responsible for the content thereof; the publication of an article shall not constitute or be thought to constitute any representation by the Editors, Bahir Dar University, all academic units that the data presented therein are correct or sufficient to support the conclusions reached or that the experiment design or methodology is adequate.

Disclaimer policy

The information contained on EJST, no matter what form it might be, is for information purpose only. We make the utmost effort to keep the information current and correct, yet, we never offer warranties of any kind, in all its forms, and present complete, accurate, reliable, suitable, or avail information, products, and services, contained on our publication for any purpose. Any reliance one places on such information is therefore strictly at one’s own risk.

EJST shall not be liable for any loss or damage, direct or indirect or consequential loss or damage, whatsoever arising from loss of data or benefits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this journal and its resources.

EJST may offer link to various information sources, which we have no control over the nature, content, and availability of those sources. The inclusion of links does not necessarily mean we recommend or endorse the views expressed therein.

Every effort is made to keep the email/website up and running smoothly. EJST strives to have reliable website and/or email address. Nevertheless, EJST shall not be responsible, or liable for, these links or sites unavailable because of some technical glitch that we cannot control.

Privacy Policy

EJST may collect and use personal information that is necessary for the processing and publication of manuscripts submitted to us. This information may include names, affiliation and contact details; including postal address, emails, phone numbers and fax numbers.

Any personal information received by EJST will only be used to: process and publish your manuscript. Where EJST discloses your personal information to its online publisher or other party for these purposes, the other party in question will be obliged to use that personal information in accordance with the terms of this privacy statement.

EJST may disclose your personal information to the extent that it is required to do so by law, in connection with any legal proceedings or prospective legal proceedings, and in order to establish, exercise or defend its legal rights.

Intellectual Property Statement

Ideas, creations, products, and creative processes of a creator or inventor are protected from theft or plagiarism.

Statement of declaration

All manuscripts must contain the following sections under the heading 'Declarations':

• Ethics approval and consent to participate
• Consent for publication
• Availability of data and material (and sharing data)
• Conflict of interests
• Funding
• Authors' contribution
• Acknowledgements

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Manuscripts reporting studies involving human participants, human data or human tissue must:

• Include a statement on ethics approval and consent (even where the need for approval was waived)
• Include the name of the ethics committee that approved the study and the committee’s reference number if appropriate
• Studies involving animals must include a statement on ethics
• Studies involving plants must include a statement specifying the local, national or international guideline and legislation and the required or appropriate permissions and/or licenses for the
• If your manuscript does not report on or involve any animals, humans, human data, human tissue or plants, please state “Not applicable” in this section.

Consent for publication

Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract, a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder. To verify originality, your article may be checked by the editor to its originality. Authors shall submit a copyright ownership statement appended in the appendix when they submit the journal.

Availability of data and material

All manuscripts must include an ‘Availability of data and materials’ statement. Data availability statements should include information on where data supporting the results reported in the article can be found including, where applicable, hyperlinks to publicly archived datasets analyzed or generated during the study. By data we mean the minimal dataset that would be necessary to interpret, replicate and build upon the findings reported in the article. We recognize it is not always possible to share research data publicly, for instance when individual privacy could be compromised, and in such instances data availability should still be stated in the manuscript along with any conditions for access.

Conflict of interests

All financial and non-financial competing interests must be declared in this section. Please use the authors’ initials to refer to each author’s competing interests in this section. If you do not have any competing interests, please state "The authors declare that they have no competing interests" in this section.

Funding

All sources of funding for the research reported should be declared. The role of the funding body in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript should be declared.

Contributions

The individual contributions of authors to the manuscript should be specified in this section. Please use initials to refer to each author's contribution in this section, for example: " MD: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, data analysis, and writing an original draft. AK, BE, MK, FZ, WA, and DM: data collection and laboratory analysis. AM, ST, AW, MM, and TS: conceptualization, supervision, and rewriting and editing. FZ, WA, DM, and MK: reviewing and editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version."

Acknowledgements

Please acknowledge anyone who contributed towards the article who does not meet the criteria for authorship including anyone who provided professional writing services or materials. Authors should obtain permission to acknowledge from all those mentioned in the Acknowledgements section. If you do not have anyone to acknowledge, please write "Not applicable" in this section.

Terms and conditions

• In this article, “We” may refer to “I” as well, on the side of author(s)
• We uphold that EJST does not levy publication charges
• By submitting manuscripts, we hereby represent and warrant that we agree to all the Terms and Policies of
• Communications back and forth EJST remain private, and no content of it will be displayed, posted or shared in Print or Online media in any form and situation unless otherwise stated. EJST can take required legal actions against us if we are found guilty doing so.
• We hereby represent and warrant that the manuscripts, or papers we submit are original and that we are the real author(s) of the paper, except for materials received with permission from other copyright
• We are aware that EJST is hosted by AJOL website, an Africa-wide communication channel. In future, EJST will strive to launch its own website or use Bahir Dar University’s
• We have taken the consent from our University, Institution, or Employer before publishing our manuscript with EJST.
• We have taken consent from our co-authors before publishing our manuscript with
• We confirm that we are satisfied with the authenticity, validity and originality of In case of refusal of our publication by our university, or Institution, we will not ask for refund or pursue any legal action against the said personalities or EJST, or Ethiopia for the same.
• We fully understand the Terms and Conditions, Policies, Guideline given by
• We accept that if any Copyright Infringement claim is filed and proven against our published article in the future, then EJST, or Ethiopia has full right to remove our article from the index immediately without prior notice and pursue any legal action against us, or the institution we are affiliated with.
• Only we are responsible for the impact, or outcomes of this publication decision.
• EJST shall not take any accountability for the contents of articles published in the journal, and all such liabilities shall lie with the author/s.
• The opinions expressed in the articles published are exclusively of the authors, and EJST may disagree with such opinions in part or in full. All the manuscripts submitted for publication in EJST are peer reviewed for genuineness, morality, and effectiveness.
• The decision of the reviewers shall be held final. Authors are solely responsible for the uniqueness of the submitted manuscripts for publications. EJST shall advocate high ethical standards of scientific
• The Journal retains the copyrights of all material published in the However, reproduction of the published material in part or total in any form is permitted with due acknowledgment of the source as ethical norms after obtaining permission to do so.

Manuscript type

The Journal publishes original articles, Review articles, Case report and Letter (to the editor).
Original articles should 7,500 words excluding tables and figures; tables and figures are within 10 combined; references are within 50. The manuscript should be structured into sections as shown in "Article structure" below. Abstract should be less than 250 words.

Review papers (critical and comprehensive reviews that provide new insights or interpretation of the subject through thorough and systematic evaluation of available evidence) may be longer than Research Papers if appropriate, and subject to the Editor's agreement. Review articles provide concise reviews of subjects important to science and technology researchers. These have the same format as the original articles but the details may be more flexible depending on the contents. Typical length: maximum of 10,000 words from introduction to conclusion; maximum of 100 references, 10 figures and 10 tables.

Short Communications (fully documented, interpreted accounts of significant findings of original research) should not exceed 2,500 words including Figures, Tables and References. Short communications must report completed work. They must have an abstract and references, but the main body of the text does not have to follow the Introduction - Method - Results – Discussion format.

Author names and affiliations on first page

• Manuscript title
• Authors’ names
  1. Two names cases: First given name, then family name (surname), all in full, no initials
  2. If three names: First given names, then middle name, then family name (surname), all in full, not initials
• Affiliations (indicate multiple affiliations, or current addresses as applicable).
• Department, university, or organizational affiliation
• Location: city, state/province (if applicable).
• Country.
• Email address: the corresponding author (s) only.

Manuscript template and styling

Manuscripts should be written in English and typed single-spaced, on A4 size pages, with margins of 1.75 cm on each side of the paper (top, bottom, left, and right sides), in MS Word. The manuscript should be line numbered throughout. A font size of 12 points (Times New Roman) should be used throughout. The major headings of the manuscript are AIMRaD-CAR, i.e., INTRODUCTION, MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and REFERENCES should be left aligned and written in UPPERCASE letters bold. Subtitles shall be written as follows:

• First subtitles left aligned, sentence case, bold, normal font (non- italic); e.g. First sub- title
• Second subtitle left aligned, sentence case, bold, italic; g. Second sub-title
• Third subtitle left aligned, sentence case, Roman (non-bold and non-italic); e.g., Third sub-title
• Fourth subtitle left aligned, sentence case, non-bold, italic; e.g., Fourth sub-title

The ABSTRACT should be centered. The title of the manuscript should be centered and placed at the top of page and written in sentence case. All pages must be numbered consecutively. The main text should be typed flush left with no indents and single line spaced. Insert one return between paragraphs, and a double return between paper title, and authors' names and addresses on the first page.

Citation in text

Ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa).

Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text.

The Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology has adopted the Harvard reference style.

Reference listing style

The references should be arranged alphabetically by author’s last name then chronologically per author. Publications by the same author(s) in the same year should be listed by year followed by the letters a, b, c, etc. (e.g., 2002a, 2002b, 2002c).

Journal article

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), title of the article (sentence case), full name of journal (in italic font), volume (bold), number (in parenthesis), and page numbers in full.

Examples:

Shukla, G.K. (1972). Some statistical aspects of partitioning genotype-environmental components of variability. Heredity 29: 237-245.

Girum Tamire and Seyoum Mengistu (2013). Zooplankton community grazing rates in a small crater Lake: Lake Kuriftu, Ethiopia. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 36 (1): 1-18.

Zobel, W.R., Wright, W.J and Gauch (Jr.), J.H. (1988). Statistical analysis of a yield trial. Agronomy Journal 80: 388-393.

For a book

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), title of the book (bold), publisher and place of publication.

Example

Steel, R.G and Torrie, J.H. (1980). Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Pages in a publication prepared by one or more editors

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), title of the publication, name of the publication (bold), pages, Editors (in parenthesis), publisher, place of publication.

Example

Lechevalier, M.P and Lechevalier, H.A. (1980). The chemotaxonomy of Actinomycetes. In: Actinomycete Taxonomy, Society for Industrial Microbiology, pp. 227-291 (Dietz, X. and Thayer, Y., eds.). Arlington, VA.

Wale, M. (2015). Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) pushes cool-season food legumes to extinction in Ethiopia. In: Pisum sativum: Cultivation, Functional Properties and Health Benefits, pp. 91- 111 (Becket, S., ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York.

Proceedings

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), Title of the publication, Name of the proceedings (Bold font), pages, Place (City/town, Country)

Example

Derso, E., Geberzgi, T and Girma, G. (2000). Significance of minor diseases of Coffea arabica in Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Control of Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) in Ethiopia, pp. 35-46, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

For a thesis

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), title of the thesis, type (MSc or PhD), University, Country.

Example

Alberts, M.J.A. (2004). A comparison of statistical methods to describe genotype × environment interaction and yield stability in multi-location maize trials. M. Sc. Thesis, University of the Free State, South Africa.

Web references

The full URL should be given with the date when the reference was last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc., should also be given. Web references can also be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.

Toni, R.L and Culvert, L.L. (2003). Safer Hospital Stay and Reducing Hospital-Born Infections. Health Scout News. http://www.healthscout.com, (Accessed January 9, 2010).

Khan, M.H., Mubeen, S.M., Chaudhry, T.A and Khan S.A. Contact lens use and its compliance for care among healthcare workers in Pakistan. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology [Epub ahead of print] [cited 2013 Nov 12]. Available from:http://www.ijo.in/preprintarticle.asp?id=97552.

Dorji, D., Dendup, T., Malaty, H.M., Wangchuk, K., Yangzom, D and Richter, D.J. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Bhutan: The role of environment and geographic location. Helicobacter 2013, doi: 10.1111/hel.12088 (Accessed September 23, 2013).

Submission of manuscript

The entire process of manuscript submission, peer-review, and resubmission to EJST is done through email. As an option, it will later be announced when our live review system on AJOL gets functional. Manuscripts must be written in English and must be submitted by the corresponding author. Manuscripts should be submitted to the Editorial   office   of   EJST   by   e- mail: editorejst@gmail.com. A cover letter should accompany the manuscript signed by the corresponding author, who takes responsibility for the team of authors. The cover letter should also indicate the name and address of the corresponding author, state how perfect the topic is for the journal and its readers, indicate that it has not been published before, it is original work, it is not submitted for publication elsewhere, and suggest three qualified reviewers (optional). Manuscripts submitted to EJST will be preliminarily reviewed by the Editorial Office. Manuscripts not conforming to the instructions will be returned to the corresponding authors without being considered for publication. Any inquiry concerning manuscript submission should be directed to: editorejst@gmail.com.

Invitation of call for papers

At times, EJST invites authors to submit research work on our Online Submission System or Email at editorejst@gmail.com. Make sure that the submitted manuscript should not have been submitted for publication nor published or presented previously anywhere else for publication. It is strictly advised to submit original works for possible consideration; otherwise, the Editorial office shall reject such submissions without any positive response or consideration. All received manuscripts will go through Double-Blind Peer Review. The final decision shall be based on high quality, originality, and additional contribution to the existing knowledge that will be decided and confirmed by the prospective reviewer(s).

• Submission Email: editorejst@gmail.com
• Article Publication: Maximum 6 months from the date a manuscript received for publication in an issue.
• Accepted Language: English
• Areas Covered: Science, technology, agriculture, medicine, biology, environment, food, energy, health (human, animal), geology, mathematics, statistics, computer science, telecommunications, electronics, textile, etc.
• Frequency: 3 Issues per year
• Type of Articles: Research paper, short communications, book chapter, case studies, review

Geographical diversity of authors

Submissions are not strictly restricted to any particular geography as long as it is believed to contribute for enhancing science and technology in Ethiopia or Africa. Studies carried out in other countries may be submitted as long as they focus on Ethiopia or similar geographies. So far, Ethiopia, Africa and Asia have contributed for past publications.

Manuscript structure

TITLE PAGE
The title page should provide the title of the manuscript and full name(s) of the author(s), institutional affiliations. It should also indicate name address, email, fax (if any), and telephone numbers (s) of the author responsible for correspondence about the manuscript. Non-standard abbreviations should be avoided within the title.

ABSTRACT
The abstract of the manuscript should not exceed 250 words. This abstract should briefly describe the problem (background of the study) and the objectives of the study, how the study was performed (methods), the main findings (results) and major conclusions and recommendations. Non-standard abbreviations and references should not be included in the abstract.

KEYWORDS
After the abstract, authors should provide 4 to 6 keywords or phrases that will be used for indexing purpose, listed alphabetically and separated using semi-colon.

INTRODUCTION
The introduction should clearly state the background to the research. Include a summary of a search of the literature to indicate why the study was necessary and what it aimed to contribute to the field. This section should indicate statement of what is being reported in the article and the objectives of the work. Avoid a detailed literature survey and summary of results.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials and methods section should include the sampling procedures, measurements, data collection and analysis. Provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described. For studies involving human participants a statement detailing ethical approval and consent should be included in the methods section.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results and discussion may be combined into a single section or presented separately. Present the major findings of the study in the text, tables, and illustrations and relate the observations to other relevant studies and indicate possible practical implications including implications for future research. Do not repeat the data in the tables or illustrations in the text all. Emphasize or summarize only important observations.

CONCLUSIONS
This should state clearly the main conclusions of the research and give a clear explanation of their importance and relevance. Summary illustrations may be included.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Please acknowledge anyone who did substantial contributions to conception, design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, or who was involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content, but who does not meet the criteria for authorship. Please also include the source(s) of funding for each author, and for the manuscript preparation. Please also acknowledge anyone who contributed materials essential to the study.

DECLARATIONS

• Ethical Approval and consent to participate statement
• Availability of Data
• Conflict of interest
• Funding
• Contribution of each author

REFERENCES 

Communication with the journal

Authors of the manuscripts to be considered for publication in EJST are required to communicate with the managing editor, or editor-in-chief or secretariat of the journal through the corresponding author e-mail or on the system when available. The status, acceptance of their manuscripts for and the rejection of their manuscripts from publication shall be announced to them through their e- mail address or the online system by the managing editor or the editor-in-chief.

Correction and retraction policy

Corrections to published work

Honest errors are a part of science and publishing and require publication of a correction when they are detected. We expect authors to inform the journal’s Production Editor (details on the Contact Us section of the journal website) of any errors of fact they have noticed (or have been informed of) in their article once published. Corrections are made at the journal’s discretion.

As Publishers, we have a duty to maintain the integrity of the scientific record. For this reason, minor corrections that do not affect the scientific understanding of the paper (for example formatting or typographical errors or preference of wording) may be rejected if submitted post- publication in order to prevent discrepancies downstream.

The correction procedure depends on the publication stage of the article, but in all circumstances a correction notice is published as soon as possible:

As EJST without print issues, articles are published online only. A correction notice will be published online and linked to the article. For errors in articles published in issues or continuous publication journals, EJST may consider correcting the actual article online (XML and PDF), at the editor’s discretion. We will add a correction notice at the end to say what has been changed since it was first published and publish an erratum.

Retractions

Retractions are considered by journal editors in cases of evidence of unreliable data or findings, plagiarism, citation manipulation, data falsification/fabrication, duplicate publication, and unethical research. We may consider an expression of concern notice if an article is under investigation. All retraction notices explain why the article was retracted. The retraction procedure depends on the publication stage of the article:

A replacement version of the article will be posted containing just the metadata, with a retraction note replacing the original text. The PDF will be replaced with a version watermarked with “Retracted” but the original text will remain accessible. A retraction notice will also be published in the next available print issue.

In rare cases, we may have to remove the original content for legal reasons. In such cases we will leave the metadata (title and authors) and replace the text with a note saying the article has been removed for legal reasons. A retraction notice will also be published online and/or in print.

Editor’s/Reviewers’ Guideline

 Duty and responsibility of a reviewer

• A reviewer has to express his/her predisposition as to whether or not to agree/disagrees with the invitation for reviewing a manuscript within 2 to 5 days;
• A reviewer is expected to submit review reports within in two weeks to the associate editor;
• A reviewer has to clearly write on a separate sheet of paper (also on the comments section of the review form) all the comments with the corresponding justifications whether to accept or reject the work and submit it to the associate editor. Track changes may also be submitted;
• A reviewer shall backup decisions on the fate of the manuscripts based on sound Manuscripts should thus be categorized under any of the options such as accept as is, accept with minor revision, accept with major revision or reject.

Eligibility of reviewers

• PhD degree / Associate Professor and sound experience in the particular At least 2-year service after PhD. Certain fields may opt to use qualified people with the rank  of associate professors and an MSc degree.
• At least 5 national and/or International Research Paper Publications. 

Manuscript review criteria

• Manuscripts are peer reviewed against criteria listed in the reviewer form (007) – Appendix 3. However, depending on the particular field, reviewers may have their right to see additional elements/criteria if they find them critical.
• EJST style (format)
• Relevance and sound technical contents
• Written in sound English
• Reviewers underscore the following general points:
  • Does the manuscript address a topic of current concern about the aims of the journal and to what you perceive to be the current state of (say a theme under that specific study area of the manuscript) concerning (say a specific topic of the manuscript)?
  • Does the abstract give a clear account of the scope of the paper/ manuscript?
  • Do the keywords adequately reflect the paper?
  • If the manuscript is concerned with research activity, has a sound methodology been utilized and described?
  • Does the manuscript clearly distinguish between opinion and empirical evidence?
  • Does the manuscript contribute to a critical understanding of the issues?
  • Does the manuscript alert readers to significant new developments in the subject area?
  • Does the manuscript take into account relevant contemporary literature in the area?
  • Does the manuscript clearly reference citations and quotations using the APA 7th edition?
  • Is the manuscript written in a clear and intelligible style to a reasonably well- informed international professional readership?
  • If your review is to be of best use to the authors of the manuscript, it is important that you address these points and provide sound reasons for your Just giving an accept/reject decision without any clarification is of very little use to the author and to the journal! It is important to put your comments in the: 'Comments to Author' section of the report, rather than just in 'Comments to Editor'.

• Specific Guideline for Reviewers
  • The manuscript should include sufficient introduction and background to demonstrate how the work fits into the broader field of knowledge. Relevant prior literature should be appropriately referenced.
  • Figures should be relevant to the content of the manuscript, of sufficient resolution, and appropriately described and labeled.
  • The submission should be ‘self-contained,’ should represent an appropriate ‘unit of publication’, and should include all results relevant to the hypothesis/theory/theoretical framework. Coherent bodies of work should not be inappropriately subdivided merely to increase publication count.
• The Design
  • The submission must describe original primary research within the purpose & scope of the Journal.
  • The submission should clearly define the research question, which must be relevant and meaningful to the subject area/discipline being studied. The knowledge gap being investigated should be identified, and statements should be made as to how the study contributes to filling that gap.
  • The investigation must have been conducted rigorously and to a high technical standard.
  • Methods should be described with sufficient information to be reproducible by another investigator. 
  • The research must have been conducted in conformity with the prevailing ethical standards in the field.
• Validity of the Findings
  • The data should be robust, statistically sound, and controlled.
  • The data on which the conclusions are based must be provided or made available in an acceptable discipline-specific repository.
  • The conclusions should be appropriately stated, should be connected to the original question investigated, and should be limited to those supported by the In particular, claims of a causative relationship should be supported by a well-controlled experimental intervention. Correlation is not causation.
  • Decisions are not made based on any subjective determination of impact, degree of advance, novelty or being of interest to only a niche audience. We will also consider studies with null findings.
  • Replication studies will be considered provided the rationale for the replication, and how it adds value to the literature, is clearly described. Please note that studies that are redundant or derivative of existing work will not be considered.
• Additional Review Criteria for Literature Review Manuscripts:
  • Is the review of broad and cross-disciplinary interest and within the scope of the journal?
  • Has the field been reviewed recently? If so, is there a good reason for this review (different point of view, accessible to a different audience, )? 
  • Does the Introduction adequately introduce the subject and make it clear who the audience is/what the motivation is?

• Study Design
  • Is the Methodology consistent with a comprehensive, unbiased coverage of the subject? If not, what is missing?
  • Are sources adequately cited? Quoted or paraphrased as appropriate?
  • Is the      literature      review      organized      logically      into coherent paragraphs/subsections?
• Validity of the Findings
  • Is there a well-developed and supported argument that meets the goals set out in the Introduction?
  • Does the Conclusion identify unresolved questions / gaps / future directions?

Opposition Procedures

Reviewer and/or editor opposition

• Authors may request that specific individuals be prevented from seeing their submission (a practice known as 'opposition').
• Requests to oppose individuals should be limited in nature, should refer to specific individuals (not broad lists or categories of people), and should be made only with good reason.

While we will attempt to accommodate reasonable requests, we cannot guarantee that all requests will be honored.

Complaints and Appeals

• Authors who strongly believe that a decision has been made which is not in accordance with EJST editorial/reviewer criteria, they may appeal against the decision by emailing their appeal to editorejst@gmail.com
• Appeals must be submitted with detailed information as to why the original decision was erroneous, including a point-by-point response to all reviewer/ Editor comments in the decision letter.
• EJST will try to respond to the appeal within three weeks.
• EJST will review the Appeal and may involve a member of the Editorial team to decide whether the Appeal should be granted. In some cases, this process might involve re-review of the manuscript.
• The decision resulting from this process will be considered final.

Manuscript Review Process

 EJST adopts a double-blind review process conducted by the Reviewers /Editors. Reviewers / Editors undertake an editorial review to assess the quality and type of submission before approving it. Manuscripts not meeting the scientific standards will not be considered for review/publication. Authors are expected to pay attention to the instructions/guideline for authors and indicate the category they are publishing if it is not a research article. Reviewers / Editors will also check the readability, grammatical usage and may ask for resubmission if papers fare poorly in these parameters.

EJST will contact the Reviewers / Editors once a paper is sent to it, with periodic reminders of their due date. Once all the reviews are in-house, EJST will most likely decide within a day or two.

EJST will then contact the corresponding author with the decision. Reviewers / Editors invest precious time believing that they are making important contributions to the scientific process and the pursuit of knowledge. All efforts are made to complete the whole process as soon as possible to inform the manuscript’s status.

The entire review process of the manuscripts submitted to EJST is done online and digitally. Authors must use the online submission system for submitting their manuscripts. Only if they are unable to do so should they contact the editor through postal mail.

• Author submits all required documents, including Copyright Form, and separate Cover Letter via Email. 
• Completed submission is sent out to two or three reviewers.
• Reviewers review the article and send it back to the editorial office for processing. 
• After initial review, the Editor-in-Chief releases reviews to authors.
• Authors are asked to respond to reviewers and make necessary corrections.
• Article is sent out for re-review.
• Editor-in-Chief may accept, reject, accept with minor alterations, or send out for third review.
• If accepted, the author must submit the final version within the given deadline.
• Article is published in print/online in the Journal.

Publication Process

• The chief editor receives new manuscripts
• The chief editor and associate editors do initial screening of the manuscript (relevance, sound methodology and writing)
• If agreed, it will be communicated to the author that it has passed screening stage and will continue with the review, if not inform authors that it is rejected at this stage
• Review continues after coding the manuscript. The responsible associate editor will choose three qualified reviewers and give them up to one month to come by a decision
• The reviewer makes a detailed review of the manuscript (also based on the review criteria given along with then manuscript) and make a decision and pass the report to the associate editor
• The associate editor brings together the three reviews, assesses the progress and makes a decision of his own, accept or reject depending on inputs from reviewers and let the chief editor knows Depending on the reviewer’s decision, the associate editor may request the author(s) to take action on comments (for papers that are with minor and major revision). The author(s) will take action point by point according to all reviewers’ comments and return to the associate editors a revised manuscript along with a separate file describing actions taken against each comment
• Papers accepted as is or rejected by reviewers are taken as They will be communicated to the author(s).
• Revised papers will be sent to the reviewers once more for observance of the comments and the reviewers check and agree or If agreed, the revised manuscript will be sent to the editor-in-chief who communicates with the author(s) that it is accepted and under queue for publication. If additional revision is required, it will be sent to the author(s) for action a second time. If rejected, the author will be informed.

• The editor in chief and the language editors, layout designers will work out the final paper and will be live afterwards.

Amendment Policy

This document consisting of the policy and guideline of the journal can be amended by the academic commission of the college up on the request of the editor-in-chief and/or the editorial team based on sound justification.

 

Standard Sections of a Manuscript

Major Headings

The major headings of the manuscript are AIMRaD-CAR, i.e., ABSTRACT, INTRODUCTION, MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and REFERENCES should be left aligned and written in UPPERCASE letters bold. Subtitles shall be written as follows:

• First subtitles left aligned, sentence case, bold, normal fort (non- italic); e.g. First sub- title
• Second subtitle left aligned, sentence case, bold, italic; g. Second sub-title
• Third subtitle left-aligned, sentence case, Roman (non-bold and non-italic); e.g., Third sub-title
• Fourth subtitle left aligned, sentence case, non-bold, italic; g., Fourth sub-title

The abstract should be centered. The title of the manuscript should be centered and placed at the top of page and written in sentence case. All pages must be numbered consecutively. The main text should be typed flush left with no indents and double line spaced. Insert one return between paragraphs, and a double return between paper title, and authors' names and addresses on the first page.

Research (original) papers should not exceed 7,500 words in length, including Figures, Tables and References, and should not contain more than 8 Figures.

Review papers (critical and comprehensive reviews that provide new insights or interpretation of the subject through thorough and systematic evaluation of available evidence) may be longer than Research Papers and should not exceed 10,000 words.

Short communications (fully documented, interpreted accounts of significant findings of original research) should not exceed 2,500 words including Figures, Tables and References. Short communications must report completed work. They must have an abstract and references, but the main body of the text does not have to follow the Introduction - Method - Results – Discussion format.

Manuscripts for full length Research articles (Research papers and Review papers) should be divided into the following sections (in this order): Title page; Abstract, key words; Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements, References, Tables (each table complete with captions and footnotes on a separate page) and illustrations and figures.

TITLE PAGE

The title page should provide the title of the manuscript and full name(s) of the author(s), institutional affiliations. It should also indicate email, fax (if any), and telephone numbers (s) of the author responsible for correspondence about the manuscript. Non-standard abbreviations should be avoided within the title.

ABSTRACT

The abstract of the manuscript should not exceed 250 words. This abstract should briefly describe the problem (background of the study) and the objectives of the study, how the study was performed (methods), the main findings (results) and major conclusions and recommendations. Non-standard abbreviations and references should not be included in the abstract.

KEYWORDS

After the abstract, authors should provide 4 to 6 keywords or phrases that will be used for indexing purposes, listed alphabetically and separated using a semi-colon.

INTRODUCTION

The introduction should clearly state the background to the research. Include a summary of a search of the literature to indicate why the study was necessary and what it aimed to contribute to the field. This section should indicate statement of what is being reported in the article and the objectives of the work. Avoid a detailed literature survey and summary of results.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The materials and methods section should include the sampling procedures, measurements, data collection and analysis. Provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described. For studies involving human participants a statement detailing ethical approval and consent should be included in the methods section.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results and discussion may be combined into a single section or presented separately. Present the major findings of the study in the text, tables, and illustrations and relate the observations to other relevant studies and indicate possible practical implications including implications for future research. Do not repeat the data in the tables or illustrations in the text all. Emphasize or summarize only important observations.

CONCLUSIONS

This should state clearly the main conclusions of the research and give a clear explanation of their importance and relevance. Summary illustrations may be included.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Please acknowledge anyone who did substantial contributions to conception, design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, or who was involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content, but who does not meet the criteria for authorship. Please also include the source(s) of funding for each author, and for the manuscript preparation. Please also acknowledge anyone who contributed materials essential to the study.

DECLARATIONS

• Ethical statement
• Conflict of interest
• Contribution of each author

REFERENCES

Citation in text

Ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. The Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology has adopted the Harvard reference style. References should be cited in the text as follows:

• Single author: the author’s name (without initials, unless there is ambiguity) and the year of publication e.g. (Williams, 2013).
• Two authors: both authors’ names and the year of publication g. (Williams and David, 2013).
• Three or more authors: first author’s name followed by ‘et al.’ and the year of publication

e.g. (Williams et al., 2013).

• Citations may be made directly or in parenthesis. Groups of references should be listed first chronologically then, alphabetically. Example (Adugna et al., 2000; Adugna et al., 2001; CABI, 2003; Adugna, 2004; Oduor et al., 2004).
• More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same year must be identified by the letters a, b, and c, etc. (e.g., 2002a, 2002b, 2002c), placed after the year of Examples: ‘as demonstrated (Allan, 2000a; Allan, 2000b, Allan, 1999; Allan and Jones, 1999). Kramer et al. (2010) have recently shown’….' According to Berdy (1995), around 11,900 antibiotics had been discovered by 1994

Reference listing style

The references should be arranged alphabetically by author’s last name then chronologically per author. Publications by the same author(s) in the same year should be listed by year followed by the letters a, b, c, etc. (e.g., 2002a, 2002b, 2002c).

Journal article

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), title of the article (sentence case), full name of journal (in italic font), volume (bold), number (in parenthesis), and page numbers in full.

Examples:

Shukla, G.K. (1972). Some statistical aspects of partitioning genotype-environmental components of variability. Heredity 29: 237–245.

Tamire, G and Mengistu, S. (2013). Zooplankton community grazing rates in a small crater Lake: Lake Kuriftu, Ethiopia. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 36 (1): 1–18.

Zobel, W.R., Wright, W.J and Gauch (Jr.), J.H. (1988). Statistical analysis of a yield trial. Agronomy Journal 80: 388–393.

For a book

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), title of the book (bold), publisher and place of publication.

Example

Steel, R.G and Torrie, J.H. (1980). Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Pages in a publication prepared by one or more editors

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), title of the publication, name of the publication (bold), pages, Editors (in parenthesis), publisher, place of publication.

Example

Lechevalier, M.P and Lechevalier, H.A. (1980). The chemotaxonomy of Actinomycetes. In: Actinomycete Taxonomy, Society for Industrial Microbiology, pp. 227–291 (Dietz, X. and Thayer, Y., eds.). Arlington, VA.

Wale, M. (2015). Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) pushes cool-season food legumes to extinction in Ethiopia. In: Pisum sativum: Cultivation, Functional Properties and Health Benefits, pp. 91– 111 (Becket, S., ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York.

Proceedings

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), Title of the publication, Name of the proceeding (Bold font), pages, Place (City/town, Country)

Example

Derso, E., Geberzgi, T and Adugna, G. (2000). Significance of minor diseases of Coffea arabica in Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Control of Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) in Ethiopia, pp. 35–46, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

For a thesis

Author (s), year of publication (in parenthesis), title of the thesis, type (MSc or PhD), University, Country.

Example

Alberts, M.J.A. (2004). A comparison of statistical methods to describe genotype × environment interaction and yield stability in multi-location maize trials. M. Sc. Thesis, University of the Free State, South Africa.

Web references

The full URL should be given with the date when the reference was last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc., should also be given. Web references can also be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.

Toni, R.L and Culvert, L.L. (2003). Safer Hospital Stay and Reducing Hospital-Born Infections. Health Scout News. http://www.healthscout.com, (Accessed January 9, 2010).

Khan, M.H., Mubeen, S.M., Chaudhry, T.A and Khan S.A. (2013). Contact lens use and its compliance for care among healthcare workers in Pakistan. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology [Epub ahead of print] [cited 2013 Nov 12]. Available from: http://www.ijo.in/preprintarticle.asp?id=97552.

Dorji, D., Dendup, T., Malaty, H.M., Wangchuk, K., Yangzom, D and Richter, D.J. (2013). Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Bhutan: The role of environment and geographic location. Helicobacter 2013. doi: 10.1111/hel.12088 (Accessed September 23, 2013).

Tables, figures and scientific measurements

Tables and figures should be of reproducible quality, include comprehensive captions and not duplicate material presented in the text. Tables and Figures should bear Arabic numerals and be referred to in the text by their numbers e.g., Table 1. Each table and figure must be typed on a separate sheet and should be placed within the text. Vertical lines should not be used to separate columns in a table.

Footnotes in tables should be indicated by superscript letters beginning with “a” in each table. Descriptive material not designated as a footnote may be placed under a table as a NOTE. All illustrations should be given separately. They should be numbered as figures in sequence with Arabic numerals e.g., Figure 1. Each figure should have a descriptive legend. All illustrations (tables and figures) must be cited consecutively in the text. Only International System of Units (SI) is acceptable. Symbols and nomenclatures should conform to international recommendations with respect to specific fields of specialization.

Copyright notice

The copyright belongs to the journal.

The articles in Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology are Open Access distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/CCBY4.0).

Privacy statement

The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated  purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.

Ethics statement

Hereby, I /insert author name/ consciously assure that for the manuscript /insert title/ the following is fulfilled:

• This material is the authors' own original work, which has not been previously published
• The paper is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
• The paper reflects the authors' own research and analysis in a truthful and complete
• The paper properly credits the meaningful contributions of co-authors and co-researchers.
• The results are appropriately placed in the context of prior and existing
• All sources used are properly disclosed (correct citation). Literally copying of text must be indicated as such by using quotation marks and giving proper reference.
• All authors have been personally and actively involved in substantial work leading to the paper, and will take public responsibility for its content.

The violation of the Ethical Statement rules may result in severe consequences.

I agree with the above statements and declare that this submission follows the policies of EJST as outlined in the Guide for Authors and in the Ethics Statement.

Date:                                            

Corresponding author’s signature: --------------------------

Conflict of interest

Conflicts of interest comprise those which may not be fully apparent and which may influence the judgment of author, reviewers, and editors. They have been described as those which, when revealed later, would make a reasonable reader feel misled or deceived. They may be personal, commercial, political, academic or financial. “Financial” interests may include employment, research funding, stock or share ownership, payment for lectures or travel, consultancies and company support for staff.

Action

• Such interests, where relevant, must be declared to editors by researchers, authors, and   
• Editors should also disclose relevant conflicts of interest to their readers. If in doubt, disclose. Sometimes editors may need to withdraw from the review and selection process for the relevant Authors are encouraged to mention any conflict of interests in the cover letter.

Article publishing agreement

Depending on the ownership of the journal and its policies, the author(s) either grant(s) the Publisher an exclusive license to publish the article or will be asked to transfer copyright of the article to the Publisher.

Proof reading

The purpose of Proof reading is to check for typesetting or conversion errors and the completeness and accuracy of the text, tables and figures. Substantial changes in content, e.g., new results, corrected values, title and authorship, are not allowed without the approval of the Editor.

Authorship issues or disputes

In the case of an authorship dispute during peer review or after acceptance and publication, the Journal will not be in a position to investigate or adjudicate (resolve). Authors will be asked to resolve the dispute themselves. If they are unable the Journal reserves the right to withdraw a manuscript from the editorial process or in case of a published paper raise the issue with the authors’ institution(s) and abide (stand) by its guideline.

Ethical responsibilities of authors

This journal is committed to upholding the integrity of the scientific record. As a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) the journal will follow the COPE guideline on how to deal with potential acts of misconduct.

Authors should refrain from misrepresenting research results which could damage the trust in the journal, the professionalism of scientific authorship, and ultimately the entire scientific endeavor. Maintaining integrity of the research and its presentation is helped by following the rules of good scientific practice, which include*:

• The manuscript should not be submitted to more than one journal for simultaneous
• The submitted work should be original and should not have been published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full), unless the new work concerns an expansion of previous work. (Please provide transparency on the re-use of material to avoid the concerns about text-recycling (‘self-plagiarism’).
• A single study should not be split up into several parts () to increase the quantity of submissions and submitted to various journals or to one journal over time (i.e., ‘salami- slicing/publishing’).
• Concurrent or secondary publication is sometimes justifiable, provided certain conditions are met. Examples include: translations or a manuscript that is intended for a different group of readers.
• Results should be presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation (including image-based manipulation). Authors should adhere to discipline-specific rules for acquiring, selecting and processing
• No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they were the author’s own (‘plagiarism’). Proper acknowledgements to other works must be given (this includes material that is closely copied (near verbatim), summarized and/or paraphrased), quotation marks (to indicate words taken from another source) are used for verbatim copying of material, and permissions secured for material that is
• Authors are strongly advised to ensure the author group, the Corresponding Author, and the order of authors is all correct at submission. Adding and/or deleting authors during the revision stages is generally not permitted, but in some cases may be warranted. Reasons for changes in authorship should be explained in Please note that changes to authorship cannot be made after acceptance of a manuscript.

All authors are requested to include information regarding sources of funding, financial or non- financial interests, study-specific approval by the appropriate ethics committee for research involving humans and/or animals, informed consent if the research involved human participants, and a statement on welfare of animals if the research involved animals (as appropriate).

Data transparency

All authors are requested to make sure that all data and materials as well as software application or custom code support their published claims and comply with field standards.

Role of the corresponding author

At least one author is assigned as a Corresponding Author and acts on behalf of all co-authors and ensures that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately addressed.

The Corresponding Author is responsible for the following requirements:

• ensuring that all listed authors have approved the manuscript before submission, including the names and order of authors;
• managing all communication between the Journal and all co-authors, before and after publication; *
• providing transparency on re-use of material and mention any unpublished material (for example manuscripts in press) included in the manuscript in a cover letter to the Editor;
• making sure disclosures, declarations and transparency on data statements from all authors are included in the manuscript as appropriate (see above).

* The requirement of managing all communication between the journal and all co-authors during submission and proofing may be delegated to a Contact or Submitting Author. In this case, please make sure the Corresponding Author is clearly indicated in the manuscript.

Ethics and disclosures

The journal is committed to maintaining the highest level of integrity in the content published. This journal has a Conflict-of-Interest policy in place and complies with international, national and/or institutional standards on research involving Human Participants and/or Animals and Informed Consent.

The journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and subscribes to its principles on how to deal with acts of misconduct thereby committing to investigate allegations of misconduct in order to ensure the integrity of research. The COPE shall be represented by Research Ethics Approval Committee – REAC- (College or University level) and Associate Editors through the chief editor will refer papers to REAC that have potential ethics issue to be assessed.

Submission checklist

The following list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item. Ensure that the following items are present:

• At least one Author designated as corresponding Author: E-mail address

Full postal address

Telephone and fax numbers

• All necessary files have been uploaded Keywords

All figure captions

All tables (including title, description, footnotes)

• Further considerations

Manuscript has been "spellchecked" and "grammar-checked"     References are in the correct format for this journal

• All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material such figures, images etc. from other sources (including the Web)

Conference Proceedings

Conference proceedings are the collection of papers and/or posters that were presented at associations’ conferences or meetings. Conferences provide opportunities for people to present their research, and get input from other researchers and colleagues in their field. Proceedings are the papers themselves, or increasingly these days abstracts. Conference journal papers are usually a selection of papers, sometimes by track or that particularly focus on the conference theme published in the journal associated with the conference. Sometimes these are developed versions of the papers.

Editorial policy for conference proceedings

Submissions: Texts of oral presentations are to be submitted to the conference Selected Proceedings editor not later than the announced deadline.

Required Format: Electronic, as an e-mail attachment MS Word formatting

Language restrictions: All papers must be presented in English

Single submission: Papers that have been submitted, accepted or published elsewhere cannot be considered. There is no significant value in publishing the same paper twice: such duplicate publishing does not add to scientific knowledge, yet it does complicate citations if there are essentially two versions of the same paper.

Evaluation of papers: Submissions are subject to editorial selection for inclusion in the proceedings, which will be published on Conference webpage.

Copyright: Copyright is retained by the author, with rights for one time publication on the Conference web site

Electronic publishing policy: Selected papers will be published following the conference.