Increasing Burden of Acute Hepatitis A among Ethiopian Children, Adolescents, and Young adults: A Change in Epidemiological Pattern and Need for Hepatitis A Vaccine

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable, feco-oral infection due to poor sanitary conditions. It is predominantly acquired during early childhood and results in lasting acquired protective immunity. However, it results in severe disease which can end up in acute fulminant hepatitis and hepatic failure when acquired during adolescence and adulthood. The prevalence of acute hepatitis A is increasing among children, adolescents, and young adults from higher-income households. They acquire this infection at a later age when they are exposed for the first time to contaminated food and drinks after being brought up in a relatively clean environment. This calls for the introduction of the Hepatitis A vaccine in Ethiopia; possibly as part of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).
METHODS: Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected from patients who were diagnosed to have hepatitis A infection at Adera Medical Center in 2020.
RESULTS: This study showed that clinical acute hepatitis A is becoming common among children, adolescents, and young adults from relatively high-income families. Among patients with acute hepatitis, 89% were from middle and high-income families.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for the incorporation of hepatitis A vaccine in the Ethiopian EPI program.