Three Consecutive Waves of Cholera Outbreak in Ethiopia (2015- 2017): Explanatory Analysis

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cholera is an acute epidemic infectious disease. It is characterized by watery diarrhea, extreme loss of fluid and electrolytes, and severe dehydration. Ethiopia faced three consecutive waves of cholera outbreaks: nearly all regional states and city administrations, with the exception of one, were affected. The study was conducted with the aim of describing the epidemiology of the outbreak within the defined three years.
METHODS: Secondary data review was conducted along with explanatory methods of analysis individual patient data reported from different corners of the country in the time period of 2015 –2017. Cases were identified using the case definition stated on the national guideline for cholera control in Ethiopia.
RESULT: A total of 36,154 cholera cases and 246 deaths were reported (overall case-fatality rate [CFR=0.7%] affecting all regions of the country except Gambella). The outbreak began in 2015 with 238 cases and 2 deaths [CFR=0.8%]. The largest outbreak during the period under this study occurred in 2016, with 29,338 cases and 188 deaths [CFR=0. 6%]. Following a decline in disease occurrence, the country experienced a resurgence of epidemic cholera during 2017 (6,578 cases and 56 deaths; CFR, 0.9%), which declined rapidly to a few cases. AR was higher in males [37.01/100,000] and persons in the age group of 15–44years [44.10/100,000] in 2016.
CONCLUSION: The outbreak affected nearly every corner of the country. Taken together, the epidemiological trends of cholera in Ethiopia showed an annual decrement in frequency and length of outbreaks during the 3 years under review. The recent decreases in cholera case counts may reflect cholera control measures put in place by public health authorities of the national Ministry of Health.