Isoniazid and Rifampicin Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in HIV Endemic Region of Western Kenya

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis drug resistance is often associated with inadequate anti-tuberculosis treatment regimen resulting to mutations that confers resistance to anti-tuberculosis agents. This is aggravated by synergetic relationship between Tuberculosis and HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Over 25% of Global Tuberculosis deaths occur in Africa and Kenya is one of the 30 high burden countries that together account for more than 80% of the world’s TB cases. According to World Health Organization, in 2018, Multi drug resistant Tuberculosis prevalence in Kenya was 1.3% in new cases and 4.4% in retreatment cases. Kisumu County recorded the second highest HIV prevalence at 18.6% against the national prevalence of 4.5% in 2020. The extent of regional burden of DR-TB and HIV co-infection has not been exactly well-defined in Western Kenya.
Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional study that aimed to explore the association between Tuberculosis drug resistance and HIV status among new and previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Kisumu County, Kenya. Tuberculosis clinical suspects were recruited into the study and classified as HIV positive or negative based on their clinical data. Sputum samples from tuberculosis clinical suspects were subjected to fluorescent microscopy, phenotypic culture and line probe assay.
Results: Out of a sample of 256, response rate was 216 of which HIV positive cases were 119(55.1%) and negative were 97 (44.9%). The study found that out of 11 that were phenotypic Isoniazid resistance 8(6.7%) were from HIV positive cases while 3 (3.2%) were from HIV negative cases. Phenotypic rifampicin resistance among the HIV positive were 8 (6.7%) while HIV negative were 2 (2.1%). All the 2(1.7%) MDR cases were from HIV positive participants. The study found out that HIV status and Tuberculosis cases were significantly associated at p<.05. HIV positive cases were more likely associated with retreatment cases (OR=1.4,95CI:1.00-1.90) compared to new cases.
The study found out that the common mutant probe among the HIV positive was katG MUT1 4(2.6%), while mutant probes among the HIV negative were in hA MUT1 1(0.7%), katG MUT1 1(0.7%) and roB MUT2A 1(0.7%). Wild type gene deletion among the HIV positive cases were observed in probes katG WT 3(2.1%), roB WT7, katG WT 1(0.7%) while wild type gene deletion among the HIV negative cases were inhA WT1 1(0.7%), in hA WT1/inhAWT2 1(0.7%), katG WT 1(0.7%).
Conclusion: Interventions specific to HIV-endemic areas are urgently needed to block tuberculosis drug resistance transmission. Development and improvement of the efficacy of interventions will require a greater understanding of the transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-endemic settings like Kisumu County, Western Kenya.