Encephaloceles In Kenya: A Retrospective Analysis Of Risk Factors, Caregiver Burden, And Healthcare Challenges

Abstract

Introduction: Encephaloceles are rare congenital defects characterised by a cranial defect with herniated content resulting from the failure of skull bone fusion or rostral neuropore closure. The specific aetiology of the condition is unknown but may result from maternal micronutrient deficiency, infections, genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and drug use. Methods: A case series study was carried out at Kenyatta National Hospital to identify the risk factors for encephalocele among patients treated there between 2015 and 2021. Telephone interviews were also conducted to determine the presence of emotional and psychological distress among the patients' carers. The transcription and analysis of recordings were done. Results: A total of 47 patient files were included in the study, and 16 caregivers completed the telephone interviews. The most common type of encephalocele was occipital and was more common among males. Most patients were diagnosed at birth; 56% of mothers attended four or more ANC visits; only 25% completed a folic acid regimen; 6% of caregivers had extreme depression; and 13% had severe depression. Conclusion: Encephaloceles impose considerable emotional, psychological, and financial burdens on caregivers, hence indicating a substantial need for psychological support.