Malaria and Typhoid Co-infection among Patients Attending Health Facilities in Bauchi North, Bauchi State Nigeria

Abstract

Malaria and typhoid fever are among the most prevalent infectious diseases in tropical and subtropical regions, often co-existing in a  single patient and complicating diagnosis, treatment, and management. The co-infection is influenced by various socioeconomic,  environmental, and behavioral factors, resulting in increased morbidity and, in severe cases, mortality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malaria and typhoid co-infection and identify associated risk factors among patients attending health facilities in Bauchi  North, Nigeria. A total of 300 blood samples were collected from patients at Extreme Hospital, Azare, Bauchi North. Malaria diagnosis was  conducted using microscopy with Giemsa-stained thick blood films, while typhoid was diagnosed using the Widal test. The overall prevalence of malaria and typhoid co-infection was 38%, with the highest rate observed among females (24%) and adults aged 25–64  years. No cases were recorded among elderly individuals aged 65 years and above. A higher prevalence was found in rural areas (25.33%)  and among middle-income groups (19%). Among all risk factors examined, only the residence of the patients showed a  statistically significant association with co-infection. This study highlights the substantial burden of malaria and typhoid co-infection in  Bauchi North, emphasizing the role of residence as a critical risk factor. The findings highlighted the need for tailored public health  interventions, particularly in rural areas, to reduce the prevalence of these co-infections.