Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science

Mining effluent impact on selected soil physical quality parameters in agricultural land Daba, Kwara State, Nigeria

Adesina Abudlkabir Wahab — 2025-02-25

The study examined soils' physical, chemical, and selected soil water transmission properties in an unregistered mining community in Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria. The assessed agricultural lands based on the reconnaissance survey were 400 m and 800 m away from the mine site, and 1200 m (forested area) away from the mine site. A 25 m x 25 m plot was demarcated and replicated three times in each farmland and mining site. Soil samples were obtained from 0 to 15 cm soil layer at 5 m x 5 m subplot level and analyzed for particle size distribution, pH, organic C, total N, available P, exchangeable Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺, total acidity and selected heavy metals (Zn and Cu). Infiltration tests were run using the double-ring infiltrometer. Sixty soil core samples were collected from the study area to determine the water-holding capacity, bulk density, and hydraulic conductivity. The study showed that soil particles at mining sites were loamier and contained a significantly higher concentration of heavy metals but lesser concentrations of some soil nutrients than in the farmlands and the forested areas. The study also revealed that hydraulic conductivity and bulk density trends vary between 400 and 800 m from the mining site but within the recommended range of the soil-water transmission pathway. As a result, the mining effluent seems to have little impact on the water retention capacity of the soil's water transmission system, and plants growing in that region will not suffer a distorted soil water flow.

Quality evaluation, mineral composition and vitamin content of “Ndaleyi” (millet stiff forage) produced from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and Bambara-nut flour blends

Fatima Abubakar — 2025-02-25

“Ndaleyi” is a fermented sundried agglomerated powder produced from pearl millet which is widely consumed across all ages of the royal families in the north western Nigeria, mostly by the Kanuri people of Borno State. It is prepared from reconstitution of starch flour with cold water to form slurry and added to the boiling water containing groundnut oil (to avoid sticking) with continuous stirring to form a thick gruel. The study focus on production, proximate, functional, minerals, vitamins and acceptability of ndaleyi produced by substituting millet flour with bambaranut flour, were evaluated at different proportions (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 of bambaranut flour). ndaleyi prepared with 100% of millet flour served as control. Results showed that “ndaleyi” (millet stiff forage) had significantly increased in ash, protein, fat, crude fibre with decreased in carbohydrate than the control M (100% millet). Variation in functional properties of the flour, sample MBN₂had higher amount of iron (11.29mg/100g), potassium (466.90mg/100g), and magnesium (316.67mg/100g). Vitamin c significantly decreased with increased in riboflavin resulting from substitution with bambaranut flour. Sample MBN₂was overall accepted when compared with the control followed by samples MBN₁ and MBN₃This also showed that all the formulations shows a significant difference based on the sensory attributes such as thickness, colour, flavor, texture and overall acceptability.

Cost implications of in situ solarization on cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) production in the humid agroecosystem of Southern Nigeria

OKechukwu Chidiebube Umunnakwe — 2025-01-26

A two year experiment was conducted in 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons to investigate the cost implications of in situ soil solarization duration using different colours of plastic film in cassava production. Designed as a factorial combination of two plastic colour (transparent and black) and five mulching duration (48, 16, 12, 8 and 0 weeks), arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated thrice. The cost implication of the technology was analyzed by computing the production cost, total revenue, net returns, benefit/cost ratio and percentage net returns of each treatment. Results showed a higher production cost and revenue of the solarized plots relative to the unsolarized plot. The highest average percentage net returns of 69.13 % and 69.21 % were obtained from the blocks solarized for 48 weeks using black and transparent plastic, respectively, while the lowest 36.29 % was recorded on the unsolarized plot. In situ solarization for 48 weeks gave the highest economic returns and is therefore recommended.

Assessment of mutation induced bruchid (Callosobruchus spp.) resistance in cowpea

Sorishima Mlahaga Liamngee — 2025-01-31

A study was carried out at the Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi located at latitude 7.41⁰ N and longitude 8.39⁰E. The laboratory experiment was carried out in the Plant Breeding and Seed Science laboratory of the University. The objective of the study was to assess the cowpea induced mutants for bruchid resistance. This is to mitigate the post-harvest losses experienced by farmers to bruchids. Genotypes used in the study were Fuampea 1, IFE BROWN and Sampea 14. The seeds were subjected to mutagenic treatment using experimental grade Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS), Sodium Azide (SA), Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride (HH) at 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1. The seeds obtained from this mutagenesis experiment in the fourth mutant generation were used to test for bruchid resistance. Bruchids were cultured and subsequent treatment of the mutant cowpea genotypes were carried out and data recorded. Results from Analysis of Variance showed that there was significant (P<0.01) genotype effect only for holes in seeds and mean development period. Mutagen effect was significant (P<0.01 and P<0.05) for only holes in seeds and number of eggs. Dose effect was also significant (P<0.01 and P<0.05) for holes in seeds. Genotype x Mutagen x Dose had significant (P<0.01 and P<0.05) variation in all the measured traits except for percentage bruchid emergence, percentage pest tolerance and growth index. From the present study it can be concluded that; EMS induced the only above susceptible resistance on the Dobie’s Index among the genotypes studied. EMS could potentially be used to induce bruchid resistance in cowpea.

Effects of different roofing materials on the growth performance, haematological profile and welfare of broiler chickens

Akinbobola Akinwemoye — 2025-02-06

This study investigated the effects of different roofing materials on the growth performance, haematological profile and welfare of broiler chickens. Thirty-six (36) 4-week-old Arbor Acre broiler chickens were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: houses covered with corrugated iron roofs (CIR), (houses covered with asbestos cement roofs (ACR), and (houses covered with tarpaulin roofs (TPR), with 12 birds per treatment replicated thrice at four birds per replicate. The birds were reared for 28 days under controlled conditions, and data on ambient temperature, feed intake, body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and haematological parameters were collected. Results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the ambient temperatures across treatments. The CIR group recorded the highest average temperature (33.13°C), followed by TPR (28.89°C) and ACR (27.11°C). Growth performance metrics, including feed intake, weight gain and FCR, were significantly lower in the CIR group compared to the ACR and TPR groups, which exhibited statistically similar performance. Haematological analysis showed higher levels of heterophil, basophil and heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratios in the CIR group, indicating increased heat stress levels. In contrast, ACR and TPR groups exhibited higher levels of lymphocyte, monocyte, haemoglobin and haematocrit. Due to their high thermal conductivity, corrugated iron roofs resulted in heat stress, reduced growth and impaired haematological parameters. Conversely, asbestos cement and tarpaulin roofs provided better thermal insulation, enhancing growth performance and welfare. It was concluded that roofing materials influence the growth performance, haematological parameters and welfare of broiler chickens.

Nutrient utilization and blood profile of broilers fed with unpeeled yellow cassava root meal (UMUCASS-46 or TMS01/0539)

Olubukola Olajumoke Adedokun — 2025-02-07

An eight-week old experiment was conducted to investigate the nutrient utilization, haematological and serum biochemistry of broilers fed with unpeeled yellow cassava root meal (UYCRM). The unpeeled yellow cassava root was harvested, washed, ground and toasted. This was incorporated in graded levels of 0% (control), 25%, 50% and 75% into the diets designated T₁ , T₂, T₃ and T₄respectively. One hundred and twenty Anak, day old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to the four dietary treatments in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment consisted of 30 birds, replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate. Nutrient digestibility of the birds revealed a significant (P<0.05) variation in all parameters with the exception of dry matter and ash. Digestibility values for crude protein (9.083%), ether extract (0.047%), crude fibre (8.163%) and metabolisable energy (1938.747kcal/kg) were observed to highest in birds fed 75% UYCRM. Haematology and serum biochemistry values, although higher in the control, were in conformity with standards for healthy broiler birds. Up to 75% of UYCRM can be incorporated into broiler diet without negative effect on the digestibility, haematology and serum chemistry. Diet T4 was then recommended.

Biochar and poultry manure application effects on selected soil chemical properties and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in maize plant cultivated on degraded soils

Ikwuakonam George Okoro — 2025-02-08

With the rapid development of industrialization and overpopulation, a significant number of heavy metals have been produced and entered the soil through anthropogenic (illegal mining) interference, and has become an issue of global focus. Soil samples for this study were collected in degraded farmland in Amagu, Abakaliki, Nigeria. The study evaluated the effect of composted poultry manure and biochar on heavy metals (Lead, Copper, and Zinc) in degraded soil and its bioaccumulation in maize plants. Biochar from three feedstocks were pyrolyzed at 42⁰C, while poultry manure from battery cage system was composted for 90 days before application. The study was a 4 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The soil's physical and chemical properties were analysed before treatment. The application of Composted poultry manure (CPM) and biochar sources reduced the acidity of the soil and recorded a significant increase in the organic carbon content. After harvest, Pb still exceeded the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) permissible limit of 100 mg/kg in Agricultural soils, but reduced significantly in the root region. CPM showed a significant (P≤0.05) increase by 33 % of the amount of Pb in the shoot after harvesting. Significant increases were recorded in the level of copper in the shoot across the biochar treatments. About 140 % reduction of Zinc in the soil was recorded after composted poultry manure was applied. The application of the organic treatments varied in their effects on different elements and plant bioaccumulation mechanisms. The amount of Pb in the root and shoot reduced after the application of biochar and poultry manure.

Comparative studies of chemical and sensory properties of functional neem fruit juice and commercial orange juice

Queen Chisom Adeoye-Agomoh — 2025-02-12

Micronutrient deficiencies, often termed "hidden hunger," pose significant global health challenges. Underutilized local resources, such as Neem (Azadirachta indica), present opportunities to improve dietary intake and public health. Neem juice, rich in essential vitamins and minerals, has been identified as a potential nutritious beverage. This study aims to compare the nutritional composition and sensory properties of fresh Neem juice with commercially available orange juice, evaluating their potential health benefits and implications for addressing micronutrient deficiencies. Fresh Neem fruits were sourced, and juice was extracted for analysis. The proximate composition, including water, energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, sugars, dietary fibre, and ash, was determined using standard AOAC methods. Mineral content (calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium) and vitamin C levels were also analysed. A sensory evaluation was conducted with panellists assessing the juices on appearance, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. Data were statistically analysed using ANOVA and Duncan’s test. Our study revealed that Neem juice has a lower energy content (20-30 kcal) compared with control juice (42-45 kcal) but contains higher protein levels (1-2 g) and lower sugars (1-3 g). Vitamin C content was significantly higher in Neem juice (35.51 μg RE) compared with control juice (29.41 μg RE). Sensory evaluations indicated that while control juice was preferred for appearance and aroma, Neem juice was favoured for its taste and texture. Neem juice presents a promising alternative beverage with unique nutritional benefits, particularly for those seeking lower sugar intake and additional protein. Incorporating Neem juice into diets could contribute to addressing micronutrient deficiencies and enhancing public health, warranting further research to improve its market acceptance and utilization as a functional food.

Assessment of the socioeconomic factors affecting smallholder rice farmers' use of ICTS to access market information in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Edwin Ejoga Idu — 2025-02-13

The study assessed the socioeconomic factors affecting smallholder rice farmers' use of ICTs to access market information in Nasarawa State. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample respondents for the study, while primary data was used for the study, collected with a well-structured questionnaire. The study's objectives were achieved using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and mean, as well as chi-square test and multiple regression analysis. The result revealed that the majority (70.7%) of the respondents were male, with a mean age and household size of 39 and 6, respectively. Most (38.6%) of the farmers had secondary education, 64.3% did not belong to cooperative societies, and 68.1% had farming as their primary occupation. The average farming experience, farm size, and annual income of the farmers were 11 3.187 and N471, 312.68, respectively. The majority, 93.9%, of the farmers never used ICT to access market information and digital skills such as basic computer knowledge, navigation of the internet, email marketing, digital marketing, and search engine optimization. The result of the regression analysis showed that gender, age, membership of cooperatives, farming experience, farm size, and annual income of the farmers significantly influenced the use of ICT to access market information. The study, however, revealed that the cost of ICT devices, limited access to a reliable internet connection, lack of digital literacy skills, unavailability of information tailored to meet specific needs, and lack of funding were the major hindrance to the use of ICT to access market information by smallholder rice farmers. The study recommends that efforts be put in place by the state government to increase digital literacy and training to improve digital literacy among smallholder rice farmers.

Effect of incorporating Zamarke (Sesbania rostrata) as a green manure on some soil physicochemical properties in Sudan Savannah Zone, Aliero, Kebbi State Nigeria

Aminu Muhammad — 2025-02-28

A Field experiment was conducted at the University Botanical Garden, in Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Aliero local Government area, to evaluate the effect of incorporating Sesbania rostrata as a green manure on the early growth of maize (Zea Mays L.). The experiment consists of four treatments; Control, Green manure (Sesbania rostrata), NPK Fertilizer (20:10:10) and intercropped Sesbania plant (as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively) that were fitted into Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Results from the experiment indicated that the most effective practice on germination count (%), plant height and leaf area of the Maize plants, in most cases at latter stage of the growth was found with T2 (Green manure) with 90.27% at 15 DAP, 22.88cm, and 11.60cm2 respectively, and T3 ranked the second with 82.34%at 15 DAP, 18.70cm and 18.80cm² respectively. However, in most cases, T3 (NPK Fertilizer) gave a similar effect as that of T4 (intercropped Sesbania plant). Germination count (%), Plants height and leaf area were highest with green manure treatment (T2), while the rest, in most cases, were statistically similar. Green manure treatments gave highly significant effect on the growth parameters, of 90.27% at 15 DAP, 22.88 cm, 11.60 cm² for germination count (%), Plants height and leaf area respectively over the control treatment with 81.94% at 15DAP, 8.87cm and 4.77cm²at the latter stage of growth, while they were unaffected by green manure treatments at early stage that is at 1WAP. Green manure of Sesbania rostrata was found to be the best management practice to be used in improving soil fertility and growth of Maize particularly for the study area. To achieve an increased and sustainable maize production in the study area, with less use of inorganic fertilizers, there is need to adopt a green manure cropping system that is environmentally friendly and can improved nutrient availability to crops.

Evaluation of nutritional and therapeutic effects of defatted Moringa oleifera seeds in protein energy malnourished rats

Raphael Eneji Jegede — 2025-03-07

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a significant global health problem, particularly in a developing country. This study investigates the nutritional potential of defatted Moringa oleifera seeds in ameliorating PEM in albino rats. Moringa oleifera seeds were defatted to enhance protein concentration. The seeds' proximate composition, mineral elements, amino acid profile, and in-vitro protein digestibility were analyzed. Additionally, the effects of Moringa oleifera seed based-diet on liver function indices of Protein energy malnourished rats were assessed. Results indicated that defatting significantly increased crude protein content and reduced crude fat level. Mineral analysis revealed high sodium and calcium concentrations, essential for electrolyte balance and bone health. Amino acid profiling showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in essential amino acids, particularly arginine, leucine, and valine, which are crucial for tissue repair and muscle growth. In-vitro protein digestibility improved significantly after defatting, with the highest digestibility observed in seeds defatted with the solvent mixture. Protein energy malnourished rats exhibited significantly (p< 0.05) elevated serum level of alanine amino transferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, conjugated and total bilirubin and significantly (p <0.05) reduced plasma protein levels (total protein, globulin and albumin), indicative of liver dysfunction. Treatment with the Moringa oleifera kernel-based diet resulted in significant reduction on these liver enzymes and significant increase in the serum protein compare to the malnourished control group. The diet normalized enzyme activities and increased plasma protein levels, suggesting liver recovery. The study concludes that defatted Moringa oleifera seeds is a viable, cost-effective alternative protein source for managing PEM, exhibiting promising nutritional and functional properties.

Evaluation of full-fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal as an alternative source of functional feed ingredients

E. M. Afam-Ibezim — 2025-03-11

This research work presents the proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional factors of full-fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal. The Black soldier fly larvae was reared and supplied by a commercial company (The Fly Colony, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State), Harvested larvae was dried in an oven at 90OC and milled afterwards using local blender. Milled Black Soldier Fly Larvae meal was defatted using food grade hexane. Results from the proximate analysis showed that full-fat and defatted BSFL meals had appreciable amount of dry matter (96.29% and 92.54%), crude protein (46.03% and 54.53%), and also with high value for ether extract which are 29.91% and 10.81% respectively. The meals also had lower values of crude fibre (6.80% and 6.94%). The mineral analysis showed that the meals had sodium (0.48% and 0.54%), potassium (1.79% and 1.87%), calcium (0.29% and 0.30%), while the micro minerals showed that full-fat and defatted BSFLM had appreciable concentration of iron (874mg/kg and 893mg/kg), zinc (97.67mg/kg and 114.80mg/kg) and copper (34.59mg/kg and 46.41mg/kg). the anti-nutritional factor constituents of full-fat and defatted BSFLM showed that phytate concentration was (0.09% and 0.17%), tannin (0.12% and 0.24%), haemagluttinin (39.74HU/mg and 55.37HU/mg) and trypsin inhibitor (11.68TIU/mg and 18.70TIU/mg) respectively. This study showed that full-fat and defatted BSFLM can be good sources of protein, ether extract, carbohydrate and minerals. Therefore, these meals can be exploited as commercial source to supplement livestock feedstuff.

Effect of full-fat black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal in the diet of broiler chickens

E.M. Afam-Ibezim — 2025-03-11

One hundred and fifty Ross 308 Breed broiler chickens were used to investigate the effect of full-fat black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal in the diets of broiler chickens. The birds were randomly assigned to five treatments/diets in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment was made up of three replicates with 10 birds per replicate. With the exception of treatment one (T1) which is the control, the other treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained incorporated full-fat Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal (BSFLM), as replacement of fishmeal in the diets of broiler chickens at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively. The result showed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in values obtained for growth parameters except FCR. The FCR of diet 3 (50%) showed significantly (P<0.05) lower value than other diets (T1, T2, T4 and T5). Diet 3 (50%) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher values for cut-parts, especially in the prime parts (drumstick and thigh). Diet 3 (50%) also compared favourably with other treatment diets for organ weights. Conclusively, 50% replacement of fishmeal gave the best performance when full-fat BSFLM was fed to broiler chickens and is therefore recommended.

Attitudes and practices of fishermen towards sustainable fisheries management in Lake Kyoga: A case study of Kagwara Landing site

Jackson Mulokozi — 2025-03-12

Lake Kyoga plays a vital role in Uganda’s fisheries sector, supporting food security, economic livelihoods, and biodiversity. However, conservation challenges such as overfishing, habitat degradation, and illegal fishing practices threaten its sustainability. Understanding the attitudes of fishing communities towards conservation measures is essential for effective fisheries management. This study assessed the perceptions, compliance behaviors, and influencing factors among fishermen at Kagwara Landing Site, the largest fishing hub on Lake Kyoga in Teso Sub-Region. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and direct observations. A total of 297 fishermen participated in the survey. Purposive and stratified sampling techniques were applied during the study. Results indicate that while some fishermen recognize the ecological benefits of conservation measures, a significant proportion perceive them as unfairly enforced, restrictive to their livelihoods, or difficult to comply with. Gear regulations (52%) and licensing requirements (24%) were the most disliked measures, primarily due to economic hardships and enforcement inconsistencies. Economic constraints (41%) and corruption (23%) emerged as the leading factors influencing non-compliance. The study findings further evidenced continuous use of illegal fishing gears and fishing of undersize fish (79%) at Kagawara Landing Site on Lake Kyoga. Despite resistance, 60% of respondents acknowledged improvements in fish stocks due to conservation efforts. The study highlights the necessity of integrating community concerns into conservation policies, strengthening enforcement mechanisms, and promoting alternative livelihoods to improve compliance. A participatory approach, involving local stakeholders in policy design and implementation, is crucial for fostering sustainable fisheries management in Lake Kyoga. These findings provide policymakers with data-driven insights to enhance conservation strategies while ensuring the socio-economic well-being of fishing communities.

Ticks infestations and parasitism in resident and non-resident dogs of Plateau State, Nigeria

Paul Davou Kaze — 2025-03-13

The aimed of the study was to determine tick infestations and parasitism in resident and non-resident dogs of Kanke Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria and was carried out from November 2023 to October 2024. A total of five hundred (500) dogs were examined for ticks, out of which 421(79.0%) were infested with ticks. Three species of ticks were discovered infesting dogs in the study area. These are Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma variegatum (Ixodid or hard ticks). The dogs had multiple infestations with no single presence of tick found. Rhipicephalus sanguineus had the highest prevalence rates of 901(31.0%) and 2009(69.0%) in resident and non-resident dogs respectively. Boophilus decoloratus recorded an infection rate of 455(22.1%) in resident dogs and 1603(77.9%) in non-resident dogs. 99(43.2%) and 130(56.8%) prevalence rates for Amblyomma variegatum were recorded in resident and non-resident dogs respectively. The ticks recorded were mostly found on the facial region, followed by the trunk, interdigital cleft, anal region and lastly the abdominal region. Adult dogs were heavily infested with all the species of ticks encountered when compared with puppies. (P<0.05). This study revealed that Babesia canis was the only tick-borne parasite present in the examined blood samples of the animals. This haemoparasite was more prevalent in non-resident dogs. Adult dogs were mostly infected with Babesia canis. The examined animals showed an association of tick infestations and babesiosis. The present study, therefore revealed multiple tick infestations with monoparasitism in the dogs. Both resident and non-resident dogs showed a decrease in PVC levels due to tick infestations. Packed cell volume indicated significant difference in the studied dogs (P<0.05), thus aneamic, emaciated and loss economic and meat value to the farmers and consumers respectively.

Impact of Banditry and Farmers / Herdsmen Clash on Food Security in Ndokwa–East, Ndokwa-West, and Ukwuani Local Governments Area of Delta State

Joan Nneamaka Eze — 2025-03-26

Food security in Nigeria is a state where everybody at all times has access to food, this is far from being achieved in Nigeria. This study was conducted to determine the impact of banditry on food security, challenges faced by farmers, and the solutions in the Ndokwa–East, Ndokwa-West, and Ukwuani Local Governments Areas of Delta State. One hundred and fifty-five (155) farmers were used. A purposive sampling technique was also used. Structured questionnaires with forty (40) items of four (4) a point scale consisting of Strongly agreed (SD) Agreed (A) Disagreed (D) Strongly disagreed (SD), with a numerical weight score of 4,3,2,1 respectively was used to collect information from the farmers. Data collected were analyzed using simple percentages and simple statistical means. A decision rule was established where any item with a mean above 2.50 was accepted and items with a mean below 2.50 were rejected. The farmers disclosed that the conflict between the farmers and herders which has resulted in violence and communal clash has led to the loss of lives of many farmers and also displaced many farmers from their homes and this has added to untold challenges of food security in Nigeria which is a big threat to food production leading to abject hunger and starvation. It was recommended that the host community use community vigilantes in the local government area and negotiate with the Fulanis leaders to reach a common understanding of peaceful co-existence.

Harnessing Nigerian Propolis for their Potentials as Novel Lead Antimicrobial Agents against Some Human Pathogenic Microorganisms

A. O. Mohammed — 2025-04-04

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant challenge to global public health, with limited treatment options available for infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have accelerated the emergence of resistant strains, necessitating the exploration of novel antimicrobial agents from natural sources. Nigerian propolis, a resinous substance collected by honeybees, offers a promising solution due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, but its potential remains underexplored and warrants further scientific investigation. This study employed a laboratory-based experimental design to investigate the antimicrobial potential of Nigerian propolis. Propolis samples were collected from apiaries in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria, and authenticated by a taxonomist. The samples were extracted using methanol, and the resulting extract was subjected to phytochemical profiling and antimicrobial activity assessment against common human pathogenic bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth micro dilution. Phytochemical analysis of Nigerian Propolis revealed a rich composition of bioactive compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, and tannins. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against four bacterial strains, with Propolis demonstrating notable inhibitory effects at 400 mg/ml. MIC and MBC evaluations revealed bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. GC-MS analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including phenol derivatives, benzyl alcohol, and fatty acids, which contribute to Propolis's multifaceted therapeutic effects. These findings support Propolis's potential as an alternative antimicrobial agent. This study highlights Nigerian Propolis's potential as a natural antimicrobial agent, exhibiting concentration-dependent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Phytochemical analysis revealed bioactive compounds contributing to its therapeutic effects. The findings suggest Propolis as a viable alternative to synthetic antimicrobials, warranting further research to optimize its formulations and potential synergistic therapeutic approaches.

Cadmium Accumulation and Cephalothorax Discoloration in Pandalus borealis

Nwanneka Joseph — 2025-04-07

Pandalus borealis, commonly found in the cold North Atlantic and Arctic oceans, has been observed to exhibit seasonal discoloration of the cephalothorax. This study investigates whether this discoloration correlates with cadmium bioaccumulation, a heavy metal pollutant introduced into marine environments through both natural and anthropogenic sources. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), cadmium concentrations were measured in 62 composite shrimp samples (31 pink-headed and 31 discolored). Concentrations in pink samples ranged from 2.484 to 10.895 mg/kg (relative standard deviation 30%), while discolored samples ranged from 2.405 to 6.901 mg/kg (RSD 20%). Normality tests (p = 0.073 for pink, p = 0.088 for discolored) indicated non-normal data distribution, prompting the use of the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in cadmium concentrations between the two groups (p = 0.3983). These results indicate that cadmium bioaccumulation is not a primary contributor to cephalothorax discoloration in P. borealis. Given the overlapping concentration ranges and high variability, further research is recommended to investigate other contributing factors such as additional trace metals, microbial infections, age, and exposure duration. The study implies the need for a multifactorial approach to understanding discoloration and potential food safety risks in marine species.

Composition of Defatted and Non-Defatted Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal: Alternative for Fish Feeds

Kafayat Aina Iyapo — 2025-04-13

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal has been considered as a great source of animal protein for animals. Nutrient composition of the larvae varies according to the substrate used in rearing the larvae and the processing techniques. This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient composition of full-fatted and processed (defatted and non-defatted) black soldier fly larvae meal. The larvae reared on wheat bran substrate were collected from Food and Agriculture Organization, University of Ibadan (FAO/UI) black soldier fly larvae culturing unit, sacrificed with hot water, rinsed and divided into full-fatted and processed (defatted and non-defatted) groups. The defatted group was mechanically pressed by squeezer to remove the fat content and the non-defatted group was not contacted. Both defatted and non-defatted groups were independently subjected to oven and sundried procedures. Chemical compositions of the full-fatted larvae meal, defatted oven-dried larvae, defatted sun-dried larvae, non-defatted oven-dried larvae and non-defatted sun-dried larvae were determined and statistically analysed. The research revealed black soldier fly larvae meal as a viable alternative to use as an animal protein source in fish feed formulation. Additionally, the nutritional composition revealed sun-dried processing method as the best method to remove the black soldier fly larvae lipid.

Response of Sickle Senna (Cassia tora) to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Sowing Methods in Sudan Savanna Ecological Zone, Nigeria

I. A. Lassa — 2025-04-15

Field trials were conducted during the 2024 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria, to evaluate the effect of Nitrogen fertilizer and sowing methods on the growth and yield of Sickle Senna (Cassia tora). The treatments consisted of five Nitrogen rates (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha^-l) and three sowing methods (broadcasting, dibbling and drilling) which was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were collected on growth characters (plant height, number of leaves per plant, and leaf area index) and yield characters (pod length, fresh leaves yield per hectare, pod yield per hectare and total yield per hectare) which were measured and recorded. The results showed that N fertilizer significantly influenced all measured parameters, with growth and yield increasing as fertilizer rates increased. The highest fertilizer rate of N fertilizer (120 kg ha^-l) resulted in taller plants, higher number of leaves, higher leaf area index and higher yield. However, there were no significant differences between 90 and 120 kg ha^-l for some characters (plant height, leaf area index, pod yield ha^-l and total yield ha^-l). The control treatment consistently recorded the lowest values across all characters. Similarly, drilling sowing method which was comparable to dibbling for some characters observed had significant edge over the sowing methods used in the experiment. Therefore, based on the results of these trials it could be concluded that application of N fertilizer at 90 kg ha^-l and drilling sowing method which gave higher growth and yield characters and is being recommended for optimum Sickle senna production in the Sudan Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria.

Socio-economic Determinants of Climate Change Adaptation among Crop Farmers in Ahoada West and Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Areas, Rivers State

Godwill Ibim Wilcox — 2025-04-16

The study examined the socioeconomic determinants of climate change adaptation among crop farmers in Ahoada-West and Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Areas (ONELGA). Two hundred crop farmers were selected through purposive and simple random sampling methods from the registered farmers with the Agip Oil Green River Project. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that 62% of the respondents were females and 43% were males. About 73% of the respondents had varied levels of education. A mean household size of 4 persons and a mean age of 57 years was recorded, and about 85% had farming experiences ranging from 11-30 years. The logistic regression was run to determine the impact of gender, age, farming experience, education, and income on the probability of participants' ability to adapt to climate change. There was a statistically significant logistics regression model (61.201, p <.005). The model correctly classified 84% of instances and accounted for 40.20% (Nagelkerke R²) of the variation in adaptation. The ability of farmers to adjust to climate change was influenced by factors such as age and farming experience. The probability of the crop farmers to adjust to climate change decreased as their age increased (Odd Ratio (OR) = -1.248, 95% CI [0.144, 0.578]). It is recommended that the crop farmers look out for and engage themselves in off-farm activities to raise funds to supplement their farming engagements.

Methanol extract of Euphorbia heterophylla leaf ameliorate liver and kidney damage in rats administered with potassium bromate

Victor Unubi Eidah — 2025-04-16

The study aimed to investigate the ameliorative capacity of methanol extract of Euphorbia heterophylla leaves (ELE) on liver and kidney functionality in the presence of potassium bromate (KBrO₃). Twenty (20) male albino rats weighing between 180 – 200 g were assigned randomly into four groups. Group 1 served as the control and received only distilled water. Group 2 was administered 20 mg KBrO₃/kg body weight. Group 3 received 100 mg ELE/kg body weight, while group 4 rats were administered concurrently; 20 mg KBrO₃ and 100mg ELE/kg body weight. The administration lasted for 21 days. Animals were allowed free access to water and feed ad-libitum. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) tests were employed for antioxidant assay. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) activities were assayed alongside albumin, bilirubin (T and D) as a measure of liver function. Catalase and Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were monitored in the liver for possible peroxidation. Creatinine, urea, uric acid and the electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-) concentrations were determined to measure kidney function. The extract demonstrated significant antioxidant activity with DPPH and FRAP assays. IC₅₀ for DPPH was 255.63 µg/mL and 129.69 µg/mL for vitamin C with FRAP value of 1.58 ± 0.26 against 2.00 ± 0.00 for Vitamin C. Generally, the assay results showed significant increases in all parameters except catalase, when bromate was administered and results compared with the control. Following the co-administration of bromate and the extract, the enzyme activities (ALP, AST, and ALT) were significantly lowered. However, a significant increase in catalase activities in the liver, MDA concentration was significantly lowered in the tissue. The significantly high concentration of albumin, bilirubin (D and T), urea, creatinine and uric acid were ameliorated when bromate and the extract were administered. The changes in the electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-) concentrations were also reversed. ELE exhibited significant ameliorative effects in bromate-induced damage in rats’ liver and kidney tissues.